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ADOPTION AND IMPACTS OF ORGANIC FARMING: CASE OF WINTER TOMATO PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH
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Submitted to the Faculty of Agribusiness Management,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
AGRICULTURAL FINANCE AND MANAGEMENTOrganic farming is significant because it has the potential to spread environmentally
friendly farming methods that rely less on synthetic chemicals. It improves soil health,
food safety, and environmental impact, benefiting farmers and customers in the long
run. The goals of the study include investigating the sociodemographic traits of
tomato producers, determining the factors that influence the adoption of organic
tomato farming by binary probit model, and assessing the effects of adoption using a
PSM by studying 200 randomly selected farmers. The results indicate notable
disparities between organic and inorganic tomato farmers with regards to age, earning
member, farming experience, using mobile, extension contact, and landholding. In
comparison to inorganic farming, organic tomato farming exhibits higher profitability
and a superior benefit-cost ratio. The benefits of organic farming are further supported
by propensity score matching analysis, which highlights organic tomato growing has
statistically significant higher benefit-cost ratios (BCR), lower overall costs per
hectare, and higher selling prices per kilogram than conventional inorganic
cultivation. Although there are a number of challenges for tomato producers using
organic agricultural methods, the main one is the lack of financial support. Managing
diseases and pests, labor expenses, erratic yields, a lack of resources, and knowledge
gaps are a few of the major difficulties organic tomato farmers face. These results
offer insightful information to stakeholders and policymakers working to advance
organic and sustainable farming practices in Bangladesh
PREVALENCE OF CANINE TICK-BORNE PROTOZOA ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATOLOGY IN DHAKA CITY
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Submitted to the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN PARASITOLOGYDogs, being companion animals serve a variety of economic, social, and cultural purposes.
Among the diseases of dogs, tick-borne protozoa are drawing attention globally for both
human and animals. The aim of this study was to observe the prevalence of tick-borne
protozoan infections as well as some selective hematological parameters of stray dogs in
Dhaka city. A total number of 160 dogs from various places in the study area were selected
randomly and examined for both tick and protozoan infection. Only one species of hard
tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus was identified where 49 (30.62%) among the study
population were found to be infested with this tick. There were differences in tick burdens
in two seasons with higher infestation levels in Summer (37.50%) followed by Winter
(26.92%). Ticks ranging from 1-16 were removed from dogs where most of the ticks were
collected from the neck and chest region (P <0.001). On the other hand, examinations of
blood smear confirmed three protozoan species (Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, and
Hepatozoon spp.) comprising 23.13% of the overall prevalence. Among the protozoan
species, B. canis (11.88%) was the most prevalent protozoa. Subsequently, only 10.81% of
the infected samples showed multiple infections. In both cases, females were more infected
than males. Among the hematological parameters, the RBC counts, Hemoglobin, and PCV
of all infected dogs were significantly lower (P <0.001) compared to the healthy group.
Moreover, the eosinophil of the infected groups showed higher values (11.00 % and
12.70% for protozoa and ticks, respectively) than the normal range indicating parasitic
infections. Therefore, these results suggest the necessity of frequent blood examinations to
enhance animals’ welfare and disease prevention
EVALUATION OF MUNGBEAN GENOTYPES IN RESPONSE TO SALINITY STRESS
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Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDINGA study was conducted to assess the response of 21 mungbean genotypes (L1 to L21)
to varying salinity stress levels (0 mM NaCl - control, 100 mM NaCl, and 150 mM
NaCl) in the net house of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at Sher-e-
Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from January 2022 to March 2022. The
experimental design employed was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
three replications. The research was divided into two distinct experiments. In the first
experiment, the genotypes were screened-out based on their Salt Tolerant Trait Index
(STTI) for growth and morphological parameters. Increasing salinity levels were
found to have a negative impact on mungbean growth and morphological traits.
