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Application of multiplex RT-PCR for grapevine viruses detection
No full textGrapevine, a significant fruit crop globally, is a host of various
viruses that negatively affect yield, plant vigor, and fruit quality. Multiplex
polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) offers the ability to detect numerous viruses
simultaneously. Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mRT-PCR for
the detection of nine grapevine viruses in Serbia, including: grapevine fanleaf
virus, grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1, 2, and 3, grapevine rupestris stem
pitting associated virus, grapevine virus A, grapevine virus B, grapevine fleck
virus, and arabis mosaic virus. This study confirms mRT-PCR as an efficient
method for simultaneous detection of multiple grapevine viruse
The Effect of Different Temperatures on the Viability and Senescence of Plum Ovules (Prunus domestica L.)
No full textThis paper reports on a study investigating the viability and senescence of plum ovules when exposed to different constant temperatures over two years. The research was conducted on the primary and secondary ovules of four plum cultivars: ‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, and ‘Reeves’. The results show that the first indication of ovule viability loss was callose accumulation, which was detected using the fluorescent dye aniline blue. All cultivars had viable ovules, in different percentages, at 8 °C on the twelfth day after anthesis. However, at higher temperatures, distinct patterns emerged, indicating the adaptability of each cultivar at certain temperatures. The first indication of callose accumulation became visible at the chalazal pole. After anthesis, the ovule’s ability to remain viable gradually reduced, followed by callose deposition throughout the ovary. The cultivars ‘Edda’ and ‘Reeves’, from 6 days after anthesis onward, in both years, showed the highest percentage of nonviable ovules. In contrast, the ‘Jubileum’ cultivar demonstrated the highest percentage of viable ovules. The loss of viability of secondary ovules followed a similar pattern to that of the primary ovules in all cultivars. This research provides valuable insights into embryological processes, which can help in the following breeding programs, and to cultivate plum cultivars in Western Norway’s climate conditions
Changes in the physical and sensory traits of apple cultivars during long term cold storage
No full textThe effects of long-term cold storage on physical properties and sensory
characteristics of three apple cultivars (‘Golden Delicious Reinders®‘, ‘Granny Smith‘
and ‘Red Chief‘) at harvest time and after storage (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months) were
assessed. Fruit weight, weight loss, firmness, titrable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS) and
TS/TA ratio were evaluated. The highest fruit weight and loss of fruit weight were found
in the cultivar ‘Granny Smith‘. Cultivars ‘Granny Smith‘ and ‘Red Chief‘ recorded higher
and similar values of fruit firmness compared to cultivar ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®‘.
Fruits of all tested cultivars at harvest had the highest values of weight and firmness,
which continuously decreased, and after eight months of storage were the lowest.
Significant differences in weight loss were recorded among storage periods, and fruits
of all three cultivars stored for eight months recorded the highest weight loss. TS
values were the highest and similar in the cultivar ‘Red Chief‘ after four, six and eight
months of storage. In contrast, the cultivar ‘Granny Smith‘ during the harvest period
contained the highest TA and the lowest TS/TA ratio. Cultivar ‘Golden Delicious
Reinders®‘ had the highest and similar value of TA and the lowest ratio TS/TA after six
and eight months of storage. Through a comprehensive analysis, it can be concluded
that cultivars ‘Red Chief‘ and ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®‘ are suitable for long-term
cold storage, bearing in mind that there was no significant change in the physical
properties and sensory characteristics of the fruits during storage
Overwiew of pear cultivation in Montenegro (2002-2021)
No full textPears (Pyrus communis L.), a significant fruit crop in Europe and Asia, face evolving
challenges and opportunities in Montenegro, particularly in the northern Polimlje
region. This study investigates the trends, challenges, and opportunities in pear
cultivation in Montenegro, focusing on the period from 2002 to 2021. Historically,
Europe was the leading pear producer, but its share has decreased, while Asia's
production has surged. Montenegro, with its diverse climate and ecological conditions,
offers a unique setting for pear cultivation, including both indigenous and commercial
varieties. However, local production faces challenges such as diseases, environmental
stresses, and variable yields. Despite a growing area for orchards and increasing
plantation production, pear yields in Montenegro remain lower than the EU average.
