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Сортове „Округлица“ и „Валйевка“ подходящи за производство на сливова ракия
No full textThe paper presents the results of the gas-chromatography analysis of the major volatile components of plum brandies produced using traditional methods from fruits of Okruglica and Valjevka cultivars: methanol, 8 higher alcohols, 3 fatty acids, 10 esters and 2 aldehydes. The sensory appraisal of the produced plum brandies was conducted using the Buxbaum method. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that while the plum brandies produced from both cultivars satisfy the requirements of the EU regulations (related to the methanol content and
content of total volatile components), they also differ in the content of certain tested components, thereby featuring different sensory qualities which contribute to their appeal for production of brandies with distinctive cultivar and region-typical characteristics.Статията представя резултатите от газ-хроматографски анализ на основни летливи компоненти в сливови ракии произведени по традиционни методи, от плодове на сортовете "Округлица" и "Валйевка": метанол, 8 висши алкохола, 3 мастни киселини, 10 естера и 2 алдехида. Сензорната оценка на произведените сливови ракии е извършена по метода на Буксбаум. Въз основа на получените резултати може да се направи заключение, че сливовите ракии произведени от двата сорта удовлетворяват изисква нията на регламентите на ЕС (свързани със съдържанието на метанол и съдържанието на общи летливи съставки), те също така се различават по съдържание на определени тествани компоненти, като по този начин отразяват различни сензорни качества, допринасящи за тяхната привлекателност при производството на ракии с отличителни сортови и типични за региона характеристики
Effect of process parameters on the electrolysis of benzaldehyde
No full textSimultanous electrochemical production of benzyl alcohol and
benzoic acid from benzaldehyde precursor was investigated. Reduction reactions
were investigated on amalgamated and non-amalgamated zinc electrode.
Overpotential for evolution of hydrogen on amalgamated zinc electrode was
higher than that of non-amalgamated zinc electrode which resulted in a small
current efficiency for hydrogen evolution on amalgamated zinc electrode. The
presence of benzaldehyde in electrolyte solution inhibited hydrogen evolution.
The hydrogen evolution decreased with an increase of benzaldehyde
concentration. The chatodic yeald for production of benzylalcohol was high over
a very broad current density interval. On the other side, hypobromous acid
which was produced by hydrolisis of bromine was used for oxidation of
benzaldehyde into benzoic acid. According to these experimental results, it can
be concluded that amalgamated zinc electrode can be used for industrial
electrolysis of benzaldehyde
Apricot Vegetative Growth, Tree Mortality, Productivity, Fruit Quality and Leaf Nutrient Composition as Affected by Myrobalan Rootstock and Blackthorn Inter-Stem
No full textThe behavior of five apricots grafted across Blackthorn inter-stem (BI) on Myrobalan stock and on Myrobalan rootstock (MR) was evaluated through vegetative growth, tree mortality, productivity, fruit quality and leaf nutrient composition from the 1st to the 6th leaf. The trial was performed in the Prislonica village (Cacak, Serbia), on a dry, shallow, sandy-loam and acidic soil. Results showed that MR improved tree vigor, yield per tree, cumulative yield, fruit weight, flesh rate, acidity, antioxidant power, leaf N, K, Ca and Mn contents and better balanced nutritional values for macronutrients. BI increased tree mortality, yield efficiency, yield per hectare, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and leaf P and Fe amounts. Wide variability among cultivars for evaluated traits was observed on both BI and MR. The more vigorous trees had 'Biljana' as compared with others on both BI and MR, whereas the most productive cultivar was 'Vera' on BI and 'Biljana' on MR. The highest and similar fruit weight had 'Roxana' and 'Harcot', whereas the highest stone weight and flesh rate was found in 'Vera' and 'Harcot', respectively, all in both BI and MR. Fruits harvested from 'Aleksandar' trees were rich in soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and total flavonoid content (TFC), 'Harcot' in total phenolic content (TPC), and 'Roxana' in acidity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), also on both BI and MR. The better balanced nutritional values were promoted by BI. Regarding cultivars, the best balanced nutritional values for macronutrients were exhibited by 'Vera' on BI, and by 'Harcot' on MR. For micronutrients, the wider imbalance among nutrients was found in 'Roxana' on BI, and in 'Vera' on MR
Vegetative and yield potential of cultivars and selection of raspberry cultivated in conditions of West Serbia
No full textOver a four-year trial conducted in agro-ecological conditions of the West Serbia, research was done into major vegetative characteristics and yield potential of the Tulameen, Latham and Meeker cultivar and the K 81-6 selection, in comparison with the standard Willamete cultivar. The examined traits included the number of young shoots in the first and the second generations, as well as the impact of multiple removals of young shoots on the number of mature shoots. The height and the diameter of mature shoots were also measured. The yield potential was determined based on the number of fruit-bearing branches per shoot, the number of flowers per fruit-bearing branch, branch length, number of nodes, number of reproductive nodes, number of fruits per reproductive node, number of inflorescence flowers and number of developed leaves