Genotypes were classified into four groups: tolerant (L1, L13, L17, L18, L19, and
L21), moderately tolerant (L6, L10, L12, and L12), moderately susceptible (L4, L8,
L11, L14, L15, and L16), and susceptible (L2, L3, L5, L7, and L9). The second
experiment focused on six selected genotypes (L2, L8, L12, L18, L19, and L21) from
the first study, evaluating their physiological and biochemical responses. Genotypes
L18, L19, and L21 consistently exhibited higher chlorophyll levels, indicative of
enhanced salt stress resilience. L18 and L21 demonstrated better K+ maintenance,
while L19 consistently displayed higher catalase and peroxidase activity, suggesting a
robust response to salt stress. Some genotypes (L12, L18, and L21) displayed
increased polyphenol content under saline stress conditions, implying potential salt
stress tolerance. In summary, genotypes L18, L19, and L21 consistently excelled in
multiple parameters under salt stress in both experiments. These genotypes hold
promise for developing salt-tolerant mungbean varieties, contributing to agricultural
sustainability in saline-prone regions. Further research is suggested to fully explore
their breeding potential
UPDATING HYDROPONIC CULTURE OF TOMATO AND UPSCALING OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED DURING THE EARLIER STUDIES WITH SMALL SCALE PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
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Hydroponic culture is one of the important climate smart approaches for
vegetable production in Bangladesh. But it needs upscaling and dating for
commercial use. Therefore, a series of experiments are conducting from October
2020 to 2023 to update hydroponic culture of tomato funded by 4th Phase
Bangladesh Academy of Science-United States Department of Agriculture (BASUSDA)
Endowment Program. One of six experimental results has been discussed
here like effect of nutrient solution strength on tomato hydroponic culture.
Nutrient solution and its nutritional compositions may have the effect on growth
and fruit quality attributes of tomato. To avoid the build-up of toxins, mineral
deficiencies, nutrition abnormalities, or the spread of disease, producers should
use optimum level of nutrient solution. Therefore, the present experiment was
conducted to identify a suitable strength of nutrient solution for cherry tomato in
hydroponic system. Treatment considered six levels of nutrient solution [viz., SI:
~ strength Rahman and Inden (2012), S2: % strength Rahman and Inden (2012),
S3: Full strength Rahman and Inden (2012), S4: ~ strength Hoagland and Amon
No. 2( 1940), s; % strength Hoagland and Arnon No. 2 (1940) and S6: Full
strength Hoagland and Arnon No.2 (1940)] and two varieties [viz., VI: Local
market cherry tomato (red), V2: Irelands cherry tomato (yellow)]. Growth and
yield contributing characters, quality parameters, physiological traits and
biochemical composition were analyzed. The maximum plant height, number of
leaves per plant, first flowering, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruit per
cluster, number of cluster per plant, average individual fruit weight and average
cluster weight per plant were found in S3. Meanwhile, V2 performed better in
respect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, first flowering, number of
flowers per cluster, number of fruit per cluster, number of cluster per plant,
average individual fruit weight and average cluster weight per plant. Therefore,
cherry tomato cv. V2 can be cultured in hydroponic system with applying S3 (Full
strength Rahman and Inden nutrient solution).