This study employs statistical data analysis to reveal trends in pear production, highlight
challenges, and suggest strategies for improvement. Recommendations include
enhancing orchard management practices, investing in logistics and storage
infrastructure, increasing research and development, and strengthening market
positioning to boost productivity and competitiveness in Montenegro's pear secto
Identification of S-haplotype in sour cherry cultivars and promising selections developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak
No full textVišnja (Prunus cerasus L.) je tetraploidna vrsta voćaka koja obuhvata samooplodne, delimično samooplodne i samobesplodne genotipove. Imajući u vidu poliploidnu prirodu, njena genetička osnova samooplodnosti/samobesplodnosti je složenija u poređenju sa diploidnim vrstama roda Prunus. Rad na oplemenjivanju višnje u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak ima višedecenijsku tradiciju i rezultirao je priznavanjem pet sorti – dve u ranijem periodu i tri nove sorte priznate 2015. godine. U skladu sa ciljevima oplemenjivanja višnje u svetu, dobijanje samooplodnih sejanaca je takođe jedan od prioriteta u okviru programa stvaranja novih sorti Instituta za voćarstvo, Čačak. U radu su predstavljeni rezultati identifikacije S-haplotipa (aleli S-RNaze i SFB gena) kod pet priznatih sorti (‘Čačanski rubin’, ‘Iskra’, ‘Nevena’, ‘Sofija’ i ‘Šumadinka’) i dve perspektivne selekcije (‘GV-6’ i ‘GV-10’) višnje koje se trenutno nalaze u postupku priznavanja za nove sorte. Identifikacija je bazirana na metodi lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR metoda), koristeći: i) dva različita para konsenzusnih prajmera specifičnih za drugi intron S-RNaze, ii) dostupne alel-specifične prajmere za oba gena S-lokusa; iii) genetičke testove za razlikovanje funkcionalnih i nefunkcionalnih varijanti S-RNaza i SFB-a (upotrebom dCAPS i insert-specifičnih prajmera), iv) DNK fragment analizu regiona prvog introna S-RNaze, i v) sekvenciranje odabranih PCR proizvoda. Identifikovano je ukupno sedam S-haplotipova (S1, S4, S6, S9, S13, S35 i S36), uključujući mutirane varijante gena koji determinišu inkompatibilni fenotip polena i stubića. Kompletni S-haplotipovi su određeni kod pet genotipova, dok su po tri S-haplotipa identifikovana kod sorte ʻSofijaʼ i perspektivne selekcije ʻGV-6ʼ. Utvrđeno je da su u ispitivanom materijalu funkcionalne varijante S1-haplotipa i nefunkcionalna varijanta S36b2 najzastupljeniji aleli, sa frekvencijom od 20%. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su od posebnog značaja za planiranje ukrštanja u okviru budućih oplemenjivačkih programa, posebno onih usmerenih ka dobijanju samooplodnih sejanaca. Takođe su ključni za pravilno određivanje adekvatnih sortnih kompozicija oprašivača u komercijalnim zasadima, u svrhu opšteg podizanja nivoa proizvodnje ove vrste voćaka.Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is a tetraploid fruit species that includes self-compatible (SC), partially SC and self-incompatible (SI) genotypes. Due to its polyploid nature, sour cherry exhibits more complex genetics in SC/SI compared to diploid Prunus species. Sour cherry breeding work at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (FRI) has a decades-long tradition, resulting in five cultivars that have been named and released so far (two in the previous period and three in 2015). The development of SC sour cherry genotypes is a high priority among the other FRI breeding goals, as well as worldwide. This study was undertaken primarily to identify the S-haplotypes (S-RNase and SFB alleles) in the cultivars released within the FRI breeding programme (‘Čačanski Rubin’, ‘Iskra’, ‘Nevena’, ‘Sofija’ and ‘Šumadinka’) and two promising sour cherry genotypes (‘GV-6’ and ‘GV-10’) that are undergoing the procedure of recognition as new cultivars. The identification was based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, using two different consensus primer pairs specific to the second intron of S-RNase, allele-specific primers for both genes of S-locus, genetic tests to reveal the pollen-part and stylar-part mutants (using dCAPS and insert specific primers), DNA fragment analysis to amplify the S-RNase first intron, and sequencing of PCR products. In total, seven S-haplotypes (S1, S4, S6, S9, S13, S35 and S36), including their pollen-part or stylar-part mutants, were identified. Complete S-haplotypes were determined in five genotypes; three S-haplotypes were identified in the cultivar ʻSofijaʼ and the promising selection ʻGV-6ʼ. Among the assessed cultivars and selections, the functional variant S1 and the non-functional variant S36b2 were the most frequent, each occurring in 20% of the haplotypes. The obtained results provide important information for future cross-breeding programmes aimed at maximizing the number of SC seedlings, as well as for orchard management to achieve high-yielding sour cherry production.dr Slađana Marić je bila član Programskog odbora 17. kongresa voćara i vinogradara Srbije sa međunarodnim učešće
Situation and prospects for the development of fruit growing in the Republic of Serbia
