AXSIS (Yeditepe Üniversitesi)
Not a member yet
134 research outputs found
Sort by
Small-Molecule Probe for Imaging Oxidative Stress–Induced Carbonylation in Live Cells
No full textProtein carbonylation has been known as the major form of irreversible protein modifications and is also widely used as an indicator of oxidative stress in the biological environment. In the presence of oxidative stress, biological systems tend to produce large amounts of carbonyl moieties; these carbonyl groups do not have particular UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic characteristics that we can differentiate, observe, and detect. Thus, their detection and quantification can only be performed using specific chemical probes. Commercially available fluorescent probes to detect specific carbonylation in biological systems have been used, but their chemical portfolio is still very limited. This protocol outlines the methods and procedures employed to synthesize a probe, (E,Z)-2-(2-(2hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazonyl)-5-nitrophenol (2Hzin5NP), and assess its impact on carbonylation in human cells. The synthesis involves several steps, including the preparation of its hydrazone compounds mimicking cell carbonyls, 2-Hydrazinyl 5-nitrophenol, (E,Z)-2-(2-ethylidenehydrazonyl)-5-nitrophenol, and the final product (E,Z)-2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazonyl)-5-nitrophenol. The evaluation of fluorescence quantum yield and subsequent cell culture experiments are detailed for the investigation of 2Hzin5NP effects on cell proliferation and carbonylation. © 2024 The Authors.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compendium of indexed publications. Copyright and usage rights may be held by publishers and/or authors. The collection was established for the scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University academicians and is to be found in the institutional archive
Preparation and characterization of cardanol based vinyl ester resins as cross-linker units
No full textIn this study, two cardanol based epoxidized resins, NC514 with less than two epoxies per molecule and side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with approximately 2.45 epoxies (1.0 phenolic1.45 aliphatic epoxies) per molecule were methacrylated. The methacrylated versions of cardanol based NC514 (NC514VE) and SCECGE (SCECGEVE) epoxy resins were used as cross-linker units in vinyl ester formulations with methacrylated lauric acid (MFA) and styrene (ST) as bio-based and synthetic based reactive diluents respectively, at various concentrations (10–40 wt). The curing reactions of the resins were studied via FTIR and the extent of polymerization was determined for different cross-linker units in the presence of ST and MFA. Our mechanical and thermomechanical characterizations showed that VER formulations prepared with cardanol based SCECGEVE cross-linker unit have significantly improved properties than the samples prepared with commercially available counterpart NC514VE using either reactive diluent. These properties of SCECGEVE were also comparable with to that of methacrylated petroleum-based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A vinyl ester (DGEBAVE) formulations unlike NC514VE formulations due to more effective side chain functionalization and cross-linking. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compendium of indexed publications. Copyright and usage rights may be held by publishers and/or authors. The collection was established for the scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University academicians and is to be found in the institutional archive
Memetic algorithms for timetabling
No full textCourse timetabling problems are real world constraint optimization problems that are often coped with educational institutions, such as universities or high schools. In this paper, we present a variety of new operators that can be also applied in evolutionary algorithms for other timetabling problems, such as, exam timetabling. Operators include violation directed mutations, crossovers, and a successful violation directed hierarchical hill climbing method. Tests are performed on a small portion of a real data and results are promising. © 2003 IEEE.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compendium of indexed publications. Copyright and usage rights may be held by publishers and/or authors. The collection was established for the scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University academicians and is to be found in the institutional archive
Türkiye'de sosyal demokrasinin tarihi
No full textSocial democracy is a movement and ideology that has undergone various changes in many countries since its first ideological origins emerged 150 years ago and has created change by having social, political and cultural impacts on societies. From a sociological point of view, there must be a need and necessity in a society for the emergence of an ideology or movement. Due to various developments, a movement or ideology emerged as an answer or solution to the situation or problems faced by society and shaped in accordance with the spirit of the time. This is exactly how the concept of social democracy emerged. A need for a movement and ideology emerged after the bourgeoisie revolutions took place and this paved the way for the industrial revolution, as well as the reflection of liberal thought on societies and the difficulties experienced by people who made their living with their labor as a result of the industrial revolution. Inspired by socialism and Marxism, the main motive that constituted this new understanding emerging and interpreted in many different countries by various schools, has been to seek answers to the question of how to address the economic inequality that emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Contrary to its ideological origins, this new movement (social democracy) that avoids confrontation with the capitalist system or bourgeoisie and seeks solutions to problems instead of causing conflicts, has also set out to seek solutions to the economic, social, cultural and political problems in society. The main objective is an ideology to ensure more equal distribution of the earnings of liberal economic system by eliminating not only the economic negativities of the working class but also all negative developments against the working class. In Europe, several understandings developed in the United Kingdom, Germany and Sweden under different circumstances, and social democracy has renewed and changed itself periodically in response to every problem society has experienced. When looking at Turkish territory, the signs of the first social democratic thinking can be seen during the Tanzimat Reform Era. The most evident difference of Turkey in this issue is that although there was no social demand in the early republic period, social democracy entered the life of Turkish society together with the Kemalist thought. Although it was not parallel to that in Europe since the Industrial Revolution did not take place in Turkey, social democracy has developed and changed in a different way according to both politicians and social needs in Turkey. This doctoral dissertation will analyze how the concept of social democracy emerged in the world as well as how it emerged and developed in Turkey. In addition, answers will be sought for the following questions: Does the development of social democracy in Turkey show parallelism with Europe? How many times has social democracy transformed in Turkey? Keywords: Social Democracy, Social Democracy in Turkey, Social Democracy in Europe.Turkish: Sosyal demokrasi ilk ideolojik kökenlerinin ortaya çıktığı 150 yıl öncesinden beridir birçok ülkede farklı değişimler geçiren ve toplumları, sosyal, siyasal ve kültürel olarak etkileyip değişim yaratan bir akım ve ideolojidir. Sosyolojik açıdan bakıldığında bir ideoloji veya akımın ortaya çıkması için toplumda bununla ilgili bir gerekliliğin ve ihtiyacın olması gerekmektedir. Çeşitli gelişmelerden dolayı toplumun içine girdiği durum veya karşılaştığı sorunlara cevap veya çözüm olarak bir akım ve ideoloji ortaya çıkmış ve zamanın ruhuna uygun olarak şekillenmiştir. Sosyal demokrasi kavramının ortaya çıkışı da aynen bu şekilde gerçekleşmiştir. Burjuva devrimlerinin gerçekleşmesi, bunun sanayi devrimini doğurması, liberal düşünce yapısının toplumlara yansıması ve sanayi devriminin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan emeği ile hayatını kazanan kitlelerin