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Sensory properties of plum brandies obtained by blending distillates of plum cultivar ‘Crvena Ranka’ and other cultivars
No full textU radu su prikazani rezultati senzorne analize monosortnih rakija najzastupljenijih sorata šljive u Srbiji, kao i rezultati senzorne analize njihovih mešavina. U svim mešavinama je kao jedna od komponenata korišćena rakija sorte Crvena ranka, dok je kao druga komponenta korišćena jedna od pet monosortnih rakija dobijenih preradom sorata Požegača, Dragačica, Stanley, Čačanska rodna i Čačanska lepotica. Mešanje monosortnih destilata obavljeno je na dva načina – mešanjem dve monosortne sirove meke rakije pre redestilacije i mešanjem dve monosortne prepečenice nakon redestilacije. Na osnovu senzorne analize utvrđeno je da se fоrmirаnjеm spеcifičnih dvоsоrtnih mešavina destilata Crvеne rаnke sа destilatima kоmpаtibilnih sоratа, u оdrеđеnim оdnоsimа, dobijaju rakije koje mogu dа pоsluže kao osnov zа proizvodnju šlјivоvih prеpеčеnicа vrhunskog kvaliteta.Serbian plum brandy may be obtained by processing fruits of a single plum cultivar, whereby depending on the used cultivar the obtained monovarietal brandies may be sensory classified as supreme, high-quality, good quality and lower quality brandies. Plum brandy is also obtained by blending different cultivars, where it is possible to blend in fruits which are left to rest for alcoholic fermentation (this is a rare situation, possible only for cultivars with a concurrent ripening time), as well as soft monovarietal brandies prior to redistillation, or strong monovarietal brandies after redistillation. As an indigenous plum cultivar tolerant to sharka, ‘Crvеnа rаnkа’ is widely grown in Serbia. Together with ‘Požegača’, it is also the plum cultivar responsible for the fame of the Serbian Slivovitz. ‘Crvena ranka’ yields a supreme quality brandy which can be used as a base for producing high-quality plum brandies, by forming specific two-cultivar blends in a combination with other compatible cultivars, used in a suitable ratio. The aim of the study was to establish the compatibility of cv. ‘Crvena ranka’ and other plum cultivars with a significant share in the Serbian plum production (‘Požegača’, ‘Dragačica’, ‘Stanley’, ‘Čačanska rodna’ and ‘Čačanska lepotica’) for the purposes of making distinctive blends (coupages) to be used as a base for the production of supreme-quality brandy. In addition to this, it was necessary to determine the most suitable blending technique from the aspect of attaining the supreme quality of the final brandy: 1) blending raw soft brandies in 75/25%, 50/50% and 25/75% ratios, before they are jointly redistilled, or 2) blending the middle fractions (hearts) obtained by redistilling individual monovarietal soft brandies, using the same 75/25%, 50/50% and 25/75% ratios. The results of the sensory analysis reveal that the largest number of the coupages which were awarded a grade above 18.01 (gold medal), were formed by blending brandies produced from cultivars ‘Crvena ranka’ and ‘Dragačica’, i.e. brandies made from cultivars ‘Crvena ranka’ and ‘Čačanska rodna’. The lowest compatibility in blending was observed in brandies produced from cultivars ‘Crvena ranka’ and ‘Čačanska lepotica’. In all of the observed cases, blending with the brandy made from cv. ‘Crvеnа rаnkа’ improved the quality of brandies made from cv. ‘Stanley’ and ‘Dragačica’. Blending of brandies made from cv. ‘Crvena ranka’ and ‘Požegača’ must be performed with utmost care and skill, since although well-composed blends feature a better sensory quality compared to the initial monovarietal brandies, inadequately composed blends may receive lower sensory-quality grades than their contributing monovarietal brandies. It was observed that the best sensory characteristics are achieved when the coupage is produced by redistilling a blend of raw soft brandies in the corresponding ratio, as opposed to blending strong varietal brandies
Biological and pomological characteristics of promising plum (Prunus domestica L.) genotypes developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak
No full textKod šest perspektivnih genotipova šljive stvorenih u Institutu za voćarstvo u Čačku (hibridi 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 i sorta Nada) ispitivane su najznačajnije fenološke osobine (vreme cvetanja i zrenja), reproduktivne osobine (klijavost polena in vitro, kvantitativni parametri rasta polenovih cevčica in vivo i inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova u varijantama samooprašivanja, slobodnog oprašivanja i stranooprašivanja) i pomološke osobine (morfometrija ploda i koštice, hemijski sastav i organoleptička ocena ploda), parametri bujnosti i rodnosti, kao i otpornost na virus šarke šljive i prouzrokovače ekonomski najznačajnijih gljivičnih bolesti šljive. Istraživanja su obavljena u kolekcionom zasadu