No full textU Srbiji se komercijalno gaji 14 vrsta voćaka: jabuka, kruška, dunja, šljiva, breskva i nektarina, kajsija, trešnja, višnja, orah, lešnik, jagoda, malina, kupina i borovnica. Ostale voćne vrste su manje zastupljene i nemaju veći ekonomski značaj. Prema popisu poljoprivrede iz 2023. godine, ukupne površine pod zasadima voćaka u Srbiji, sa izuzetkom jagode, iznose 196.129 ha. Najveće površine pod voćnjacima u Srbiji se nalaze u Zlatiborskom (24.300 ha), Moravičkom (15.500 ha), Grad Beograd (14.000 ha), Šumadijskom i Mačvanskom okrugu (po 13.100 ha). Preko 10.000 ha pod voćnjacima se nalazi još i u Topličkom, Kolubarskom i Rasinskom okrugu. Ako se posmatra gustina voćnjaka, izražena preko odnosa broja hektara i km2 površine okruga, voćarstvo je najviše zastupljeno u Podunavskom (6,14 ha/km2), Topličkom (5,71 ha/km2), Šumadijskom (5,49 ha/km2) i Moravičkom okrugu (5,16 ha/km2). Manje od jednog ha voćnjaka po km2 imaju Južnobanatski, Severnobanatski, Pirotski, Borski i Srednjebanatski okrug. Opština sa najvećim površinama pod voćnjacima je Grocka (6.600 ha). Preko 5.000 ha pod zasadima imaju i opštine Prokuplje, Smederevo i Valjevo. U poslednje tri godine proizvodnja voća u Republici Srbiji se kretala od 1.263,692 t 2023. godine do 1.546.903 t 2022. godine. Veliko variranje prinosa posledica je izraženih klimatskih promena, pri čemu najveći uticaj ispoljava pojava prolećnih mrazeva, jaka suša i izražen rast temperature, učestala pojava grada, poplave i sl. U Srbiji postoji veliki broj zasada koji su podignuti u neodgovarajućim lokalitetima i na zemljištima sa nepovoljnim fizičkim ili hemijskim karakteristikama. U takvim zasadima prinos i kvalitet plodova je na veoma niskom nivou, uprkos primeni savremene tehnologije gajenja. Jabuka je najzastupljenija jabučasta vrsta voćaka, koja se gaji na površini od 26.000 ha (popis poljoprivrede iz 2023. godine). Najviše zasada ima u Podunavskom, Moravičkom, Šumadijskom i Severnobačkom okrugu. Uočava se velika oscilacija u visini ostvarenih ukupnih prinosa između godina. Tako je u 2021. godini proizvodnja jabuke bila 513.238 t, a u 2023. godini samo 379.690 t, iako su površine pod zasadima jabuke ostale skoro iste. U sortimentu jabuke dominaraju sorte Zlatni delišes, Greni Smit i Gala. Pored ove tri sorte, dosta se gaji i Ajdared (u starijim zasadima), kao i Crveni delišes. S obzirom na to da se poslednjih godina sve teže kod obojenih sorti razvija dopunska boja, zasnivaju se novi zasadi ili prekalemljuju postojeći sa bolje obojenim klonovima istih sorti. M9 je dominatna podloga, dok se M26 i MM 106 primenjuju samo pri kalemljenju slabo bujnih „spur“ sorti ili na peskovitim zemljištima. Primećuje se trend povećanja gustine sadnje, pa se sa nekadašnjih 3.000-4.000 stabala po hektaru, prelazi na 5.000 i više. Iako većina proizvođača primenjuje hemijsko proređivanje plodova, javljaju se teškoće u regulisanju rodnosti, iz čega proizilazi neujednačen kvalitet plodova i variranje u prinosima po godinama. Veći proizvođači uglavnom imaju rešen problem skladištenja jabuke u hladnjačama, koje su uglavnom opremljene ULO sistemom uz korišćenje MCP-a (1-Methylcyclopropene). Manji proizvođači često plodove čuvaju u skladištima, u kojima se uglavnom reguliše samo temperatura i važnost vazduha. Poslednjih godina, jabuka se uglavnom izvozi na tržište zemalja Arabijskog poluostrva, Velike Britanije, nekih zemljalja Evropske Unije i tržište Ruske Federacije. Površine pod zasadima kruške su se u poslednjih deset godina smanjile sa 7.300 ha na 6.100 ha. U 2023. godini, proizvodnja kruške je iznosila 48.028 t. Uglavnom dominiraju sorte kruške letnjeg vremena zrenja, kao što su Karmen i Vilijamovka. Pored ove dve sorte, u zasadima kruške se sporadično javljaju i sorte Santa Marija, Abate Fetel i Kiferov sejanac. S obzirom da dominiraju sorte ranog vremena zrenja, nedostatak zimskih sorti na tržištu se nadoknađuje uvozom svežih plodova iz inostranstva. Dunje MA i BA29 su dominatne podloge u intenzivnim zasadima. Problemi u proizvodnji kruške su pre svega nedefinisana tehnologija gajenja i učestala pojava kruškine buve i bakteriozne plamenjače u zasadima, što rezultira niskim prinosima, koji uz visoke troškove proizvodnje čine gajenje kruške nerentabilnim. U proizvodnji dunje, površine pod zasadima su se u poslednjih 10 godina udvostručile i trenutno iznose 3.100 ha. Pored Leskovačke dunje, u novijim zasadima zastupljene su sorte: Trijumf, Asenica i Hemus. Plodovi su uglavnom namenjeni za preradu. I dalje je najveći problem pojava plamenjače, koju izaziva bakterija Erwinia amylovora (Burr). Šljiva je i dalje najdominantnija voćna vrsta u Srbiji, u pogledu površina na kojima se gaji, sa preko 75.500 ha. Glavni okruzi gajenja šljive su Kolubarski, Toplički i Šumadijski. U sortimentu šljive dominiraju tri sorte: Stenli, Čačanska lepotica i Čačanska rodna. Pored navedenih sorti, dosta se gaji i Čačanska rana, koja je prvenstveno namenjena potrošnji u svežem stanju. Dominatna podloga na kojoj se gaji šljiva je i dalje džanarika, a uzgojni oblici kotlasta kruna i vretenast žbun. U cilju proizvodnje vrhunske rakije, poslednjih godina se javlja velika potražnja za plodovima starih sorti Crvene ranke i Požegače. Iz tog razloga se površine pod sortom Crvena ranka poslednjih godina povećavaju. Osim prerade u alkoholne destilate, povećava se udeo plodova namenjen proizvodnji sušene šljive (naročito u Topličkom okrugu). Kod breskve i nektarine se zapaža najveće smanjenje površina tako da je proizvodnja sa 8.000 ha u 2012. godini