Optimization of Droplet Vitrification Protocol for Cryopreservation of In Vitro Grown Blackberry Shoot Tips
No full textThe droplet vitrification technique was adapted to blackberry 'Cacanska Bestrna' (Rubus fruticosus L.) by applying two different plant vitrification solutions as well as by optimizing the duration of vitrification treatments. Apical shoot tips were pretreated in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with progressively increasing sucrose concentration (0.3 M for 15 h, then 0.7 M for 5 h), and subsequently loaded in solution containing 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose for 30 min. After loading, explants were dehydrated for 20, 30 and 40 min on ice with vitrification solution A3 (glycerol 37.5%, dimethyl sulfoxide 15%, ethylene glycol 15% and sucrose 22.5%) and for 40, 50 and 60 min at room temperature with PVS3 solution (glycerol 50% and sucrose 50%). Explants were frozen in individual microdroplets of vitrification solution by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. After rapid rewarming performed by direct immersion in unloading solution containing 0.8 M sucrose for 30 min, explants were placed onto solid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L N-6-benzyladenine and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, cultivated in the dark for 7 days and than transferred to standard growth conditions. Under the described experimental conditions, survival and regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips dehydrated on ice with A3 solution ranged between 45.0-90.9 and 25.0-61.8%, respectively. Longer exposure of explants to A3 solution brought about higher survival and regrowth rates. On the other hand, dehydration with PVS3 resulted in considerably higher survival rates (90.0-95.9%) and higher regrowth rates (77.3-90.0%) of cryopreserved explants. The shortest PVS3 treatment gave the highest survival and regrowth. The results obtained prove the feasibility of PVS3-based droplet vitrification technique for long-term storage of this genotype, while further research will focus on evaluation of the optimized protocol for its applicability to different genotypes of the Rubus genus
Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Fully Matured Raspberry Fruits (Rubus idaeus L.) Picked in Different Moments of Harvesting Season
No full textFruits of the most abundant raspberry cultivars in Serbia ('Willamette' and 'Meeker') were collected in Sabac growing area, Serbia. The harvest of fully matured raspberry samples from each cultivar is conducted at nearly 2-weeks intervals throughout the harvest season, and further analyzed for main phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, in all samples quite high content of ellagic acid (from 27.5 to 29.2 mg/100 g fw for 'Willamette'; from 21.0 to 25.1 mg/100 g fw for 'Meeker') and cyanidin (from 38.7 to 43.2 mg/100 g fw for 'Willamette'; from 21.3 to 30.4 mg/100 g fw for 'Meeker') were determined. Significant amounts of quercetin (up to 1.1 mg/100 g fw), apigenin (up to 0.4 mg/100 g fw), gallic acid (up to 6.1 mg/100 g fw), and pelargonidin (up to 5.1 mg/100 g fw) were also detected in all samples. In general, contents of quercetin, apigenin, ellagic acid and cyanidin were higher in fruits of 'Willamette' than that of fruits of 'Meeker'. On the other hand, gallic acid and pelargonidin are more abundant in fruits of 'Meeker'. In fruits of 'Willamette' and 'Meeker', the concentrations of main phenolics, and consequently the total anthocyanin, total flavonoid and total phenolic contents, significantly change in fully matured raspberry fruits during harvest season. Determination of antioxidant capacity of all raspberry samples revealed a significant influence of picking moments during harvest season. Furthermore, no significant correspondence between antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanin content was evidenced. On the other hand, an increase in antioxidant capacity corresponds to the increase in the total flavonoid and total phenolic content
Early tree growth, productivity, fruit quality and leaf nutrients content of sweet cherry grown in a high density planting system
No full textFrom 2008 to 2013 the phenology, early tree growth, precocity, yield, fruit quality attributes and leaf nutrient status of four sweet cherry cultivars (May Early, Germersdorfer, Sunburst and Celeste) were evaluated on Colt rootstock in the Cacak region (Serbia) with 1,250 trees/ha. The soil type was heavy and acidic. The results showed that cv. May Early blossomed and ripened earlier than the other cultivars, and had the highest tree vigour, better yield performance and the poorest fruit physico-chemical attributes. The best fruit quality was found in cv. Sunburst which is categorized as a low precocious cultivar with small yield capacity. Lower tree vigour, good productivity and fruit quality were shown by cv. Celeste. In general, leaf analysis indicated that all cultivars had excessive levels of N and Cu, and in some cases P, whereas K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B were deficient in all cultivars. The best balanced nutritional values (Sigma DOP) were observed in cv. Sunburst, whereas wider imbalance was observed in cv. Celeste for macronutrients. In contrast, the Sigma DOP for micronutrients indicated that cv. Celeste had the best balanced nutritional values, whereas cv. Sunburst had the worst
Cryopreservation of Serbian autochthonous Prunus spp. by droplet-vitrification