yaşadığı zorluklar neticesinde bir akıma ve ideolojiye ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Sosyalizm ve Marksizm'den esinlenilerek birçok farklı ülkede ve birçok farklı ekol tarafından yorumlanan ve ortaya çıkan bu yeni anlayışı oluşturan temel güdü Sanayi Devrimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan ekonomik eşitsizliğin nasıl giderilebileceği sorunsalına cevap aramak olmuştur. İdeolojik kökenlerini aksine kapitalist sistem veya burjuvazi ile çatışma ortamında karşı karşıya gelmekten kaçınan ve çatışma ortamı yerine soruna çözüm arayan bu yeni akım (sosyal demokrasi) toplumda oluşan ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve siyasal sorunlara da çözüm arama yoluna gitmiştir. Temel amaç işçi sınıfının içinde bulunduğu sadece ekonomik olumsuzlukları değil tüm olumsuzlukları ortadan kaldırarak liberal ekonomik sistemin getirilerinin daha eşit dağılması için oluşan bir ideolojidir. Avrupa'da İngiltere, Almanya ve İsveç ile değişik şartlarda anlayışlar gelişmiş ve sosyal demokrasi toplumun yaşadığı her soruna karşılık dönemsel olarak kendisini yenilemiş ve değiştirmiştir. Türk topraklarına bakıldığında ise, ilk sosyal demokrat düşünce yapısının işaretleri Tanzimat döneminde görülebilir. Türkiyenin bu konudaki en büyük farkı ise erken cumhuriyet döneminde toplumsal talep olmamasına rağmen sosyal demokrasi Kemalist düşüncenin içerisinde Türk toplumunun hayatına girmiştir. Sanayi Devrimi gerçekleşmediği için Avrupa'dakine paralel olmasa da Türkiye'de de sosyal demokrasi gerek siyasilerin gerekse toplumsal ihtiyaçlara göre farklı bir şekilde de olsa gelişim ve değişim göstermiştir. Bu doktora tezinde sosyal demokrasi kavramının dünyada ortaya çıkışı ve Türkiye'de sosyal demokrasi kavramının nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve nasıl geliştiği incelenecektir? Bununla birlikte şu sorulara cevap aranacaktır: Türkiye'de sosyal demokrasinin gelişimi Avrupa ile paralellik göstermekte midir? Türkiye'de sosyal demokrasi kaç kere dönüşüm geçirmiştir? Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal demokrasi, Türkiye'de sosyal demokrasi, Avrupa'da Sosyal demokrasi.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.YÖK id number : 660931PLAGIARISM ...................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... ii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND ITS IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................................................... 7 1.1. Factors Paving the Way for Social Democracy ................................................................. 9 1.1.1. Empowerment of the Bourgeoisie and Bourgeoisie Revolutions .......................... 10 1.1.2. Industrial Revolution .............................................................................................. 15 1.1.3. Reflection of Liberal Thought Structure on Societies ............................................ 19 1.2. Sources of Social Democracy ......................................................................................... 25 1.2.1. Socialism ................................................................................................................ 27 1.2.2. Marxism ................................................................................................................. 31 1.3. The Emergence of Social Democracy and its Ideologists ............................................... 33 1.3.1. Fabian Society and Fabianism ................................................................................ 34 1.3.2. Eduard Bernstein and Revisionism ........................................................................ 36 1.3.3. Karl Kautsky ............................................................................................................ 39 1.3.4. Jean Jaurés ............................................................................................................. 41 2. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY ............................................................................................ 43 2.1. First Examples of Social Democracy in Turkey ............................................................... 44 2.1.1. The 1839-1908 Period ............................................................................................ 44 2.1.2. The 1908 – 1918 Period ......................................................................................... 51 2.1.3. The 1918-1922 Period ............................................................................................ 58 2.1.3.1. The Left Ideology Developing in Istanbul ....................................................... 58 2.1.3.2. The Leftist Ideology that Developed in Anatolia ............................................ 63 2.1.4. The 1922-1925 Period ............................................................................................ 73 2.2. Social Democracy in the Republic Period ...................................................................... 77 ix 2.2.1. Early Republic Period: An Understanding of Unprivileged, Classless and Integrated Society 79 2.2.1.1. TKP and the Left in the 1925-1936 Period ..................................................... 82 2.2.1.2. Social Democracy in Kemalism after 1925 ..................................................... 89 2.2.1.3. Transition to the Multiparty System .............................................................. 95 2.2.2. Post-1960 CHP: Bülent Ecevit and Left-of-Center ................................................ 103 2.2.2.1. Transition Period after May 27, 1960 Military Coup ................................... 103 2.2.2.2. The First Legal Sociality Party: TİP – Workers’ Party of Turkey.................... 109 2.2.2.3. CHP’s Transition to the Left-of-Center ......................................................... 111 2.2.2.4. Evaluation of the 1960s ............................................................................... 130 2.2.3. Social Democracy in the 1970s and Ecevit ........................................................... 133 2.2.3.1. The End of the 1970s: The Way to the Coup and the Regression of the Democratic Left ................................................................................................................ 147 2.2.3.2. Evaluation of the 1970s ............................................................................... 150 2.2.4. The 1980s: Rebuilding Social Democracy ............................................................ 152 2.2.4.1. The Populist Party ........................................................................................ 157 2.2.4.2. SODEP ........................................................................................................... 158 2.2.4.3. SODEP and Populist Party Merger: SHP (Social Democratic Populist Party) 165 2.2.4.4. Evaluation of the 1980s ............................................................................... 168 2.2.5. The 1991 Crisis and Re-establishment of CHP ..................................................... 170 2.2.5.1. Social Democracy in Power (1991-1995) ..................................................... 177 2.2.5.2. Break from SHP and Re-Establishment of CHP ............................................ 187 2.2.5.3. Democratic Left Party .................................................................................. 191 2.2.5.3.1. DSP: Social Democracy in Power Again .................................................... 194 2.2.5.4. Evaluation of the 1990s ............................................................................... 200 2.2.6. CHP and Social Democracy in the 21st Century .................................................... 201 3. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 213 4. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 22
Açıkta satılan peynirlerdeki Beta-Laktam antibiyotiklerinin tayini