smanjena (ili pala) na 5.700 ha u 2022. godini. Glavni okruzi gajenja breskve su Podunavski i Grad Beograd gde se nalazi skoro 70% proizvodnje. U sortimentu breskve najviše se gaje dobro obojene sorte kao što su Rojal glori, Rojal đžem, i Svit skarlet. U novije vreme se šire sorte iz grupe Ikstrim i to najviše 486 (Extreme 486). Od sorti nektarine su zastupljene Caldezi 2000 (smanjuju se površine pod ovom sortom), Amiga, Orion, a u novijim zasadima sorte Big beng i Svit lejdi. Najznačajnija podloga je i dalje vinogradarska breskva, mada se sve više podižu zasadi i na podlozi GF677. Kajsija se gaji na površini od 6.500 ha sa godišnom proizvodnjom koja varira od 29.087 tona u 2023. godini do 44.386 tona u 2022. godini. Tri najvažnija okruga za gajenje kajsije su Beogradski, Podunavski i Moravički gde je koncentrisano skoro 70% proizvodnje. Najvažnije sorte su Ruža, Novosadska rodna, NS-4 i NS-5, sorte koje se odlikuju krupnim plodom čija je pretežna namena za potrošnju u svežem stanju. Trešnja se u Srbiji gaji na oko 4.800 ha i to najviše u Gradu Beogradu i Podunavskom okrugu. U starijim zasadima preovladavaju sorte Burlat, Sanberst i Germersdorfska, a u novijim Karmen, Grejs star, Ferovija, Kordija i Regina. Magriva je dominatna podloga na kojoj se gaji trešnja, a manje se koriste Kolt i divlja trešnja (vrapčara). U novijim zasadima sa protivgradnim mrežama i sistemom za zalivanje se kao podloge koriste Gizela 5 i Gizela 6. Višnja je u Srbiji veoma značajna vrsta, proizvodi se na površini od oko 20.000 ha i sa prosečnom godišnjom proizvodnjom od 150.000 t, što je svrstava na treće mesto, iza jabuke i šljive. Površine pod višnjom su se u poslednjih deset godina uvećale za 6.000 ha. Glavni okruzi gajenja višnje su Toplički i Podunavski. Najviše se gaji Oblačinska višnja. Dodatno, u Podunavskom okrugu se dosta gaji i sorta Šumadinka. Sve više se primenjuje mehanizovana berba Oblačinske višnje, čiji se plodovi zamrzavaju. Sorta Šumadinka je namenjena stonoj potrošnji, ali se poslednjih godina javljaju veliki problemi u plasmanu njenih plodova, naročito na rusko tržište koje je ranije bilo dominatno. Ukupne površine pod orahom u Srbiji iznose 3.500 ha, sa godišnjom proizvodnjom od oko 10.000 t. Poslednjih godina se dosta uvozi sadni materijal iz Turske sa sortama Čendler i Franket, koje se odlikuju lateralnim tipom rađanja i podižu se novi zasadi sa većom gustinom sadnje. Leska u Republici Srbiji doživljava drugu ekspanziju proširenja proizvodnje nakon perioda od 2000. do 2007. godine, što se ogleda u značajnom povećanju proizvodnih površina koje su se kretale od 2.200 ha (2012. godina) do 9.000 ha (2023. godina). Najviše zasada ima u Bačkoj i Sremu. U novijim zasadima dominiraju sorte Tonda đentile romana, Tonda di đifoni, Tonda đentile dela lange i Noćione. Sorte se pretežno gaje na sopstvenom korenu, a dominatan uzgojni oblik je žbun. Jagoda se gaji na površini od oko 7.000 ha, sa proizvodnjom koja je oscilirala između 23.704 t (2023. godina) i 32.943 t (2022. godina). Glavni centri gajenja jagode su Mačva, Pocerina, Podunavlje i Rasinski okrug. Najzastupljenije su sorte Aprika, Kleri, Džoli, Alba, Roksana. U zasadima preovladava gajenje na otvorenom polju na gredicama u jednorednom ili dvorednom sistemu sa zastiranjem polietilenskom folijom. Ovakvom tehnologijom se zasadi održavaju tri kalendarske godine i ostvaruju dva plodonošenja. U manjem obimu se jagoda gaji kao jednogodišnja kultura, sa ciljem obezbeđivanja visokih, konstantnih prinosa odličnog kvaliteta plodova. Na godišnjem nivou se svega oko 200 ha novih zasada jagode podigne sa bezvirusnim frigo sadnim materijalom iz uvoza, dok se najveći deo novih zasada podiže sa sadnim materijalom proizvedenim u rodnim zasadima. Gajenje jagode u zaštićenom prostoru (staklenici, plastenici, tuneli) pokazuje trend širenja sa fokusom na vansezonsko plodonošenje i zaštitu od nepovoljnog uticaja klimatskih faktora. Malina se gaji na površini od 18.600 ha sa godišnjom proizvodnjom od 98.674 t u 2023. godini. Najviše proizvodnih zasada se nalazi u Moravičkom i Zlatiborskom okrugu. Najzastupljenija sorta u malinjacima Srbije je Vilamet sa preko 90% učešća. U zavisnosti od intenzivnosti primenjene tehnologije gajenja, kao i štetnog uticaja padavina (kiše, grada, prolećnog snega) i suše tokom letnjeg perioda, prinosi kod jednorodnih sorti variraju od 8 do 20 t/ha. U poslednje vreme se šire i remontantne sorte čiji su plodovi namenjeni plasmanu u svežem stanju, kao što su Enrosadira, Kvanza, Kveli i dr. Novi trendovi u proizvodnji se odnose na gajenje konzumnih sorti u supstratu ili na bankovima u zaštićenom prostoru (protivgradne mreže, „rain cap” sistemi i plastenici). Proizvodnja kupine u 2023. godini bila je oko 30.000 ta sa površine od 5.000 ha. Najviše kupine se proizvede u Kolubarskom, Mačvanskom i Rasinskom okrugu. Sorta Čačanska bestrna je i dalje dominantno zastupljena u proizvodnim zasadima sa namenom zamrzavanja plodova, dok sorta Loh Nes ostaje najznačajnija sorta za plasman u svežem stanju. Poslednjih godina se širi i sorta Čester Tornles zahvaljujući visokoj rodnosti i odličnom kvalitetu plodova za svežu potrošnju i zamrzavanje. Najveće povećanje površina u poslednjih deset godina zabeleženo je kod borovnice, koja se najviše gaji u Zlatiborskom, Moravičkom i Mačvanskom okrugu. Sa 250 ha u 2012. godini