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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
No full textCerebralna paraliza (CP) kao pojam pri put u medicini se spominje tijekom dvadesetog stoljeća. To je zapravo klinički entitet, a ne bolest kao što većina ljudi misli. Najbolja definicija cerebralne paralize je skupina poremećaja koji uključuju odstupanje od normalnog pokreta i posture dijelova tijela, a nastaje zbog oštećenja prilikom razvoja nezrelog mozga. To je zapravo stanje čije oštećenje nema incidenciju daljnje progresije, ali je klinička slika promjenjiva. Etiologija cerebralne paralize nije u potpunosti razriješena i ne zna se točan uzrok. Međutim postoje različiti faktori koji utječu na stanje, a dijele se na prenatalne, perinatalne i postnatalne. Cerebralna paraliza je stanje koje se ne može u potpunosti izliječiti, ali pravodobnim otkrivanjem tj. dijagnozom uz pomoć raznih tehnoloških rješenja i prisustvom dobrog multidisciplinarnog tima možemo spriječiti danju progresiju te ostvariti produktivniji život pojedinca. Simptomi cerebralne paralize mogu se otkriti tijekom ranog djetetovog razvoja te se očituju na motoričkim, kognitivnim i psihološkim ograničenjima. Osim navedenog kod djece s cerebralnim poteškoćama mogu biti pridružene poteškoće s vidom, sluhom, poremećaj hranjenja te kao česta dijagnoza uz cerebralnu paralizu prisutna je i epilepsija. Klasifikacija cerebralne paralize se može podijeliti prema zahvaćenim ekstremitetima, a druga podjela temelji se na neurološkim disfunkcijama. Tijekom liječenja djeteta s cerebralnom paralizom, važno je što prije početi s terapijskim postupcima koje zahtijevaju ne samo jedan oblik terapije nego niz terapijskih procedura i koncepata koje se temelje na individualnom pristupu sa samim djetetom. Cerebralna paraliza zahtjeva individualan pristup kojeg provodi interdisciplinarni tim s ciljem olakšavanja svakodnevnih poteškoća djeteta, ne samo na motoričkoj nego i na kognitivnoj razini kako bi dijete samo i olakšano izvodilo aktivnosti svakodnevnog života.Cerebral palsy (CP) as a term was first mentioned in medicine during the twentieth century. It is actually a clinical entity, not a disease as most people think. The best definition of cerebral palsy is a group of deformities that include movement disorders and posture of body parts and occurs due to damage during the development of immature brain. It is a condition that has no incidence of further progression. The etiology of cerebral palsy has not been completely resolved and the exact cause is unknown. However, there are various prenatal factors that affect the condition and they are divided into prenatal, perinatal and postnatal. Cerebral palsy is a condition that cannot be completely cured, but with timely detection, i.e., diagnosis with the help of various technological solutions and the presence of a good multidisciplinary team, can prevent further progression and achieve a more productive life of the individual. Symptoms of cerebral palsy can be detected during early child development, and are manifested by motor, cognitive, and psychological limitations. In addition to these symptoms, children with cerebral difficulties can have various conditions and diseases such as impaired vision, hearing, eating disorders, and as a common diagnosis with cerebral palsy, epilepsy is also present. The classification of cerebral palsy can be divided according to the affected extremities, and the second division is based on neurological dysfunctions. During the treatment of a child with cerebral palsy, it is important to start as soon as possible with therapeutic procedures that require not only one form of therapy but also a series of therapeutic procedures and concepts based on an individual approach with the child himself. Cerebral palsy requires an individual approach implemented by an interdisciplinary team with the aim of alleviating the child's daily difficulties, not only at the motor but also at the cognitive level so that the child can perform the activities of everyday life on his own with more ease
FANTOMSKA BOL UDOVA – KARAKTERISTIKE, UZROCI I LIJEČENJE
No full textFantomska bol udova je fenomen koji se javlja u amputiranome dijelu tijela. Možemo ga svrstati u post amputacijske sindrome, zajedno s fantomskim senzacijama i boli bataljka. Fantomska bol zahvaća većinu osoba s amputiranim dijelom tijela. Bol se obično javlja u epizodama u obliku žarenja, peckanja, probadanja, stiskanja. Postoje čimbenici koji egzacerbiraju bol - umor, anksioznost, emocionalni te okolišni faktori. Tu su i rizični čimbenici poput katastrofiziranja i pasivnih mehanizama obrane koji povećavaju rizik od nastajanja fantomske boli. Zbog svoje kompleksne prirode, pretpostavlja se da fantomska bol ima više mehanizama nastanka koji do danas nisu identificirani. Predloženi su mehanizmi perifernog i središnjeg živčanog sustava koji su vodeće teorije današnjice. Liječenje fantomske boli je složen proces upravo zbog navedenih višestrukih mehanizama nastanka. Ne postoji univerzalno prihvaćeni tretman liječenja, već se predlaže multidisciplinarni pristup boli i samome liječenju.Phantom limb pain is a phenomenon that occurs in an amputated part of the body. We can classify it as a post-amputation syndrome, along with phantom sensations and stump pain. Phantom pain affects most people with an amputated body part. The pain typically occurs in episodes, and in the form of burning, stinging, stabbing, squeezing. There are factors that intensify pain, such as fatigue, anxiety, emotional factors, environmental factors. We also have risk factors, such as catastrophizing and passive defense mechanisms that increase the risk of developing phantom pain. Due to it's complex nature, phantom pain is thought to have multiple mechanisms of occurrence that have not been identified to date. The mechanisms which include peripheral and central nervous systems are the leading theories. Treating phantom pain is a complex process, due to the above mentioned multiple mechanisms of occurrence. There is no universally accepted method of treatment, but a multidisciplinary approach to pain and treatment itself is proposed