No full textFor all individuals around the world, milk is a key component of a balanced diet. In addition to milk, many dairy products have been produced and eaten worldwide, such as cream, yogurt, butter, cheese, and kefir. There are several research and studies about the effect of milk and dairy products on people health for this cause. Antimicrobial medications are used for both prophylactic and medicinal uses in industrial milk farming systems. In lactating animals, penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides were commonly used, resulting in the pre,sence of their res.idues in milk. Dr.ugs are commonly used to promote the health of cattle, to cure diseases and to increase production. One of the big concerns related to the use of anti.biotics in an.imals is mastitis. Milk containing antibiotics triggers resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. In certain individuals, they cause allergic reactions and therefore cause harmful effects. In this research, 100 cheese samples were analyzed. These samples were analyzed by MiRA as a qualitative analysis; the Beta lactam ELISA test also conducted quantitative checks for antibiotic residue. Finally, positive results was observed by both methods in 6 (6) of 100 samples. According to these results, the antibiotic residue issue in milk and milk products still persists. On the other hand, the beta lactam levels in the lower limits of the samples have been evaluated as promising when all the studies are reviewed. However, with further examples, these experiments should be improved and milk and dairy products should be systematically evaluated in terms of hygiene requirements. Since it is important to analyze food compounds not just for antibiotic residues, but also contaminants such as mycotoxins, hormones and heavy metals.Turkish: Süt insanların tarih boyunca dengeli beslenmenin önemli bir bileşeni olmuştur. Sütün yanı sıra, dünya çapında krema, yoğurt, tereyağı, peynir ve kefir gibi birçok süt ürünü üretilmekte ve tüketilmektedir. Bu nedenle süt ve süt ürünlerinin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisine yönelik çok sayıda araştırma ve çalışma bulunmaktadır. Antimikrobiyal ilaçlar endüstriyel süt yetiştiriciliği sistemlerinde hem profilaktik hem de tıbbi kullanımlar için kullanılmaktadır. Emziren hayvanlarda penisilinler, aminoglikositler, tetrasiklinler ve sülfonamidler yaygın olarak kullanılmakta ve bu da sütte kalıntılarının varlığına neden olmaktadır. İlaçlar, hayvan sağlığını geliştirmek, hastalıkları iyileştirmek ve üretimi artırmak için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Hayvanlarda antibiyotik kullanımıyla ilgili en büyük endişelerden biri mastittir. Antibiyotik içeren süt, patojen mikroorganizmalara karşı direnci tetikler. Bazı kişilerde alerjik reaksiyonlara neden olur ve bu nedenle zararlı etkilere neden olurlar. Bu araştırmada 100 peynir örneği incelenmiştir. Bu numuneler kalitatif bir analiz olarak MiRA testi ile analiz edildi; Beta laktam ELISA test kiti ayrıca antibiyotik kalıntısı için kantitatif analiz için kullanıldı. Sonuç olarak, 100 numunenin 6'sında (6) her iki yöntemle de pozitif çıkan sonuçlar gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre süt ve süt ürünlerinde antibiyotik kalıntısı sorunu devam etmektedir. Öte yandan örneklerin alt sınırlarında bulunan beta laktam düzeyleri, tüm çalışmalar incelendiğinde umut verici olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak başka örneklerle bu deneyler iyileştirilmeli ve süt ve süt ürünleri hijyen gereksinimleri açısından da sistematik olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Gıda bileşiklerini sadece antibiyotik kalıntılar için değil, aynı zamanda mikotoksinler, hormonlar ve ağır metaller gibi kontaminantlar için de analiz etmek önemlidir.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.THESIS APPROVEL FORM...........................................................................................iiDECLARATION.............................................................................................................iiiLIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viLIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................viiLIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................viiiABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................ixÖZET ................................................................................................................................ x1.INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE............................................................................. 12.LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 22.1.Milk............................................................................................................................. 22.1.1.Cheese...................................................................................................................... 32.1.2.Compound of Cheese and Benefits to Health.......................................................... 32.1.3.Classification of Cheese........................................................................................... 52.1.4.Production Steps of Cheese ..................................................................................... 52.2.Types of Cheese Used in This Study........................................................................ 102.2.1.White Cheese ......................................................................................................... 102.2.2.Kashar Cheese........................................................................................................ 112.3.Unwanted Substances in Dairy Products.................................................................. 112.3.1.Antibiotics.............................................................................................................. 112.3.2.Heavy Metals......................................................................................................... 122.3.3.Cleaning Materials and Disinfectants.................................................................... 132.3.4.Pesticides ............................................................................................................... 142.3.5.Mycotoxins ............................................................................................................ 152.4.Analysis Methods Used in Monitorıng Drug Residues............................................ 152.4.1.Latex Agglutination Tests...................................................................................... 16v2.4.2.Automatic and Manual ELISA Methods............................................................... 162.4.3.Lateral Migration Immunoassay Method .............................................................. 162.4.4.Immuno-Magnetic Separation (IMS) Technology ................................................ 162.4.5.Fast Scan Kits ........................................................................................................ 172.4.6.High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ............................................ 172.5. Antibiotic Use in Animals Raised for Milk and Dairy Products............................. 172.6. Microbial Criters for Cheese.................................................................................... 182.7.Beta-Lactam Group of Antibiotics ........................................................................... 192.7.1.Penicillins............................................................................................................... 192.7.2.Cephalosporins....................................................................................................... 192.7.3.Monobactatns......................................................................................................... 192.7.4.Carbapenemler....................................................................................................... 202.7.5.Beta-Lactam/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitör Combinations ......................................... 203.MATERIAL AND METHOD..................................................................................... 213.1.Material..................................................................................................................... 213.2. Method..................................................................................................................... 213.2.1 Antibiotic Residue ................................................................................................. 223.2.2.Elisa Test................................................................................................................ 244.RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 264.1.Qualitative Antibiotic Residue Test Results............................................................. 264.2.Quantitative Antibiotic Residue Test Results........................................................... 295.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 316.REFERENCES ............................................................................................................