šljive od 2009. do 2011. godine u ekološkim uslovima Čačka korišćenjem standardne metodologije. Sorta Čačanska lepotica je poslužila kao standard. Hibridi 38/62/70, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 su imali srednje, hibrid IV/63/81 pozno, a sorta Nada veoma pozno vreme cvetanja. Hibridi 38/62/70 i IV/63/81 su se odlikovali ranim, hibrid 32/21/87 srednjim, a sorta Nada i hibridi 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 kasnim vremenom zrenja. Svi proučavani genotipovi, izuzev sorte Nada, su se odlikovali dobrom klijavošću polena. Broj polenovih cevčica i lokalizacija najdužih polenovih cevčica u pojedinim regionima tučka u tri termina fiksiranja su varirali zavisno od genotipa majke, varijante oprašivanja, uticaja meteoroloških faktora i njihovih međusobnih interakcija. Na osnovu vrednosti finalnog zametanja plodova u varijantama samooprašivanja i stranooprašivanja utvrđeno je da: hibrid 32/21/87 i sorta Nada pripadaju grupi genotipova niskog, hibridi 38/62/70 i IV/63/81 grupi genotipova srednjeg, a hibridi 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 grupi genotipova visokog nivoa samooplodnosti; sorta Čačanska lepotica predstavlja zadovoljavajućeg oprašivača za hibride IV/63/81 i 32/21/87 i dobrog oprašivača za sortu Nada i hibride 38/62/70, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87...Major phenological characteristics (time of flowering and maturation), reproductive traits (in vitro pollen germination, quantitative parameters of in vivo pollen tube growth and initial and final fruit set under self-, open- and cross-pollination), pomological characteristics (fruit and stone morphometry, chemical composition and organoleptic score of the fruit), vigor and productivity parameters, and resistance to plum pox virus and to causal agents of the most economically important fungal diseases were evaluated in six promising plum genotypes developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ). Research was conducted in a plum collection orchard during 2009-2011 under environmental conditions of Čačak (Serbia) using standard methods. The plum cultivar ʻČačanska Lepotica’ was used as the control for comparison. Flowering time was medium in the hybrids 38/62/70, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 late in hybrid IV/63/81 and very late in cultivar ʻNadaʼ. The hybrids 38/62/70 and IV/63/81 were classified as early maturing, hybrid 32/21/87 matured mid-season, and cultivar ʻNadaʼ, as well as hybrids 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 had late maturing time. All genotypes tested, excepting cultivar ʻNadaʼ, showed good pollen germination. The number of pollen tubes and localization of the longest pollen tubes in certain regions of the pistil at three fixation terms varied with the mother's genotype, pollination treatment, effect of meteorological factors and their interactions. Final fruit set values under self- and cross-pollination showed the following: the rate of self-pollination was low in hybrid 32/21/87 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ, medium in hybrids 38/62/70 and IV/63/81, and high in hybrids 34/41/87 and 22/17/87; cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ was a satisfactory pollenizer of hybrids IV/63/81 and 32/21/87, and a good pollenizer of cultivar ʻNadaʼ, and hybrids 38/62/70, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87. Compared to the control cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ, vigor was lower in hybrid IV/63/81 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ. The highest yield was obtained in hybrid 22/17/87. Fruits of hybrids IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 were medium to large in size, and those of hybrid 38/62/70 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ were large..
Improvement of adventitious organogenesis for regeneration of transgenic plants in blackberry
No full textThe introduction of foreign DNA into the plant genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a promising technique of targeted gene transfer which depends on good working regeneration system. The aim of the work was to elaborate the system for efficient adventitious organogenesis and transgenic plant regeneration in Rubus fruticosus L. using explants from mature plants. Regeneration of putative transgenic shoots took place from flag explants cultivated vertically on MS medium with 1 mg l(-1) TDZ and 0.02 mg l(-1) IBA followed by transfer on MS medium with 1 mg l(-1) BAP, 0.02 mg l(-1) IBA and 0.1 mg l(-1) GA3 supplemented with 10-15 mg l(-1) hygromycin after transformation by A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying plasmid pCambia 1304. Four putative transgenic plants of cv. 'Cacanska Bestrna' were rooted and acclimatized
Do the Rootstocks Determine Tree Growth, Productivity and Fruit Quality of Pears, which Grow on Typical Heavy and Acidic Soil?