površine su povećane na oko 3.000 ha u 2023. godini. Ukupni prinosi borovnice ne prate trend povećanja proizvodnih površina zbog lošeg stanja u zasadima koje je uslovljeno nepravilnim izborom terena za zasnivanje zasada, štetnim dejstvom klimatskih faktora i zemljišnih štetočina, lošim kvalitetom sadnog materijala, neizbalansiranom i prekomernom primenom đubriva, nestručnom rezidbom i neblagovremenom zaštitom. Inovacije u tehnologiji gajenja bazirane su na uvođenju kontejnerskog gajenja (saksije/vreće), sa povećanjem gustine sadnje do 5.500 biljaka po ha. Dominatno mesto u plantažama zauzima sorta Djuk. Generalno, voćarstvo u Srbiji još uvek ima uzlazni trend koji je započeo početkom novog mileniuma, najviše zahvaljujući jeftinoj proizvodnji voća (niska cena zemljišta, jeftina radna snaga), brzom prilagođavanju novim tehnološkim postupcima i sortimentu, kao i pristupu velikom tržištu (Ruska Federacija). Međutim, poslednjih nekoliko godina se situacija menja. Troškovi proizvodnje voća su značajno porasli, a plasman na inostrano tržište je otežan. U takvim uslovima mogu da opstanu samo proizvođači koji postižu visoke prinose uz očuvanje visokog kvaliteta plodova. Podizanje novih zasada, kao i krčenje starih se izvodi stihijski, bez ozbiljnog plana i strategije. To za posledicu može imati hiperprodukciju ili nedostatak nekog voća na tržištu. Sve to utiče na plasman voća i njegovu cenu, koja u najvećem broju slučajeva nije realna. U cilju postizanja sigurnosti u plasmanu voća, potrebno je da se više radi na strategiji razvoja voćarstva. Potrebno je uraditi preciznu analizu trenutnog stanja voćarstva u Srbiji, sa poznavanjem starosne structure zasada i sortimenta, površina i količine proizvodnje. Na osnovu tih podataka, zajedno sa detaljnijom analizom i primenom rejonizacije po okruzima, zadržavanjem postojećih i osvajanjem novih tržišta za plasman voća, treba težiti davanju stručne podrške proizvođačima u pogledu pravilnog izbora vrste, sorte i tehnologije gajenja.In Serbia, 14 types of fruit trees are grown commercially: apple, pear, quince, plum, peach and nectarine, apricot, cherry, sour cherry, walnut, hazelnut, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry and blueberry. Other types of fruit are less common and are not of major economic importance. According to the 2023 agricultural census, the total area under fruit trees in Serbia, with the exception of strawberries, is 196,129 ha. The largest fruit-growing areas in Serbia are located in the districts of Zlatibor (24,300 ha), Moravica (15,500 ha), City of Belgrade (14,000 ha), Sumadija and Macva (13,100 ha each). The districts of Toplica, Kolubara and Rasina also have over 10,000 ha under orchards. Looking at the density of orchards, expressed by the ratio of the number of hectares to the km2 area of the district, fruit growing is most widespread in the districts of Podunavlje (6.14 ha/km2), Toplica (5.71 ha/km2), Sumadija (5.49 ha/km2) and Moravica (5.16 ha/km2). The districts of South Banat, North Banat, Pirot, Bor and Middle Banat have less than one hectare of orchards per km2. The municipality with the largest fruit-growing area is Grocka (6,600 ha). The municipalities of Prokuplje, Smederevo and Valjevo also have over 5,000 hectares under cultivation. In the last three years, fruit production in the Republic of Serbia has fluctuated between 1,263,692 tons in 2023 and 1,546,903 tons in 2022. Large fluctuations in yields are the result of pronounced climatic changes, with the greatest impact being the occurrence of spring frosts, severe drought and a significant increase in temperature, frequent occurrence of hail, flooding, etc. In Serbia, there are a large number of plantations grown in unsuitable locations and on soils with unfavourable physical or chemical properties. In such plantations, the yield and quality of the fruit are very low, despite the use of modern cultivation techniques. The apple is the most widespread fruit tree species, cultivated on an area of 26,000 ha (agricultural census of 2023). Most plantations are located in the districts of Podunavlje, Moravica, Sumadija and North Backa. The total yield varies greatly from year to year. For example, apple production amounted to 513,238 tons in 2021 and only 379,690 tons in 2023, although the area under apples has remained almost the same. The apple assortment is dominated by the Golden Delicious, Granny Smith and Gala varieties. In addition to these three varieties, Idared (in older plantations) and Delicious are also grown on a large scale. As it has become increasingly difficult in recent years for colored varieties to develop additional color, new plantings are established or existing ones are grafted with better colored clones of the same varieties. M9 is the predominant rootstock, while M26 and MM 106 are only used for grafting low-vigorous "spur" varieties or on sandy soils. There is a tendency to increase planting density from the previous 3,000-4,000 trees per hectare to 5,000 or more. Although most growers chemically thin the fruit, there are difficulties in regulating cropping, resulting in uneven fruit quality and varying yields per year. Larger growers have largely solved the problem of storing apples in cold stores, which are usually equipped with the ULO system using MCP (1-methylcyclopropene). Smaller