Derin öğrenme ile ürün eşleştirme
No full textACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ ivABSTRACT.................................................................................................... vO¨ ZET............................................................................................................. viLIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... ixLIST OF TABLES............................................................................................ xiLIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................ xii1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 12. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 42.1. PROBLEM DEFINITION ...................................................................... 42.1.1. Product Search ............................................................................... 42.1.2. Product Similarity Comparison.......................................................... 62.2. MACHINE LEARNING BACKGROUND................................................ 62.2.1. Metric Learning .............................................................................. 72.2.2. Vector Search ................................................................................. 112.2.3. Tokenization .................................................................................. 122.2.4. Full Text Search.............................................................................. 132.2.5. Siamese Networks........................................................................... 142.2.6. Artificial Neural Networks................................................................ 163. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 183.1. DATA GATHERING ............................................................................. 183.2. TEXT SEARCH BENCHMARKS........................................................... 233.3. METRIC LEARNING ........................................................................... 233.4. SIAMESE NETWORKS ........................................................................ 264. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... 284.1. SEARCH............................................................................................. 284.2. MATCHING ........................................................................................ 314.3. STACKING.......................................................................................... 335. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 405.1. FUTURE WORK.................................................................................. 41REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 42viiiAPPENDIX A::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47As the E-Commerce market grows, more products gets listed everyday. This growth in number of choices generate novel problems that are needed to be solved by businesses like price comparison sites and e-commerce competition analytics platforms. One such problem is matching same products despite the differences in representation. These differences can occur as differently written titles or usage of synonyms of the same product specifications. For matching products despite these different representations, we present two solutions, a metric-learning based solution for search and retrieval of the products and a siamese deep neural network for comparing product representations. Both of these models only needs product titles and are specialized for Turkish language.Turkish: E-Ticaret pazarı büyüdükçe, her gün daha fazla ürün listeleniyor. Seçenek sayısındaki bu artış fiyat karşılaştırma siteleri, rakip firma analizi platformları ve e-ticaret siteleri gibi işletmelere çözülmesi gereken yeni sorunlar yaratıyor. Bu sorunlardan biri de farklı platformlarda listelenen aynı ürünleri farklı yazımlarına rağmen eşleştirebilmektir. Bu yazım farkları, farklı yazılmış ürün başlıkları veya aynı ürün özelliklerinin eş anlamlılarının kullanılması şeklinde ortaya çıkabilir. Bu araştırmada eşleştirme için Türkçe dili üzerinde özelleşmiş ve sadece ürün başlıklarına ihtiyaç duyan iki çözüm sunuyoruz; ürünlerin aranması ve alınması için metrik öğrenme tabanlı bir çözüm ve bulunan ürünlerin karşılaştırılması için siyam ağlar.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.YÖK id number : 67777
Development of liposomal carrier systems of hydrolyzed collagen, resveratrol, retinol and investigation of their penetrations
No full textIn recent years, not only for cosmetic products but also for the administration of drugs, transdermal delivery is becoming an important route of administration. Percutaneous permeation of molecules is controlled by the diffusion laws and is a big challenge in biomedical sciences. Transdermal delivery systems have many advantages such as avoidance of the first-pass metabolism, sustained-release opportunity and less frequent dosing, ease of application, and better user compliance. Ethosome is one of these new and promising delivery systems which is a new generation of liposome and because of the presence of alcohol in its structure, it offers an increased solubility for hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic active materials. Also, the smaller and more flexible structure makes ethosome a better carrier than liposome. Resveratrol, retinol and hydrolyzed collagen ethosomes were prepared as a possibility of developing new delivery systems with these anti-aging ingredients. The results of the studies showed that the ethosomes were easy to produce and stable at the duration of the tests (180 days at 25ºC±2ºC), no phase separation or bottom precipitation was observed; the changes in the measurements of particle size, size distribution, poly-dispersity index, zeta potential, pH, density, and conductivity were within acceptable intervals. The presence of alcohol increased the solubility of the ingredients resulting in good entrapment of respective active materials in ethosomes at a minimum of 86 and retained the entrapped actives at a minimum of 71 level after 180 days. In-vitro release studies by Franzcell diffusion system were performed with the ethosome formulations using two different synthetic membranes; Strat-M® (layered skin mimicking) and 12-14KD cellulose acetate dialysis membrane. The release rates of the actives from ethosomes were compared with the simple solutions of the actives at 1,5. The results clearly showed that ethosomes released the actives in a sustained release manner and the release rates were slower when Strat-M® was used.Turkish: Son yıllarda, sadece kozmetik ürünler için değil, aynı zamanda ilaçların uygulanması için de transdermal uygulama önemli bir uygulama yolu haline gelmiştir. Moleküllerin perkütan yolla geçişi difüzyon yasaları tarafından kontrol edilir ve biyomedikal bilimler açısından hala önemli derecede zordur. Transdermal taşıma sistemlerinin karaciğerden ilk geçiş metabolizmasına maruz kalınmaması, uzun süre ve sürekli salım fırsatı, daha az sayıda dozlama, uygulama kolaylığı ve kullanıcı uyumu gibi konularda avantajları vardır. Etozom, yeni nesil bir lipozom olup yeni ve umut verici taşıyıcı sistemlernden biridir ve yapısındaki alkol nedeniyle hidrofilik, hidrofobik ve amfifilik aktif maddeler için daha fazla çözünebilme olasılığı sunar. Ayrıca, daha küçük ve daha esnek yapısı, etozomu lipozomdan daha etkin bir taşıyıcı yapar. Resveratrol, retinol ve hidrolize kollajen etozomlar, bu yaşlanma karşıtı bileşenlerle yeni dağıtım sistemleri geliştirme olasılığı olarak hazırlandı. Çalışmaların sonuçları, testler sırasında (25 toC ± 2ºC'de 180 gün) etozomların üretilmesinin kolay ve stabil olduğunu, faz ayrılmasının veya taban çökmesinin gözlenmediğini; partikül büyüklüğü, boyut dağılımı, poli dağılma indeksi, zeta potansiyeli, pH, yoğunluk ve iletkenlik ölçümlerindeki değişiklikler kabul edilebilir aralıklardaydı. Alkolün varlığı, bileşenlerin çözünürlüğünü arttırdı, bununla birlikte, ilgili aktif materyallerin, etozomlara en az 86 oranında iyi tutulması sağlandı ve tutulan aktif maddeleri, 180 gün sonra minimum 71 seviyesinde tuttu. Franzcell difüzyon sistemi kullanılarak yapılan in-vitro salım çalışmaları, iki farklı sentetik zar kullanılarak yapılmıştır; Strat-M® (katmanlı cilt taklit eden membran) ve 12-14KD selüloz asetat diyaliz membranı. Aktiflerin etozomlardan salım oranları aktiflerin 1,5'luk basit çözeltileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, etozomların aktifleri sürekli salım şeklinde serbest bıraktıklarını açıkça gösterdi. Strat-M® kullanıldığında salım oranları daha yavaştı.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.THESIS APPROVAL FORM..................................................................................................................... iii DECLERATION ........................................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................... vi TABLE of CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ vii ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. xiii LIST of TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... xv LIST of FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xvii LIST of GRAPHS ................................................................................................................................... xviii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ xxii ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................................... xxiii 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. SKIN and COSMETICS .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. SKIN .