No full textDuring first 5 years after planting, we investigated the impact of quinces MA and BA.29 rootstocks on tree growth, precocity, yield, fruit quality and leaf nutrients content 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) of 'Starking Delicious', 'Abb, Fetel', and 'Conference' pear cultivars which are grown in the Cacak region on heavy and acidic soil. Results showed that rootstocks significantly influenced a small number of features which were evaluated. MA promoted better values of fruit weight and fruit length, whereas BA.29 increased leaf width and leaf area. Impact of rootstocks on tree growth and yield attributes were not found. A stronger effect than that of rootstock on all characteristics which were evaluated had the cultivar per se (genotype). Among cultivars, 'Conference' showed the highest values of leaf dimensions, leaf area and ripening index (RI); 'Abb, Fetel' had the highest flower numbers per umbels, cumulative yield, yield efficiency, all fruit physical characteristics, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, total sugar content and vitamin C content, while 'Starking Delicious' had the highest tree vigor, yield per tree and unit area
In Vitro Conservation of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. by Encapsulation Dehydration and 'Cold Storage' Techniques
No full textProtocols for in vitro conservation of cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) have been developed. In vitro grown shoot tips were tested for regrowth after conservation using encapsulation dehydration (E-D) method described by Dereuddre et al. (1990) and 'Cold storage' (CS) techniques. For E-D osmotic dehydration in 0.75 M sucrose followed by 8-h desiccation gave the highest regrowth (60%) of explants encapsulated in 3 and 5% alginate beads. Cryopreserved shoot tips multiplied in the three subcultures had normal morphology. During CS, shoots were maintained at + 5 degrees C in cold chamber for 3, 6 and 9 months in total darkness. Three months after CS, shoots of cherry plum were viable but etiolated showing symptoms of leaf necrosis. However, after 6 and 9 months of CS shoots showed severe signs of necrosis. Our results have shown that in vitro propagated cherry plum can be preserved for a longer period by E-D technique, while only 3 months by CS
The response to bacterial inoculation is cultivar-related in strawberries
No full textThis study was carried out to evaluate the impact of biofertilizer and cultivar on vegetative potential (height of the plant, number of crowns and leaves per plant, and the area of a single leaf), leaf mineral composition (micro- and macroelements), yield potential (number of inflorescences and fruit set per plant, yield per plant, and yield per square meter), fruit characteristics (mass, length, width, and fruit shape index), and chemical traits (soluble solids content, titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total anthocyanins (TACY), total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) in the fruits of Clery, Joly and Dely strawberry plants. Two types of biofertilizer were applied: Biofertilizer 1 (inoculums of the mixture of liquid bacteria cultures of the genera Azotobacter, Derxia, and Bacillus) and Biofertilizer 2 (inoculums of liquid culture of diazotrophic bacteria belonging to the genus Klebsiella). The applied biofertilizers made a significant impact on the parameters of vegetative potential and contents of some macroelements and microelements in the leaf, as well as the values of TA, TACY, TPC, and TAC. Cultivar demonstrated a significant impact on plant height and the number of crowns in it, leaf macroelement and microelement content, generative potential parameters, and morphometric and chemical fruit parameters
In vitro conservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5
No full textThe paper presents results of the application of 'Cold Storage' (CS), a very simple in vitro technique preservation of cultures at +5 degrees C in total darkness. A protocol has been developed for in vitro preservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5 based on this method. Upon the establishment of aseptic culture, the studied genotype was propagated in vitro on MS medium supplemented with BA at a concentration of 3.37 mg/L. During CS, in vitro shoots were maintained at +5 degrees C in cold chamber for 3, 6 and 9 months in total darkness. Seven days after their respective period of time, the shoots were examined for viability for further propagation, together with their multiplication index and length of axial and lateral shoots. Three months after CS, shoots showed high shoot viability (55%), which however declined considerably after 6 and 9 months (15% and 0%, resp.). After 9 months of preservation under cold conditions, shoots showed severe signs of necrosis (55%). The transfer of cultures from the cold chamber to standard growth conditions led to prompt development and greening of leaves which regained morphology and capacity for multiplication and rooting
S-allele Constitution and Flowering Time Synchronization - Preconditions for Effective Fertilization in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Orchards
No full textAlthough sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) shows gametophytic self-incompatibility which is con frolled by the multiallelic locus S, overlap in phenophase of full flowering is another crucial factor for the most effective pollination and fertilization between compatible cultivars. This study was carried out to determine the S-RNase genotype using the PCR method with consensus and allele-specific primers, and to investigate flowering time and abundance of 13 infroduced sweet cherry cultivars over the six-year period, under the agro-environmental conditions of West Serbia. According to flowering time, the assessed sweet cherry cultivars were classified into three groups: mid-early ['Burlat' (S3S9), 'Early Lory' (S1S9), 'Lapins' (S1S4), 'Vera' (S1S3) and 'Celeste' (SIS4)] mid-late [Merchant' (S4S9), Kordia' (S3S6), 'Summit' (S1S2) and 'Karina' (S3S4)] and late flowering 1-Starkrimson' (S3S4'), `Germersdorfer' (S3S12), 'Carmen' (S4S5) and 'Regina' (S1S3)]. Based on the S-genotype and sufficient overlapping in full bloom, we offered a recommendation for effective pollination and fertilization of economically important sweet cherry cultivars, which could be very important for both breeders and growers, as well as for the further investigation in this field of research