Keywords: soilless culture, nutrient solution, growth, fruit quality and tomat
GENERATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR WHITE MAIZE CULTIV ATION IN BANGLADESH
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A 3-year project was implemented jointly by Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka; Agrarian Research Foundation, Dhaka; and Bangladesh Wheat
and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur during 2015 to 2017 to find out better
performing varieties out of 47 and generate technologies for white maize
production in Bangladesh under a project named 'Collection, Evaluation and
Introduction of White Maize for Consumption in Bangladesh' using the funds of
Krishi Gobeshona Foundation. The project was implemented by Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka and WRSS, Dinajpur) both on stations and in
farmers field of six different agro climatic zones (Dhamrai, Rangpur, Dinajpur,
Barisal, Bandarban, Nilphamari). In Rabi season, the varieties (PSC-121,
Changnuo-l, Q-Xiangnuo -1, Changnuo-6, Yangnuo-30 , BRAC Uttoron, BRAC2622,
Yangnuo-3000, Shuvra, Yu2, CIMMYT lines 15003,15010,15009,15007,
14003, 15006, 15008) ) significantly yielded higher (7.160-12.948 t/ha) in Dhaka
region in rabi season. At Rangpur, the variety Changnuo-l produced significantly
higher yields showing seed yield range of 6.348-12.165 t/ha). At Bandarban:
varieties PSC-121 showed higher seed yields (7.717-9.103 tons/ha), while the
CIMMYT lines (14003, 15003, 15008, 15010) produced significantly higher seed
yields (13.122-14.074 t/ha). At Dinajpur, the varieties PSC-121, Yangnuo-30
and Changnuo-6 proved to be better giving yield up to 8.61-11.749 tlha, while the
CIMMYT lines 15001, 15003, 15010 and 14003 gave significantly higher yields
from 14.373-15.041 t/ha. At Nilphamari, the variety PSC-121 showed the highest
seed yield of 10.590 t/ha. At Barishal, PSC-121 and KS-510 produced yields
6.422 and 7.585 tons/ha, respectively. In Kharif season, the variety Yangnuo3000
and PSC-121 were consistent showing seed yields of 5.353-5.915 t/ha in
Dhaka region. Almost in all the regions, using 100-125% of the fertilizer dose as
recommended for the HYVs by BARI had significantly higher seed yield (8.284-
11.635 tlha) as compared to lower doses. But in Nilphamari, significantly the
highest yield was obtained using 150% more dose. At Dhamrai: Fertilizer dose
125% had the highest seed yield (7.901 tlha). But at Rangpur fertilizer dose 100125%
had higher seed yield. Planting configuration using row to row spacing
from 50 ern x 25 ern were proved to be optimum. Nutritional analyses showed
that the local white maize varieties had highest protein content (1l.75%) than the
exotic and inland HYVs (7.11-8.22%). On an average, white maize had higher protein content than the yellow ones. Maximum fat content was obtained with
Suvra (4.39%), while the fiber with PSC-121 (2.93%), ash with local (1.69%) and
carbohydrate with Changnuo-l. The maximum apparent amylose content (AAC)
was with Changnuo-l and Suvra (around 24.5%) while the least in local (6.83%).
The highest glycemic index (GI) was obtained with Yangnuo-7 and local maize
(71 %) while other varieties showed glycemic index a bit over 60%. Leaf clipping
trials showed that removal of uppermost three leaves had no significant effect on
the yield reduction of maize. Irrigation lesser than four (25QAS+50DAS+
75DAS+ 1OODAS) reduced seed yields significantly. Spraying antitranspirant
'Kaolin' at vegetative stage with 1%, while at tasseling stage with 3% increased
seed yields significantly as compared to no application. Alternate furrow
irrigation reduced seed yield (by 14%) significantly. Seedling transplanting
reduced the seed yield by 15% as compared to the direct sown crops (6.035 vs
5.141 t/ha). Results from two different herbicides (aryl triazolinones and
Pendimethalin) showed that moistening upper soil layer with a post emergence
application of Pendimethalin 1.5 between two adjacent lines yielded the highest
(8.817 t/ha). Weeding experiments showed that weeding at 60 DAS and complete
weeding treatments had identical seed yields (9.675 and 9.213, respectively).
Key words: generated, technologies, cultivation, white maize, production
DETERMINANTS OF ADOPTING CLIMATE-SMART RICE TECHNOLOGIES
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Submitted to Department of Entomology,
Faculty of Agriculture.
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka-
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTERS OF SCIENCE (MS)
IN
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION & INFORMATION SYSTEMClimate-smart rice technologies is an effective approach of increasing rice
productivity, building resilience and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The
objectives of the study were to estimate the extent of adoption of climate-smart rice
technologies, to determine and describe some selected characteristics of the farmers
and to determine the determinants of the adoption of climate-smart rice technologies
by the farmers. The study was conducted at three villages of Madaripur district. Data
were collected from randomly selected 100 climate-smart rice technology user
farmers. A well-structured interview questionnaire was used to collect data.
