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Effect of microbiological and mineral fertilizers on biological and production characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivars
No full textJedan od bitnih činilaca intenziviranja proizvodnje jagode predstavlja inoviranje sortimenta u cilju što ravnomernijeg snabdevanja tržišta plodovima visokog kvaliteta. Međutim, u definisanju proizvodne i upotrebne vrednosti introdukovanih sorti, pored uticaja samog genotipa, značajnu ulogu imaju i faktori spoljašnje sredine, sistem gajenja, kao i intenzitet primene agro i pomotehničkih mera. Jednu od najvažnijih agrotehničkih mera u savremenoj proizvodnji jagode predstavlja đubrenje, koje uključuje primenu organskih i mineralnih đubriva. Brojna istraživanja ukazuju da kontinuirana upotreba mineralnih đubriva izaziva kontaminaciju životne sredine pri čemu više od 50% primenjenih mineralnih đubriva biljke ne usvoje, već na različite načine dolazi do gubljenja mineralnih elemenata, što predstavlja veliku opasnost za životnu sredinu. Stoga, adekvatnom upotrebom i delimičnom ili potpunom zamenom mineralnih đubriva mikrobnim inokulantima tj. biofertilizatorima, mogu se prevazići ekološki problemi nastali prekomernom upotrebom mineralnih đubriva. Osnovni cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj biofertilizatora i mineralnih đubriva na vegetativni i generativni potencijal, najvažnije fiziološke osobine, kao i fizičke, hemijske i senzoričke osobine ploda jagode. Istraživanje je obavljeno u oglednom zasadu jagode sorti “Clery”, “Joly” i “Dely”, Instituta za voćarstvo u Čačku, koji se nalazi u centru Čačka, u kotlini Zapadne Morave. Sadnja je obavljena u julu 2011. godine u formi dvorednih pantljika na gredicama prekrivenim crnom polietilenskom folijom. Primenjeno rastojanje sadnje je 30 × 30 cm. Ogled je postavljen po potpuno slučajnom planu i ispitivan je uticaj dva faktora: sorta i đubrivo..An important factor in the intensification of strawberry production is cultivar innovation, which aims to ensure that the market is supplied with high quality fruits as evenly as possible. However, when defining the value for cultivation and use of introduced cultivars, importance is given to environmental factors, production system and levels of cultural and crop management practices, in addition to the effect of genotype. Fertilization is one of the most important cultural practices used in modern strawberry production, including the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. An extensive body of research shows that the continuous use of mineral fertilizers leads to environmental contamination, with more than 50% of applied mineral fertilizers remaining unabsorbed, resulting in loss of minerals, and thus posing a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, proper use and partial or complete substitution of mineral fertilizers with microbial inoculants i.e. biofertilizers can help overcome environmental problems caused by the overuse of mineral fertilizers. The main objective of this research was to examine the effect of biofertilizers and mineral fertilizers on the vegetative and generative potential and major physiological traits of strawberry cultivars and major physical, chemical and sensory properties of the fruit. The research was conducted in an experimental planting of strawberry cvs. ‘Clery’, ‘Joly’ and ‘Dely’ at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, located in central Čačak, in the Western Morava valley. Strawberries were planted in July 2011 in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene foil. Plant spacing was 30 x 30 cm. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized design, with the effect of two factors, viz. cultivar and fertilizer, analyzed..