No full textIn vitro shoot tips of Serbian autochthonous plums 'Sitnica' (Prunus domestica L.) and 'Crvena Ranka' (Prunus insititia L.) were tested for recovery after cryopreservation using the droplet-vitrification technique. After 30-min loading with 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose, explants were dehydrated at room temperature for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min with PVS A3 solution (37.5% glycerol, 15% dimethylsulfoxide, 15% ethylene glycol and 22.5% sucrose) or for 60, 90 and 120 min using PVS3 solution (50% glycerol and 50% sucrose). Rewarming was performed in unloading solution containing 0.8 M sucrose for 30 or 60 min. Duration of PVS3 treatment significantly affected survival (27.3-72.7%) and regrowth (0-18.2%) of cryopreserved explants in plum 'Sitnica', with the highest values of both parameters being achieved with the 90-min treatment. Also, survival of explants dehydrated with PVS A3 solution significantly varied between 18.2-73.9%, depending on duration of both dehydration and unloading treatments. However, cryopreserved explants displayed a very low regrowth capacity, the highest being 10% for 30-min dehydration in combination with 60-min unloading. 'Crvena Ranka' exhibited a higher regrowth capacity after cryopreservation. Duration of PVS3 treatment significantly affected survival (22.2-77.8%) and regrowth (0-30.0%) of cryopreserved explants, with the highest values of both parameters being achieved with the shortest treatment duration. As regards PVS A3 treatments, both survival and regrowth significantly varied between 27.3-81.8%, and 0-36.4%, respectively. The highest regrowth was achieved with 20- and 30-min treatment durations combined with 30-min unloading. Further optimization of the protocol is necessary to improve recovery after cryopreservation
Cryopreservation of Prunus spp. using aluminium cryo-plates
No full textCryopreservation using aluminium cryo-plates was successfully applied to in vitro-grown shoot tips of two Prunus genotypes, cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and the plum cultivar 'Pozegaca' (Prunus domestica L.). Shoot tips were dissected from the shoots and precultured for 1 day at 23 degrees C in the dark on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.3 M sucrose. The precultured shoot tips were placed on aluminium cryo-plates containing 10 or 12 wells and embedded in alginate gel. Osmoprotection was performed by immersing the cryo-plates in two types of loading solution (LS1 - 2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose or C4 - 1.9 M glycerol + 0.5 M sucrose) for 30 min at room temperature. In the V cryo-plate protocol, dehydration was performed for 30 min at room temperature in a plant vitrification solution containing 37.5% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) dimethylsulfoxide, 15% (w/v) ethylene glycol and 22.5% (w/v) sucrose. In the D cryo-plate protocol, dehydration was performed by placing the cryo-plates for 2, 2.5 or 3 h under the air current of the laminar flow cabinet or in closed glass containers over silica gel. In both protocols, cooling was performed by placing the cryo-plates in uncapped 2 mL cryotubes, which were immersed in liquid nitrogen. Rewarming was done by direct plunging of cryo-plates in liquid MS medium containing 0.8 M sucrose at room temperature for 30 min (plum cultivar) or 60 min (cherry plum). All experiments were conducted twice in two different laboratories (IRD Montpellier, France and FRI Cgak, Serbia). In the V cryo-plate procedure regrowth (calculated as average values for two laboratories) of cryopreserved shoot tips loaded with C4 solution was 41.7% (cherry plum) and 34.2% (plum cultivar 'Pogegga'), while in those loaded with LS1 solution regrowth was 56.1% and 44.6%, respectively. As for the D cryo-plate procedure, the average regrowth of cryopreserved explants ranged between 57.7% and 77.5% in cherry plum and between 28.5% and 47.5% in plum cultivar 'Pozegaca'. Although during the first subculture after regrowth, the multiplication capacity of cryopreserved explants was lower compared with those originating from dissection controls, by the third subculture they regained and even exceeded the multiplication capacity of shoots regenerated from explants placed on regrowth directly after dissection. The results obtained clearly indicate that both cryopreservation procedures using aluminium cryo-plates can facilitate efficient cryostorage of Prunus germplasm
Apple fruit quality, yield and leaf macronutrients content as affected by fertilizer treatment
No full textDuring two years we have investigated main fruit quality traits, yield and leaf nutrient content at 120 days after full bloom (DAFB) of 'Idared' and 'Melrose' apples on M. 9 rootstock when fertilized with complex NPK (15: 15: 15) alone, and mixture with natural zeolite (Agrozel) and/or cattle manure. Results showed that fruit quality has been strongly affected by cultivars, whereas fertilizer treatments influenced only yield per tree. Moreover, significant impact of cultivar and fertilizer treatment on leaf P, K and Mg was found. Leaf of 'Melrose' contained higher P and K content, and lower Mg content than those of 'Idared'. In 'Melrose', NPK alone increased leaf P, whereas in 'Idared', mixture of NPK+Agrozel and NPK+Manure promoted leaf P, K and Mg content. According to DOP and SDOP indexes, excessive leaf Mg content was found, and deficiency of the rest of nutrients. 'Melrose' exhibited better balanced nutritional values for nutrients as compared to 'Idared', whereas NPK+M promoted better balanced nutritional values than other treatments