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. EPIDERMIS ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1.1. NATURAL MOISTURIZING FACTOR (NMF) ...................................................... 5 2.1.1.2. SEBACEOUS GLANDS ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.1.3. ECCRINE GLANDS .................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1.4. MELANOCYTES ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.5. LANGERHANS’ CELLS .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.6. MERKEL CELLS ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.7. PROPERTIES and FUNCTIONS of the SKIN BARRIER ........................................ 7 2.1.2. DERMIS .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3. HYPODERMIS.................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.4. SKIN AGING ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.4.1. EFFECT of AGING on COLLAGEN ...................................................................... 11 2.1.4.2. ELASTIN, GLYCOSAMINGLYCANS, and GLYCOPROTEINS on AGING ...... 13 3. COSMECEUTICAL PRODUCTS ................................................................................................... 14 3.1. ANTI-AGING ACTIVES/INGREDIENTS ............................................................................ 16 3.1.1. VITAMIN A, RETINOIDS and RETINOL ....................................................................... 18 3.1.1.1. TRETINOIN ............................................................................................................. 21 3.1.1.2. ISORETINOIN ......................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1.3. RETINOL ................................................................................................................. 22 3.1.1.4. RETINALDEHYDE................................................................................................. 25 3.1.2. RESVERATROL ............................................................................................................... 25 viii 3.1.3. COLLAGEN ...................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.3.1. OTHER COMMONLY USED ANTI-AGING ACTIVES ...................................... 28 3.1.3.1.1. ALPHA LIPOIC ACID ....................................................................................... 28 3.1.3.1.2. COENZYME Q10 ............................................................................................... 28 3.1.3.1.3. VITAMIN C ........................................................................................................ 29 3.1.3.1.3.1. COLLAGEN FORMATION ....................................................................... 30 3.1.3.1.3.2. FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING AND TOXINS OXIDANT DISPOSING ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.3.1.3.3. INHIBITION of MELANOGENESIS......................................................... 30 3.1.3.1.3.4. INTERACTION with CELL SIGNALLING PATHWAYS ....................... 31 3.1.3.1.4. BIOTIN ............................................................................................................... 32 3.1.3.1.5. CAFFEINE .......................................................................................................... 32 4. DELIVERY SYSTEMS in COSMETIC INDUSTRY ..................................................................... 33 4.1. CARRIER SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................. 33 4.1.1. LIPOSOMES ..................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1.1. STRUCTURE of LIPOSOMES ............................................................................... 37 4.1.1.2. LIPOSOMES ADVANTAGES ................................................................................ 38 4.1.1.3. CLASSIFICATION of LIPOSOMES ...................................................................... 38 4.1.1.4. PREPARATION of LIPOSOMES ........................................................................... 39 4.1.1.4.1. PASSIVE LOADING TECHNIQUE .................................................................. 40 4.1.1.4.1.1. MECHANICAL DISPERSION METHOD ................................................. 40 4.1.1.4.1.2. SOLVENT DISPERSING METHOD ......................................................... 42 4.1.1.4.1.3. DETERGENT CLEANING METHOD ...................................................... 43 4.1.1.4.2. ACTIVE LOADING TECHNOLOGY ............................................................... 43 4.1.1.4.3. DETERGENT DIALYSIS .................................................................................. 44 4.1.1.4.4. MICROFLUIDIZER METHOD ......................................................................... 44 4.1.1.5. CHARACTERIZATION of LIPOSOMES .............................................................. 46 4.1.1.5.1. DETERMINATION of ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY .............................. 46 4.1.1.5.2. DETERMINATION of LAMELLAR STRUCTURE ......................................... 46 4.1.1.5.3. DETERMINATION of SIZE DISTRIBUTION and SURFACE CHARGE DETERMINATION ............................................................................................................... 47 4.1.1.5.4. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ............................................... 48 4.1.1.5.5. APPEARANCE ................................................................................................... 48 4.1.1.5.6. STABILITY of LIPOSOMES ............................................................................. 48 4.1.1.6. ETHOSOMES .......................................................................................................... 50 4.1.1.6.1. PRODUCTION of ETHOSOMES ...................................................................... 51 4.1.2. LIPIDS ............................................................................................................................... 52 4.1.3. PHOSPHOLIPIDS ............................................................................................................. 52 4.1.4. LIPOSOMES and SKIN .................................................................................................... 54 ix 5. FRANZCELL ................................................................................................................................... 55 6. DIFFUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 59 6.1. FICK'S 1st LAW ...................................................................................................................... 60 6.2. FICK'S 2nd LAW...................................................................................................................... 60 6.3. STEADY-STATE .................................................................................................................... 61 7. MATERIALS and METHODS ........................................................................................................ 61 7.1. MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................... 61 7.1.1. CHEMICALS .................................................................................................................... 61 7.1.1.1. PBS (PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SOLUTION) ...................................................... 62 7.1.2. INSTRUMENTS/EQUIPMENT........................................................................................ 63 7.1.2.1. MICROFLUIDIZER HIGH-PRESSURE HOMOGENIZER .................................. 63 7.1.2.2. HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY DEVICE (HPLC) ............... 64 7.1.2.3. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER ............................................................................... 64 7.1.2.4. FRANZCELL ........................................................................................................... 64 7.1.2.5. UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER ....................................................................... 65 7.1.2.6. THE FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETER .......................... 65 7.1.2.7. ZETA POTENTIAL DEVICE ................................................................................. 65 7.1.2.8. MICROPLATE ABSORBANCE READER ............................................................ 65 7.1.2.9. CRYO-SEM of LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS .......................................... 66 7.2. METHODS .............................................................................................................................. 66 7.2.1. FT-IR SPECTRUM ANALYSIS of ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ......................................... 66 7.2.2. STUDIES on RESVERATROL ......................................................................................... 67 7.2.2.1. HPLC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 67 7.2.2.1.1. LINEARITY........................................................................................................ 68 7.2.2.1.2. ACCURACY ....................................................................................................... 68 7.2.2.1.3. PRECISION ........................................................................................................ 68 7.2.2.1.3.1. REPEATABILITY 1 ................................................................................... 69 7.2.2.1.3.2. REPEATABILITY 2 ................................................................................... 69 7.2.2.1.4. LIMIT of DETECTION (LOD) .......................................................................... 