Descriptive statistics and multiple regressions were employed for analysis. The
findings revealed that more than half (56%) of the farmers had medium adoption as
compared to 14% and 30% had low and high adoption of climate-smart rice
production technologies respectively. Farmers organizational participation,
accessibility to extension services and knowledge on climate smart rice technologies
were key determinants of the adoption of climate-smart rice technologies and all the
variables collectively explained 32.1% variation in the adoption of climate-smart rice
technologies. To increase the adoption of climate-smart rice technologies, the policy
makers could invest on improving capacity of farmers organizations, enhancing
farmers accessibility to extension services and providing training with a view to
familiar with the latest climate-smart rice technologies
GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.) ON ROOFTOP OF DIFFERENT HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS
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Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
AGROFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEIn urban agriculture, rooftop gardening is a remarkable part which is
practiced to overcome the food crisis and climate change; if it is not
economically viable on the basis of productivity, then rooftop garden will
not enhance and sustain. So, a pot experiment was conducted during
November 2021 to April 2022 on the rooftop of different height of
buildings and Agroforestry research field at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka-1207 to study the productivity of chili (BARI Morich
3). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design
with four replications. The treatments of this experiment were T
=
Control (Ground, 0.0 m), T
= Rooftop of three storied building (11.28 m),
T
3
2
= Rooftop of six storied building (21.34 m) and T
= Rooftop of ten
storied building (34.75 m). Results indicated that soil moisture content,
plant height, stem diameter, number of (leaf, branch and fruit), fresh and
dry weight of plant, single fruit (weight, length and diameter), fresh and
dry weight of yield per plant were significantly decreased with the
increased of building height (T
ii
1
>T
2
>T
3
>T
4
4
) and air temperature, soil
temperature and light intensity were significantly increased with the
increased of building height (T
4
> T
3
> T
2
> T
). As gradually increased the
height of building rooftop, sequentially decreased the growth, yield and
yield contributing characteristics of chili plant. Although ground
performed the best productivity, up to rooftop of three storied building
can be selected as an appropriate height for chili (BARI Morich-3)
cultivation to increase the rooftop gardening
INFLUENCE OF MANURE AND N P FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF BORO RICE
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Submitted to the Institute of Seed Technology,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
In Partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
SEED TECHNOLOGYAn experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2021 to April 2022 to study the effect of
organic manure and N P fertilizer on boro rice's yield and seed quality of boro rice. The
BRRI dhan28 was used as the test crop in this experiment. The experiment consists of 2
factors i.e., four level of organic manure. OM
0
: Without organic fertilizer (control), OM
1
:
Cowdung @ 10 tha
-1
, OM
2
: Vermicompost @ 3 tha
-1
and OM
3
: Poultry manure @ 5 tha
;
and four different N P fertilizer level F
0
: Without N P fertilizer, F
1
: 25% less than the
recommended dose of N P fertilizer, F
2
: Recommended dose of N P fertilizer and F
3
: 25%
Higher than the recommended dose of N P fertilizer. The experimental design was RCBD
and treatments were replicated three times. The result revealed that among the organic
manures, poultry manure was found best in respect of growth, yield, and seed quality
parameters, this treatment produced the highest yield (4.90 tha
-1
), tallest plant (32.66,
50.95, 78.33, 94.75 and 99.30 cm) at 30, 50 70 90 DAT and at harvest, respectively;
maximum tillers per plant for all sampling dates (8.90, 12.33, 13.10, 14.33 and 15.09) at
30, 50 70 90 DAT and at harvest, respectively and gave highest yield contributing
parameters like effective tiller hill
-1
(12.67), panicle length (21.90 cm), grain panicle
(104.15) and 1000 grain weight (21.66 g). On the other hand, 25% Higher than
recommended N P fertilizer dose gave the highest yield (4.50 tha
-1
). This dose also
produced maximum plant height and tillers plant
-1
for all growth stages, the highest number
of grains panicle
-1
(104.75), 1000 grain weight (21.67 g), and straw yield (5.33 tha
).