growers often store the fruit in warehouses where only the temperature and the humidity of air are regulated. In recent years, apples have been exported mainly to the markets of the Arabian Peninsula, Great Britain, some European Union countries and the Russian Federation. The area under pear cultivation has decreased from 7,300 ha to 6,100 ha in the last ten years. In 2023, pear production amounted to 48,028 tons. Summer-ripening pear varieties such as Carmen and Williams are predominant. In addition to these two varieties, Santa Maria, Abate Fetel and Kieffer seedling can be found rarely in the pear orchards. As early ripening varieties dominate, the lack of winter varieties on the market is compensated for by importing fresh fruit from abroad. Quinces MA and BA29 are the predominant rootstock in intensive plantations. The problems in pear production are mainly the undefined cultivation technology and the frequent occurrence of pear psylla and bacterial fire blight in the plantations, which leads to low yields that, together with the high production costs, make pear cultivation unprofitable. The area under quince production has doubled in the last 10 years and currently stands at 3,100 hectares. In addition to the Leskovac quince, the following varieties are represented in the newer plantations: Triumf, Asenica and Hemus. The fruits are mainly intended for processing. The biggest problem is still the occurrence of fire blight, which is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burr). With over 75,500 ha, plums are still the dominant fruit crop in Serbia in terms of acreage. The most important plum-growing areas are Kolubara, Toplica and Sumadija. The assortment of plums is dominated by the three varieties: Stanley, Cacanska lepotica and Cacanska rodna. In addition to the above-mentioned varieties, Čačanska rana is also grown, which fruits are mainly intended for fresh consumption. The predominant rootstock on which plums are grafted is still Prunus cerasifera, and the growth forms are the open crown (vase) and the spindle-shaped bush. In recent years, there has been a great demand for the fruit of the old Crvena ranka and Pozegaca varieties for the production of high-quality brandy. For this reason, the area under cultivation of the Crvena ranka variety has increased in recent years. In addition to processing into alcoholic distillates, the proportion of fruit destined for the production of dried plums is increasing (especially in the Toplica district). Peaches and nectarines have seen the largest decline in acreage, with production falling from 8,000 ha in 2012 to 5,700 ha in 2022. The most important districts for peach cultivation are Podunavski and the city of Belgrade, where almost 70% of production is located. In the peach assortment, mainly well-coloured varieties such as Royal Glory, Royal Gem and Sweet Scarlet are grown. Recently, varieties from the Extreme group have also become widespread, especially 486 (Extreme 486). Among the nectarine varieties there are Caldezi 2000 (the acreage of this variety is declining), Amiga and Orion, and more recently, the varieties Big Beng and Sweet Lady. The most important rootstock is still the vineyard peach seedling, although more and more plantings are being made on the GF677 rootstock. Apricots are grown on an area of 6,500 ha. Annual production varies between 29,087 tons in 2023 and 44,386 tons in 2022. The three main apricot growing areas are Belgrade, Danube and Moravica districts, where almost 70% of production is concentrated. The most important varieties are Ruža, Novosadska rodna, NS-4 and NS-5, varieties characterized by large fruit intended mainly for fresh consumption. Sweet cherries are grown on around 4,800 hectares in Serbia, mainly in the Belgrade and Danube districts. The older plantations are dominated by the Burlat, Sunburst and Germersdorfer varieties, while the newer ones are dominated by the Carmen, Ferrovia, Kordia, Grace Star and Regina varieties. Prunus mahaleb seedling is the predominant rootstock on which cherry is grown, and Colt and Prunus avium sedling occur rarely. In newer plantations with hail protection nets and an irrigation system, Gisela 5 and Gisela 6 are used as rootstocks. Sour cherry is a very important species in Serbia, cultivated on an area of about 20,000 ha and with an average annual production of 150,000 tons. The area under sour cherry trees has increased by 6,000 ha in the last ten years. The main sour cherry-growing areas are Toplica and Danube districts. Oblačinska is the most widely cultivated variety. In addition, the Šumadinka variety is grown on a large scale in the Danube region. The mechanized harvesting of Oblačinska višnja, whose fruits are frozen, is increasingly being used. The Šumadinka variety is intended for fresh consumption, but in recent years there have been major problems in marketing its fruit, especially on the Russian market, which has been dominant previously. The total area under walnut cultivation in Serbia is 3,500 ha with an annual production of about 10,000 tons. In recent years, a lot of planting material has been imported from Turkey, namely the Chandler and Franket varieties, which are characterized by the lateral type of cropping, and new orchards are establish with a higher planting density. Hazelnut in the Republic of Serbia is experiencing the second expansion of production after the period from 2000 to 2007, which is reflected in a significant increase in the area under cultivation, which ranged from 2,200 ha (2012) to 9,000 ha (2023). Most of the plantations are in Bačka and Srem. The newer plantation