69 7.2.2.1.5. LIMIT of QUANTITATION (LOQ) ................................................................... 69 7.2.2.1.6. RANGE ............................................................................................................... 70 7.2.2.1.7. ROBUSTNESS ................................................................................................... 70 7.2.2.1.8. SPECIFICITY ..................................................................................................... 70 7.2.2.1.9. DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY OF RESVERATROL .......................... 71 7.2.3. STUDIES on RETINOL .................................................................................................... 71 7.2.3.1. HPLC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 71 7.2.3.1.1. LINEARITY........................................................................................................ 72 7.2.3.1.2. ACCURACY ....................................................................................................... 72 x 7.2.3.1.3. PRECISION ........................................................................................................ 72 7.2.3.1.3.1. REPEATABILITY 1 ................................................................................... 73 7.2.3.1.3.2. REPEATABILITY 2 ................................................................................... 73 7.2.3.1.4. LIMIT of DETECTION (LOD) .......................................................................... 73 7.2.3.1.5. LIMIT of QUANTITATION (LOQ) ................................................................... 73 7.2.3.1.6. RANGE ............................................................................................................... 74 7.2.3.1.7. ROBUSTNESS ................................................................................................... 74 7.2.3.1.8. SPECIFICITY ..................................................................................................... 74 7.2.3.1.9. DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY OF RETINOL ..................................... 75 7.2.4. STUDIES on HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN .................................................................... 75 7.2.4.1. HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN ANALYSIS ............................................................ 75 7.2.4.2. LINEARITY ............................................................................................................. 76 7.2.4.3. ACCURACY ............................................................................................................ 76 7.2.4.4. PRECISION ............................................................................................................. 77 7.2.4.4.1. REPEATABILITY 1 ........................................................................................... 77 7.2.4.4.2. REPEATABILITY 2 ........................................................................................... 77 7.2.4.5. LIMIT of DETECTION (LOD) ............................................................................... 78 7.2.4.6. LIMIT of QUANTITATION (LOQ) ........................................................................ 78 7.2.4.7. RANGE .................................................................................................................... 78 7.2.4.8. ROBUSTNESS ........................................................................................................ 79 7.2.4.9. SPECIFICITY .......................................................................................................... 79 7.2.4.10. DETERMINATION of the SOLUBILITY of HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN ........ 79 7.2.5. PREPARATION of LIPOSOMES and ETHOSOMES ..................................................... 79 7.2.5.1. REDUCING the SIZES of LIPOSOMES and ETHOSOMES ................................. 80 7.2.6. STUDIES CONDUCTED on LIPOSOMES and ETHOSOMES ...................................... 81 7.2.6.1. DETERMINATION of ETHOSOMES ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY .......... 81 7.2.6.2. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 81 7.2.6.3. UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER ANALYSIS ................................................... 81 7.2.6.4. ZETA POTENTIAL ANALYSIS of ETHOSOMES ............................................... 82 7.2.6.5. IMAGING of ETHOSOMES BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ....... 82 7.2.6.6. PH MEASUREMENT.............................................................................................. 82 7.2.6.7. CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT ..................................................................... 82 7.2.6.8. DENSITY MEASUREMENT .................................................................................. 83 7.2.6.9. CONDUCTING STABILITY STUDIES ................................................................. 83 7.2.6.10. CYTOTOXICITY ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 83 7.2.6.11. FRANZCELL in-vitro DIFFUSION TESTS ........
Türk sivil havacılığı için önem taşıyan bir güvenlik politikasının değerlendirilmesi
No full textWith globalization, air travel has become a part of daily life. However, aviation, like all other logistical elements, is a sector in which its safety and security must be ensured at the highest level. The in-flight security officers, one of the various measures taken to protect this sector, which has been the target of malicious attacks in the period from the time it started to become widespread until today, is the last preventive step in providing in-flight security. In this study, civil aviation in Turkey, the concept of security, attacks on aviation due to in-flight vulnerability were sampled, and then international and national legislation related to civil aviation security was examined. To this end, the deficiencies that emerge when international examples are examined in the structure of the national organization has been identified. With the study, a model proposal is presented by compiling the information by revealing the concept of in-flight security officers in the manner studied in the national and international literature. It is expected that the information compiled may light the way the organization of in-flight security officer implementation in Turkey with the thesis work. Keywords: Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation Security, In-Flight Security Officer, Air Marshal, Sky MarshalTurkish: Küreselleşme ile birlikte hava yolu seyahati gündelik yaşamın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte havacılık, diğer tüm lojistik unsurlar gibi güvenliğinin ve emniyetinin en yüksek seviyede sağlanması gereken bir sektör halindedir. Yaygınlaşmaya başladığı tarihten günümüze kadar olan süreçte art niyetli saldırıların hedefi olan bu sektörü korumak için alınan çeşitli önlemlerden biri olan hava polisi, uçak içi güvenliği sağlamada son önleyici adım olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de sivil havacılık, güvenlik kavramı, havacılığa yönelik yaşanan ve uçak içi güvenlik açığı sebebiyle saldırılar örneklendirilmiş ardından sivil havacılık güvenliği ile ilgili uluslararası ve ulusal mevzuat incelenmiştir. Yanı sıra, hava polisi uygulaması yapılan ülkeler konsept ve organizasyon yapıları bakımından incelenmiş, ülkemizde yönetmelik ile belirtilen konsept ve organizasyon yapısı açıklanmıştır. Bu minvalde, uluslararası örnekler incelendiğinde ortaya çıkan ulusal organizasyon yapısı eksiklikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma ile, hava polisi kavramını ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde çalışıldığı biçimde ortaya koyarak bilgileri derleme suretiyle bir model önerisi sunulmaktadır. Tez çalışması ile derlenen bilgilerin, Türkiye'de yapılacak hava polisi uygulaması organizasyonuna ışık tutması beklenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sivil Havacılık, Sivil Havacılık Güvenliği, Hava PolisiThe Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.YÖK id number : 656623PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. CIVIL AVIATION AND IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY IN AVIATION ....... 5 2.1. Civil Aviation in Turkey ................................................................................. 5 2.2. Security Concept ........................................................................................... 10 2.3. Importance of Civil Aviation Security .......................................................... 14 2.4. Past Threats and Attacks on Aviation ........................................................... 17 3. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL REGULATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS ..................................................................................................... 36 3.1. International Conventions ............................................................................. 36 3.1.1. The Chicago Convention ....................................................................... 36 3.1.2. The Tokyo Convention .......................................................................... 39 3.1.3. The Hague Convention .......................................................................... 43 3.1.4. The Montreal Convention ...................................................................... 44 vi 3.2. International Regulations .............................................................................. 46 3.2.1. ICAO Annex 17: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference ............................................................................. 