MULTIPLE SKLEROSIS
No full textMultipla skleroza je kronična autoimuna bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava koju karakterizira propadanje ovojnice živčanih vlakana što dovodi do upalne reakcije. Uzrok bolesti još uvijek nije poznat, no smatra se da nastaje djelovanjem okolišnih i genetskih čimbenika. Bolest se češće pojavljuje kod žena nego kod muškaraca i može se javiti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi, no najčešće je to između 20. i 40. godine. Multipla skleroza pojavljuje se u četiri oblika: relapsno-remitirajući, sekundarno-progresivni, primarno-progresivni i progresivno-relapsirajući oblik od kojih je najčešći relapsno-remitirajući oblik. Razni simptomi se manifestiraju kod ove bolesti. Upala vidnog živca, tzv. optički neuritis je karakterističan simptom. Uz njega dolazi do spastičnosti, ataksije, umora, inkontinencije, tremora, promjene raspoloženja. No međutim, tok ove bolesti je različit i nepredvidljiv kod svake osobe. Kod mnogih ljudi dolazi do pojave simptoma nakon kojih prolaze mjeseci ili godine bez istih, no kod drugih simptomi se pogoršavaju iz dana u dan. Dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju anamneze, kompjutorizirane tomografije, neurološkog pregleda te magnetne rezonance. Bolest se liječi lijekovima kojima se želi postići smanjenje simptoma te ublažiti nadolazeće relapse bolesti. Uz lijekove i fizioterapija ima važnu ulogu u liječenju. Ona započinje fizioterapijskom procjenom nakon koje se planira daljnja terapija bolesnika. Također zbog uznapredovale bolesti dolazi do onesposobljenja bolesnika i pri tome je nužno da se koriste pomagalima koja će im uvelike olakšati svakodnevne aktivnosti.Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by deterioration of the nerve fiber sheath leading to an inflammatory reaction. The cause of the disease is still unknown, but it is thought to be caused by environmental and genetic factors. The disease occurs more often in women than in men and can occur at any age, but most often it is between 20 and 40 years. Multiple sclerosis occurs in four forms: relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary-progressive and progressive-relapsing form, of which the most common is relapsing-remitting form. Various symptoms are manifested in this disease. Inflammation of the optic nerve, the so-called optic neuritis is a characteristic symptom. It is accompanied by spasticity, ataxia, fatigue, incontinence, tremor, mood swings. However, the course of this disease is different and unpredictable in each person. Many people experience symptoms that go on for months or years without them, but in others the symptoms worsen day by day. The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis, computed tomography, neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging. The disease is treated with drugs that seek to reduce symptoms and alleviate future relapses. In addition to medication and physiotherapy plays an important role in treatment. It begins with a physiotherapy assessment followed by further therapy of the patient. Also, due to the advanced disease, patients become disabled and it is necessary to use aids that will greatly facilitate their daily activities
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS A PART OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
No full textKardiovaskularne bolesti (KVB) su bolesti srca i krvnih žila. One predstavljaju glavni zdravstveni problem u populaciji te se predviđa da će broj oboljelih i umrlih od ovih bolesti još više porasti do 2030. godine radi sjedilačkog načina života. Najčešće KVB jesu akutni infarkt miokarda (AIM), moždani udar i okluzivna bolest perifernih arterija. Postoje rizični faktori za KVB koje bi trebalo izbjegavati, a mogu se podijeliti u dvije grupe: promjenjivi i nepromjenjivi faktori rizika. U prvu grupu ubrajaju se tjelesna neaktivnost, pušenje, nepravilna prehrana, hipertenzija, prekomjerna tjelesna težina i pretilost. Rizični faktori na koje se ne može utjecati jesu: šećerna bolest (dijabetes), obiteljska anamneza, menopauza, spol, dob te socioekonomski status. Mijenjanjem plana prehrane te uvođenjem tjelesne aktivnosti u živote ljudi mogu se prevenirati mnoge bolesti u koje ubrajamo i KVB. Dovoljno je odvojiti manje od sat vremena na dan kako bi se utjecalo na zdravlje i cjelokupnu kvalitetu života.Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are heart and artery diseases. They are first world problem and studies show that the number of people dying from these diseases is going to increase in 2030, because of the way people live today. The most common CVD are acute myocardial infarction, stroke and occlusive disease of peripheral arteries. There are two groups od risk factors for these diseases: variable and unvariable. In the first group we include physical inactivity, smoking, unhealthy diet, hypertension and being overweight. Unvariable risk factors are diabetes mellitus, family history of diseases, menopause, gender, age and socioeconomic status. People can prevent many diseases in which we include CVD just by changing their diet and by exercising. Less than an hour a day spent in some kind of physical activity may contribute to better health and overall quality of life