Streamlining sterilization for in vitro cultures of indigenous plum cultivars
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje najefikasnijeg protokola sterilizacije za uspostavljanje in vitro kultura devet bezvirusnih autohtonih genotipova šljive (‘Belošljiva’, ‘Crvena Ranka’, ‘Crnošljiva’, ‘Cerovački Piskavac’, ‘Dragačevka’, ‘Moravka’, ‘Požegača’, ‘Sitnica’ i ‘Trnovača’) i tri genotipa zaražena plum pox virusom (‘Belošljiva’ PPV+, ‘Crvena Ranka’ PPV+ i ‘Sitnica’ PPV+). Testirani agensi za sterilizaciju su bili varikina i živa(II)hlorid (HgCl2), svaki u kombinaciji sa etanolom. Aseptične kulture su uspostavljene korišćenjem jednonodalnih reznica sa mladara sakupljenih tokom proleća (april–jun). Sterilizacije je uključivala: potapanje reznica u mlaku vodu sa nekoliko kapi Tween 20, ispiranje pod tekućom vodom iz česme, sterilizaciju sa 70% etanolom, zatim tretman sa 10% (v/v) varikinom (15 minuta) ili 0,1% HgCl2 (tri minuta samostalno ili u kombinaciji sa 0,01% Tween 20), i finalno ispiranje sa sterilnom destilovanom vodom. Nakon sterilizacije, eksplantati su gajeni na Murashige & Skoog medijumu sa 2 mg/l N6-benziladenin, 0,5 mg/l indol-3-buterne kiseline, i 0,1 mg/l giberelinske kiseline. Nakon četiri nedelje su utvrđeni procenti kontaminacije, nekroze i uspešnog pokretanja sterilnih lisnih rozeta. Svaki tretman sterilizacije je uključivao 15-20 eksplanata po genotipu i ponovljen je tri puta. Generalno, HgCl2 (0,1%) primenjen tri minuta, sam ili sa Tween 20, se pokazao kao efikasniji za indukciju sterilnih lisnih rozeta u poređenju sa 10% varikinom (15 minuta). Međutim, ‘Sitnica’ PPV+ i ‘Moravka’ nisu pokazali značajne razlike između tretmana. ‘Cerovački Piskavac’ je imao veći procenat inicijacije sa varikinom. Procenat regeneracija je varirao od 6,2% do 61,1% sa varikinom, i od 12,5% do 90% i 17,4% do 77,1% sa HgCl2 primenjenim samostalno ili sa Tween 20, po redosledu. Najviši procenat inicijacije (90,0%) je postignut kod ‘Dragačevke’ nakon tretmana sa HgCl2, dok je najniži (6,2%) bio kod ‘Sitnice’ sa varikinom. Uprkos svojoj efikasnosti, HgCl2 je pokazao veću toksičnost, što je dovelo do povećane nekroze i neuspeha inicijacije rozeta kod nekoliko genotipova. Ova studija naglašava važnost optimizacije protokola sterilizacije za uspešno uspostavljanje in vitro kultura autohtonih šljiva, uz pažljivo razmatranje toksičnosti HgCl2.This study aimed to determine the most effective sterilization protocol for initiating in vitro cultures of nine virus-free autochthonous plum genotypes (‘Belošljiva’, ‘Crvena Ranka’, ‘Crnošljiva’, ‘Cerovački Piskavac’, ‘Dragačevka’, ‘Moravka’, ‘Požegača’, ‘Sitnica’, and ‘Trnovača’) and three PPV-infected genotypes (‘Belošljiva’PPV+, ‘Crvena Ranka’ PPV+, and ‘Sitnica’ PPV+). The sterilizing agents tested were bleach, mercuric chloride (HgCl2), each combined with ethanol. Aseptic cultures were established using single-node cuttings from branches collected during the spring (April–June). The sterilization procedure involved submergence in lukewarm water with few drops of Tween 20, washing under running tap water, sterilization with 70% ethanol, followed by treatment with either 10% (v/v) commercial bleach solution (15 minutes) or 0.1% HgCl2 (3 minute treatment alone or in combination with 0.01% Tween 20), and finally, rinsing with sterile distilled water. Post-sterilization, explants were cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l N6-benzyladenine, 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid, and 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid. Over four weeks, the percentages of contamination, necrosis, and successful initiation of sterile leaf rosettes were recorded. Each sterilization treatment involved 15-20 explants per genotype, repeated three times. HgCl2 (0.1%) for three minutes, alone or with Tween 20, generally yielded higher rosette initiation percentages compared to a 15-minute treatment with 10% bleach. However, ‘Sitnica’PPV+ and ‘Moravka’ showed no significant differences between treatments. ‘Cerovački Piskavac’ had a higher initiation percentage with bleach. Regeneration ranged from 6.2% to 61.1% with bleach, and from 12.5% to 90% and 17.4% to 77.1% with HgCl2 alone or with Tween 20, respectively. The highest initiation percentage (90.0%) was in ‘Dragačevka’ after HgCl2 treatment, while the lowest (6.2%) was in ‘Sitnica’ with bleach. Despite its effectiveness, HgCl2 exhibited higher toxicity, leading to increased necrosis and failed rosette initiation in several genotypes. This study underscores the importance of optimizing sterilization protocols for successful in vitro culture of indigenous plums, with careful consideration of HgCl2's toxicity
Izazovi u proizvodnji jagodastog voća u Srbiji
No full textOgroman ekonomski značaj proizvodnje jagodastog voća u ukupnoj privrednoj proizvodnji Republike Srbije određuju visoka upotrebna vrednost ploda, relativno visoka rentabilnost, visoka tržišnost, uticaj na dodatno zapošljavanje i indirektan uticaj na socio-ekonomski razvoj naše zemlje.