Considering the interactions, Poultry manure @ 5 tha
-1
(Om
3
), 25% higher than the
recommended dose of N P fertilizer (F
3
), gave the highest grain yield (5.83 tha
). This
interaction also gave the highest effective tiller hill
-1
(14.70), panicle length (22.33 cm),
and grain panicle
-1
(6.26 tha
-1
). Regarding seed quality parameters, Poultry manure @ 5
tha
-1
(Om
3
) and 25% higher than the recommended dose of N P fertilizer (F
3
) gave better
performance. The study concluded that, poultry manure @ 5 tha
-1
(Om
3
) and 25% Higher
than the recommended N P fertilizer (F
3
) could be recommended for better yield and seed
quality of BRRI dhan28
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT AND CONTROL OF CHINESE WEDELIA (Sphagneticola calendulacea)
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Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
AGRONOMYDetermination of allelopathic effect and control of chinese wedelia (Sphagneticola calendulacea)
was conducted during November 2022 to February 2023 at Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural
University, Bangladesh. Experimental results used evaluated in germination percentage and
germination inhibition of different crops and to identify how other crops were affected by this
weed. Sphagneticola calendulacea was identified using the visual method, and quadrates were
used to determine the total biomass and relative biomass of the weeds. The infestation density of
Sphagneticola calendulacea were found along roadsides, in fallow land, grasslands, and in some
crop fields. The highest abundance of Sphagneticola calendulacea occurred at fallow land. The
allelopathic activity of Sphagneticola calendulacea was examined against the seed growth of
seventeen crop species including major cereals, pulses, oilseeds, weed seed, and vegetables. 5%
aqueous leaf extract and 5% aquas leaf extract with methanol was used to investigate the
allelopathic activity of Sphagneticola calendulacea to seeds and post-germinated seeds (both
radicle and plumule are emerged) of test species. The following three parameters were used in
allelopathic screening methodologies (a) germination percentage (%), (b) radicle length (cm),
and (c) plumule length (cm). Results of Petri dishes treated with methanolic extract or leaf
extract shown a complete failure of germination (0%) due to the treatment in rice, jute, cowpea,
black eyed pea, pea and chickpea. Among the cereals, rice had the greatest reduction in radicle
and plumule length (100%) and maize had the lowest (61% and 53%, respectively) compared to
the respective control with methanol extract. Whereas, the leaf extract increase growth of radicle
and plumule in both rice and wheat and highly decrease in maize and slightly in jute. For
controlling this weed Filder (2,4,D-Amine) highly reduce (48%) the total biomass of the
Sphagneticola calendulacea than Sunup 480 SL (glyphoset) and Weednil 5EC (Quizaloph-PEthyle)
7% and 8%, respectively. Therefore, an integrated management approach is urgently
needed to control the spread of this invasive weed
DESIGNING CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COASTAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
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Developing climate resilient pathways have become an optimal strategy to
achieve sustainable development. The goal of the study is to design climate
resilient development pathways (that are, development trajectories that combine
adaptation and mitigation to realise the goal of sustainable development) to
catalyse the sustainability of coastal agricultural systems (CAS). Author
developed resilient pathways by using four sequential steps (i) identifying
climatic and non-climatic risks of CAS; (ii) determining synergies and trade-offs
between adaptation, mitigation and agricultural development; (iii) developing
strategies for effective institutional management; and (iv) designing development
trajectories that combine productivity, adaptation and mitigation of CAS. Key
research instruments included key informant interviews (KlIs), household
surveys, focus group discussions (FGD) and participatory workshops in four
upazilas of two districts, using structured questionnaires. The results showed that
soil salinization, impeded drainage, and coastal flooding were extremely high
risks to CAS. Researcher determined synergies and tradeoffs by exploring
farmers' activities and practices. To arrange the complicated information linked to
CAS, the DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses) tool was
used. To design pathways, two workshops were organised in two districts. Onfarm
water harvesting and agroforestry were identified as synergies and
converting farming land to shrimp ponds and degrading coastal wetlands as
tradeoffs that occur frequently. For developing effective institutional mechanisms
four mechanisms were found most important which are; improving organisational
learning, engaging key stakeholders, increasing organisational accountability, and
enhancing coordination. Conserving and improving coastal natural resources,
scaling up climate resilient water management, adoption of diversified farming
practices was found to be the best practices for climate resilient development
pathways of the CAS in Bangladesh. Major policy implications towards the
implementation of climate resilient development pathways were outlined.
Keywords: synergy, tradeoffs, climate resilient development, adaptation, mitigation, coastal zon