47 3.2.2. ICAO DOC 9873 The Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference ................................................................ 48 3.2.3. ICAO Annex 9- Facilitation................................................................... 50 3.2.4. ECAC Doc No. 30 ................................................................................. 51 3.2.5. Regulation (EC) No. 230/2002 .............................................................. 51 3.3. International Organizations ........................................................................... 52 3.3.1. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)......................... 52 3.3.2. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) ............................ 54 3.3.3. The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) ............................... 55 3.3.4. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) ................................... 56 3.3.5. The Joint Aviation Authorities Training Office (JAA TO) ................... 60 3.3.6. The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) ............................................................................................. 61 3.3.7. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ........................................ 62 3.4. National Regulations ..................................................................................... 63 3.4.1. Law No. 5431 on the Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of Civil Aviation ............................................................................... 63 3.4.2. Law No. 5188 on Private Security Services Law .................................. 64 3.4.3. Turkish Civil Aviation Law No. 2920 ................................................... 64 vii 3.4.4. Police Duties and Authorities Law No. 2559 ........................................ 65 3.4.5. Regulation No.9707 on the Provision of Security at Civil Airports Ports and Border Crossings and the Conduct of Duties and Services ........................... 66 3.4.6. Regulation on the Duties, Authorities and Responsibilities of Specially Trained Armed Security Officers in Turkish Registered Civil Aircraft .............. 66 3.4.7. Security-Related Civil Aviation Instructions ......................................... 68 3.5. National Civil Aviation Organizations .......................................................... 69 3.5.1. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)..................................... 69 3.5.2. General Directorate of State Airport Authority (GDSAA) .................... 70 4. IN-FLIGHT SECURITY OFFICER SERVICE .................................................. 72 4.1. History ........................................................................................................... 72 4.2. The International In-Flight Security Officer Committee (IIFFSOC) ............ 74 4.3. International Samples of In-Flight Security Officer Service Implementation and Organizational Structures .................................................................................. 75 4.3.1. The United States of America ................................................................ 75 4.3.2. Canada.................................................................................................... 83 4.3.3. Australia ................................................................................................. 88 4.3.4. India ....................................................................................................... 90 4.3.5. Israel ....................................................................................................... 92 4.3.6. Turkey .................................................................................................... 95 5. METHOD AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 100 5.1. The Model Evaluation ................................................................................. 100 viii 5.2. Findings ....................................................................................................... 101 Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................... 105 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 10
Kadın öğrencilerde duygusal yeme eğilimi ile sağlıklı yeme indeksi puanlarının karşılaştırılması
No full textOne of the psychological eating types is emotional eating behavior. The individual, who has an emotional eating behavior, tends to eat against positive or negative emotional stimuli. This research was conducted among 245 female students, aged 18 and over, in which the relationship between the healthy eating index and emotional eating tendency were investigated. Psychological eating behavior was examined by using the three factor eating questionnarie-18 (TFEQ-18) and Turkish emotional eating scale (TEES) . The healthy eating index-2010 (HEI-2010) score was investigated by using 24-hour retrospective food consumption form. A positive relationship was found between the subscales of the TFEQ-18 and TEES. Uncontrolled eating was positively in relationship with energy intake. Cognitive restraint was negatively in relationship with energy and carbohydrates intake. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with subscales of the TEES and TFEQ-18. The total HEI-2010 was positively associated with protein percent, monounsaturated fatty acids. The total HEI-2010 was negatively associated with carbohydrates percent. A positive statistical relationship was found between the HEI-2010 and cognitive restraint which is subscale of the TFEQ-18. There was no statistically significant relationship with emotional eating and the HEI-2010. Determining the emotional eating rates in the young population and making interventions for these people are important for preventing the risk of obesity in the future. Therefore, nutritional screening should also be evaluated in terms of emotional eating in young people in order to identify those who need nutritional education and to implement effective nutritional intervention. Key Words: emotional eating, healthy eating index, eating behaviour, nutritional habits.Turkish: Psikolojik yeme türlerinden biri duygusal yeme davranışıdır. Duygusal yeme davranışı olan birey, olumlu veya olumsuz duygusal uyaranlara karşı yemek yeme eğilimindedir. Bu araştırma, sağlıklı beslenme indeksi ile duygusal yeme eğilimi arasındaki ilişkinin araştırıldığı, 18 yaş ve üstü 245 kadın öğrenci arasında yürütülmüştür. Psikolojik yeme davranışının değerlendirilmesi için üç faktörlü beslenme anketi (TFEQ-18) ve türkçe duygusal yeme ölçeği (TEES) uygulanmıştır. Sağlıklı yeme indeksi (HEI) skoru -2010 24 saatlik retrospektif besin tüketim kayıtlarından elde edilen verilerle hesaplanmıştır. TFEQ-18 ve TEES alt ölçekleri arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Kontrolsüz yeme skoru enerji alımı ile pozitif, bilişsel kısıtlama skoru enerji ve karbonhidrat alımı ile negatif ilişkilidir. Duygusal yeme skoru, enerji alımı ve makrobesinler ile ilişkisi olmadığı bulunmuştur. Beden kütle indeksi (BKİ), TEES ve TFEQ-18 skorlarının alt ölçekleri ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. HEI-2010 kategorileri ile BKİ sınıflandırması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı belirlenmiştir Beslenme ve diyetetik bölümünde toplam HEI-2010 skoru, tam tahıl, süt ürünleri diğer gruplardan daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Toplam HEI-2010 skoru, protein yüzdesi , tekli doymamış yağ asitleri ile pozitif ve karbonhidrat yüzdesi ile negatif ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. TFEQ-18'in alt ölçeklerinden biri olan bilişsel kısıtlama ve HEI-2010 skoru arasında pozitif bir istatistiksel ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Duygusal yeme ve HEI-2010 skoru ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Genç popülasyonda duygusal yeme oranlarının belirlenmesi ve bu kişilere yönelik müdahalelerde bulunulması ileride obezite riskinin önlenmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu yüzden beslenme eğitimine ihtiyaç duyanları belirlemek ve etkili beslenme müdahalesi uygulamak için gençlerde duygusal yeme açısından beslenme taraması değerlendirilmesi de yapılmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: duygusal yeme, sağlıklı yeme indeksi, yeme davranışı, beslenme alışkanlıkları.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.APPROVAL ................................................................................................................ iiDECLARATION ........................................................................................................ iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... ivTABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................vLIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... viiiLIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................xABSTRACT................................................................................................................ xiABSTRACT (Turkish) ............................................................................................... xii1. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE ..........................................................................12. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................32.1. Food Choice ...........................................................................................................32.2. Pyschological Factors of Food Choice ....................................................................32.3. Theories Associated with Eating Behaviour and Emotions ......................................32.3.1. The Kaplan and Kaplan Psychosomatic Theory ...................................................32.3.2. Bruch’s Theory ....................................................................................................42.3.3. Schachter’s Internal-External Theory ...................................................................42.3.4. The Restraint Theory ...........................................................................................42.4. Emotional Eating ....................................................................................................52.5. Physiological Mechanism of Emotional Eating .......................................................72.6. Uncontrolled Eating ................................................................................................72.7. Cognitive Restraint of Eating ..................................................................................82.8. Relationships Between Emotional, Cognitive of Restraint Eating and UncontrolledEating ............................................................................................................................92.9. Evaluation of Psychological Eating Behavior .........................................................9vi2.10. Assessment of Nutritional Status ........................................................................ 102.11. Principles of Diet Quality ................................................................................... 112.12. Definition of Healthy Eating Index-2010 ............................................................ 112.13. Differences Between HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 ................................................... 122.14. Studies of Relationship Between Healthy Eating Index and Emotional Eating .... 133. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................. 153.1. Place, Time and Sample Selection in Research ..................................................... 153.2. General Plan of the Research ................................................................................ 153.3. Antropometric Measurements ............................................................................... 163.4. Determination of Eating Behavior ........................................................................ 173.4.1. Turkish Emotional Eating Scale (TEES) ............................................................ 173.4.2. Three Factor Eating Questionnarie (TFEQ-18) .................................................. 173.5. Determination of Nutritional Status ...................................................................... 183.6. Calculation of HEI-2010 Scores ........................................................................... 183.7. Statistical Method ................................................................................................. 214. RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 225. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...................................................................... 726. LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................... 887. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 898. APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 1048.1. APPENDIX 1. ETHICAL APPROVAL ............................................................. 1048.2. APPENDIX 2. INFORMED CONSENT ............................................................ 1058.3. APPENDIX 3. THREE FACTOR EATING QUESTIONNARIE-18 .................. 1078.4. APPENDIX 4. TURKISH EMOTIONAL EATING SCALE .............................. 109vii8.5. APPENDIX 5. 24-HOUR RESTROSPECTIVE FOOD CONSUMPTION FORM.................................................................................................................................. 1128.6. APPENDIX 6. HEI-2010 .................................................................................... 1139. CIRRICULUM VITAE ......................................................................................... 11
Sonlu gruplarda 2-iz formülleri
No full textThis dissertation surveys 2-representations of a finite group and their 2-characters introduced by N. Ganter and M. M. Kapranov. Namely, the major aim of our thesis is to extend trace formula type identities to the 2-categorical setting. Thus, our main task is to compute the trace of the 2-functor R(F) in two different ways, where R is a 2-representation of a finite group G in the 2-category 2Vect_k defined by M. M. Kapranov and V. A. Voevodsky and F is a test 2-functor. Here, the finite group G is embodied in the 2-category Disc(Omega(-1) G) and k is assumed to be the complex number field as we are not dealing with the modular representation theory. First, we review Arthur trace formula in several classical cases, such as Poisson summation formula. Next, we reprove Arthur trace formula for finite group and examine it via concrete examples as a side goal. As we are focusing on finite groups, we are using GAP, which is a system for computational discrete algebra, for explicit calculations about the trace formula. As an intermediate step, all material needed in this thesis are categorified and Tannaka duality for finite groups, which explains the connection between a finite group and its representations, is proved. Finally, a 2-category 2FinSet is defined for the test functor F and explicit computations of 2-trace formula for Z_3 and S_3 are given.Turkish: Bu doktora tezinde N. Ganter ve M. M. Kapranov'un tanımladığı sonlu bir grubun 2-temsillerini ve onların 2-karakterlerini çalışıyoruz. Yani, tezimizin asıl amacı 2-kategoriler dilinde iz formülleri benzeri eşitliklerin elde edilmesidir. Böylece, ana amacımız, R sonlu G grubunun k cismi üzerine tanımlanan Kapranov-Voevodsky 2-vektör uzaylarının 2Vect_k 2-kategorisindeki temsili ve F bir deneme 2-funktoru iken R(F) 2-funktorunun izini iki farklı şekilde hesaplamaktır. Burada, G sonlu grubunu Disc(Omega(-1) G) 2-kategorisi ile gösteriyor ve modüler temsil kuramı ile ilgilenmediğimizden k cisminin karmaşık sayı cismi olduğunu kabul ediyoruz. İlk olarak, Poisson toplam formülü gibi Arthur iz formülünün bazı klasik durumlarını gözden geçiriyoruz. Ardından, yan amaç olarak Arthur iz formülünü sonlu gruplar için tekrardan ispatlıyor ve bu iz formülünü somut örneklerle inceliyoruz. Sonlu gruplarla ilgilendiğimizden iz formülü hesaplarımız için bir ayrık cebir hesaplamaları sistemi olan GAP'ı kullanıyoruz. Arabir basamak olarak, bu tezde gerekli olan matematiksel araçlar kategorileştirip sonlu bir grupla bu grubun temsillerinin arasındaki bağlantıyı açıklayan sonlu gruplar için Tannaka ikiliğini ispatlıyoruz. Son olarak, deneme 2-funktoru F için 2FinSet 2-kategorisini tanımlayıp 2-iz formülünün Z_3 ve S_3 sonlu grupları için açık hesaplamaları veriyoruz.The Yeditepe University Open Access System is a compilation of national and international indexed publications for the institutional archive of scientific publications prepared by Yeditepe University students (graduate, doctoral, and/or equivalent). Copyright and rights of use may belong to the authors and/or Yeditepe University.YÖK id number : 643793ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vÖZET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viLIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixLIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xLIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. WHAT IS A “TRACE FORMULA”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1. TRACE CLASS OPERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2. AN EXAMPLE: POISSON SUMMATION FORMULA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3. TRACE FORMULAS IN THE COCOMPACT CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163. TRACE FORMULAS ON FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.1. COMPUTING THE TRACE FORMULA OF A FINITE GROUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2. COMPUTING TRACE FORMULA VIA USING GAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.3. THE CASE WHEN THE STATIONARY SUBGROUP IS TRIVIAL . . . . . . . . . . 314. PRELIMINARIES ON CATEGORY THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.1. GROTHENDIECK UNIVERSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.2. BASICS OF CATEGORY THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.2.1. Monoidal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.3. TANNAKA DUALITY FOR FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.4. FORMALISM OF HIGHER CATEGORIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724.5. 2-CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725. CATEGORIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.1. A PERIODIC TABLE OF HIGHER CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.1.1. Transitions between Higher Categorical Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.2. GROUPS AS CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926. CATEGORICAL REPRESENTATION THEORY OF FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . 966.1. 1-REPRESENTATION THEORY OF FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96viii6.2. 2-REPRESENTATION THEORY OF FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996.3. 2-CHARACTERS OF 2-REPRESENTATIONS OF FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . 1057. 2-TRACE FORMULAS FOR FINITE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097.1. A PRELUDE TO 2-TRACE FORMULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097.2. COMPUTING THE 2-TRACE FORMULA OF A FINITE GROUP WHOSESTATIONARY SUBGROUP IS TRIVIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11