Vrednosno posmatrano, najveći značaj za ekonomiju naše zemlje ima proizvodnja i izvoz maline, od koje, u zavisnosti od godine, naša zemlja prihoduje od 230 do 300 miliona dolara, sa neto deviznim efektom od preko 90%. Takođe, značajni prihodi se ostvaruju izvozom kupine, jagode a poslednjih godina i visokožbunaste borovnice.
Pad prodaje voća u svetu i kod nas predstavlja problem sa kojim se sve više suočavaju naši izvoznici. To je naročito izraženo tokom trajanja ekonomske krize, kada se kupci pre svega opskrbljuju osnovnim životnim namirnicama, dok se voće u većini slučajeva posmatra kao luksuz, čak i u zemljama sa boljim standardom i u kojima je kultura ishrane i potrošnje voća na višem nivou u odnosu na Srbiju i zemlje okruženja. Čak i u godinama sa normalnijim uslovima u odnosu na sadašnja dešavanja, voće a posebno takozvano luksuzno voće (a naša malina i ostalo iz ove grupe spadaju u tu kategoriju) je veoma podložno ekonomskoj zakonomernosti koja se definiše kao elastičnost tražnje. A ona podrazumeva da povećanje cena destimuliše kupce koji kupuju manje količine ili proizvod zamenjuju nekim drugim, njima privlačnijim, cenovno ili marketingški.
Ovakvi primeri pokazuju da tržište treba pripremati, održavati i unapređivati prodajne lance. Činjenica je da smo mi u prethodnim godinama prilično poljuljali našu poziciju, pre svega oscilacijama u proizvodnji i u cenama, marketing nam i nije jača strana, pa bi poret toga morali da poradimo i na strožijoj kontroli proizvodnog procesa. Svakako da treba očuvati i unaprediti kvalitet po kojem je naše voće prepoznato u svetu ali je potrebno proširiti i asortiman proizvoda, što uz osavremenjavanje dizajna omogućava bolje pozicioniranje na sve zahtevnijoj svetskoj tržnici
Chemical composition of healthy and raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus-infected red raspberry 'Willamette' fruits
No full textThe aim of this study was to determine the changes in chemical composition of fresh red raspberry ‘Willamette’ fruits caused by the presence of raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus (RLBV). In three experimental orchards of ‘Willamette’ raspberry, fruits were harvested from RLBV-free and RLBV-infected plants in 2019 and 2020. Fruits were collected at appropriate maturity stages and further analyzed in terms of total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and selected individual phenolics. In all three experimental orchards, the phenolic profiles of the infected and uninfected fruit samples were considerably different during both studied years. Nonetheless, the intensity of the modifications varied greatly depending on the location and harvest year. Statistical analysis revealed that the influence of RLBV infection on the studied features was undeniable, although the influences of weather conditions and soil composition outweighed the influence of RLBV. Taking into consideration all the experimental and statistical data, it can be concluded that RLBV had an impact on the phenolic profile of raspberry ‘Willamette’ fruits, while sensitivity to environmental conditions and soil composition is emphasized
Production of walnut grafts under controlled conditions and plants development in the nursery
No full textWalnut grafting success under controlled conditions and the effect of foliar fertilization on the vegetative growth of walnut nursery plants were studied in this experiment. The study involved four cultivars and selections of walnuts, including ‘Šeinovo’, ‘Šampion’, ‘Elit’, and ‘G-139’. The experiment included two parts. The first was conducted under controlled air temperature and humidity conditions with three different Treatments (Treatment 1 - grafting without paraffin treatment of the scion and graft union; Treatment 2 - grafting involving paraffin treatment of the scion and Treatment 3 - graft union covered with sawdust, and grafting involving paraffin treatment of the scion and graft union covered with sawdust and foil). The best results on the parameters tested were obtained in Treatment 3 involving dipping the graft into paraffin and graft covering with both sawdust up to the scion and polyethylene foil. The second part involved research in the nursery and included four treatments (Treatment 1 - without foliar fertilisation and Treatments 2, 3, 4 - with foliar fertilisation (Nitrophoska foliar, Nitrophoska solub and Humisol, respectively). Walnut plants treated with Humisol had a significantly higher survival rate in the first year, greater height and diameter in both years, as well as a higher percentage of first-class plants at the end of the second year compared to other treatments