Soluble solids, acidity, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of fruits and berries cultivated in Serbia
No full textIntroduction. Cacak is the large fruit production region in Serbia; it presents an enormous diversity represented by different fruit species, highlighting apricot and small fruits. The objective of this work was to investigate and compare the main temperate fruit and berry quality attributes in eight species and their cultivars grown under similar environmental conditions. Materials and methods. The species evaluated were blackberry, woodland and domesticated strawberry, red and white currant, jostaberry (Ribes nigrum x Ribes uva-crispa), gooseberry and apricot. Standard laboratory procedures and methods were used to determine fruit or berry weight, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity (TA) and contents of bioactive compounds. Results and discussion. Significant and strong differences among species were detected for all properties evaluated, especially for fruit or berry weight. The fruits of apricot contained the highest soluble solids content (15.28. Brix) and ripening index (RI) value (22.49), whereas blackberry is a very rich source of acidity (1.47%), antioxidant power [161.88 mg AA g(-1) dry weight (DW)], total phenolics (110.07 mg GAE g(-1) DW) and total flavonoids (51.55 mg RUE g(-1) DW). A strong relationship between some quality attributes was detected. Also, the cultivar per se (genotype) behaved as the most influencing factor determining fruit and/or berry chemical composition. Conclusion. Results of our work confirmed that fruits or berries evaluated are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. They showed desirable characteristics for the fresh consumption, while the most of them had high contents of natural antioxidants and may be recommended as a good raw material for the food industry
Volatile compounds of fruits of raspberry 'Meeker' and blackberry 'Cacanska Bestrna' propagated by standard techniques and in vitro micropropagation
No full textA two-year research was conducted on volatile compounds of raspberry cultivar 'Meeker' and blackberry cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' fruits, harvested at full ripeness and collected from plants propagated by both standard vegetative technique (by suckers from adventitious root buds for raspberry and tip layering for blackberry) and in vitro micropropagation. Out of the total number of volatile components, key aromatic components were selected, having a decisive impact on the aroma of raspberry and blackberry fruits. In both experimental years (2011-2012), contents of 48 key aromatic components were compared in the raspberry fruits, whereas 53 key aromatic components were quantified and compared in the blackberry fruits. These components were further classified in alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, lactones, C13 norisoprenoids (only in raspberry fruits), hydrocarbons (only in raspberry fruits) and phenols (only in blackberry fruits). No significant differences have been established in the presence of certain volatile aromatic components in the raspberry fruits collected within the same year from plants produced using the standard method, compared to plants obtained by in vitro micropropagation. The same trend was established in blackberry fruits
Effect of rain-shield cultivation system on biological and production characteristics and fruit quality of blackberry cv. ʼČačanska bestrnaʼ (Rubus subg. Rubus Watson)
No full textIstraživanjima u okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitan je uticaj polutunelskog sistema gajenja na najznačajnije fenološke osobine (vreme cvetanja i zrenja), parametre vegetativnog (broj izdanaka po žbunu, visina i prečnik izdanka) i generativnog (broj rodnih grančica, cvasti i plodova po izdanku, prinos) potencijala, pomološke osobine (morfometrija ploda, hemijski sastav i organoleptička ocena ploda), kao i na pojavu sive truleži ploda sorte kupine ‘Čačanska bestrna’. Analizirana je i korelacija između količine šećera u plodu i stepena depigmentacije tokom čuvanja zamrznutih plodova, uporednim proučavanjima sa sortama kupine ‘Loch Ness’ i ‘Chester Thornless’. Istraživanja su obavljena u proizvodnom zasadu kupine od 2011. do 2013. godine u ekološkim uslovima Čačka po standardnoj metodologiji. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je najveći broj analiziranih parametara bio uslovljen sistemom gajenja i ekološkim uslovima u periodu ispitivanja, kao i njihovom interakcijom. Ispitivani sistem gajenja nije uticao na odstupanja u početku fenofaza cvetanja i zrenja dvogodišnjih izdanaka u odnosu na standardni sistem. U pogledu parametara vegetativnog potencijala, veći broj i dužina izdanaka utvrđeni su kod kupine gajene u polutunelskom, a veći prečnik izdanka u standardnom sistemu gajenja. Poređenjem dobijenih rezultata svih ispitivanih parametara generativnog potencijala kupine, veće vrednosti su dobijene kod polutunelskog sistema gajenja. Morfometrijske osobine ploda kupine, izuzev mase ploda, bile su uslovljene značajnim uticajem sistema gajenja i veće vrednosti svih pomenutih osobina utvrđene su u uslovima polutunelskog sistema gajenja kupine. U uslovima polutunelskog sistema gajenja kupine dobijene su veće vrednosti za sve parametre biohemijskog sastava ploda, izuzev za sadržaj ukupnih kiselina i sadržaj vanilinske kiseline. Dobijeni rezultati su potvrdili prisustvo flavonola kvercetina i dominantno prisustvo antocijana cijanidin-3-glukozida u plodu kupine. Među detektovanim fenolnim jedinjenjima, u plodu ispitivane sorte, utvrđena je visoka koncentracija galne i elaginske kiseline...This doctoral dissertation research examined the effect of rain-shield cultivation system on major phenological traits (flowering and ripening time), vegetative potential parameters (number of canes per bush, cane height, cane diameter), generative potential parameters (number of fruiting laterals, inflorescences and berries per cane, yield), pomological properties (fruit morphometry, chemical composition and organoleptic scores of the fruit) and the incidence of gray mold in blackberry cv. ‘Čačanska Bestrna’. Moreover, the correlation between the sugar content of the fruit and the rate of pigment degradation during frozen storage was analyzed and compared with the blackberry cvs. ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Chester Thornless’. The research was conducted in a commercial blackberry planting during 2011-2013 under the environmental conditions of Čačak using the standard methodology. The results showed that most of the tested parameters were affected by production system and environmental conditions during the research, as well as by their interaction. The rain-shield system did not cause any deviation in the onset of flowering and ripening in floricanes compared to open-field cultivation. In terms of the vegetative potential parameters, number of canes and cane length were greater in blackberries under rain shields, whereas cane diameter was higher under open-field cultivation. When comparing the results obtained for the generative potential parameters, higher values were found under rain-shield cultivation. Pomological properties of blackberry, except fruit weight, were significantly affected by production system, with higher values for all pomological traits obtained under rain shields. The rain-shield system resulted in higher values for all parameters of the biochemical composition of the blackberry fruit, except the contents of total acids and vanillic acid. The results confirmed the presence of the flavonol quercetin and the dominant presence of the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside. Among the phenolic compounds detected in the fruit of the tested cultivar, gallic acid and ellagic acid were found in high concentrations..
Influence of pollination mode on fruit set in plum (Prunus domestica)
No full textInvestigation of initial and final fruit set in the 'Pozna Plava' plum cultivar characterised by a low fruit set tendency was conducted in three pollination modes (cross-, self-and open pollination), over a two-year period (2010-2011). The cross-pollination was performed using the pollen of cultivars 'Presenta', 'Hanita' and 'Cacanska Najbolja'. Pollen germination in vitro for the cultivars used in the cross-pollination was over 40%, whereas in 'Pozna Plava' it was less than 18%. In both years, the cross-pollination with 'Presenta' resulted in the highest initial (69.54 and 51.85%) and final fruit set (41.45 and 30.92%). In addition, high values of initial and final fruit set were also obtained with 'Hanita' and 'Cacanska Najbolja' as pollinizers. Self-pollination mode in both years resulted in somewhat lower initial (47.53 and 21.74%) and final fruit set (33.24 and 12.35%); and the lowest values were recorded in the open pollination mode (initial fruit set of 12.28 and 5.14%, final fruit set of 0.79 and 2.83%). The results revealed a clear impact of the pollination mode and air temperatures on the fruit set of plum cultivar 'Pozna Plava' during the first ten days from the beginning of full flowering
Impact of harvest time on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fresh and dried plum fruits
No full textThe aim of this study is to establish the impact of harvest time on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fruits. A two-year research (2011 and 2012) was conducted on fruits of the Cacanska Rodna' cultivar, collected by selective picking at three 7-day intervals during the season and dried in the experimental dryer at air temperature of 90 degrees C. Chemical composition was determined in both fresh and dried fruits using standard methods. The antioxidant activity was established using the ARTS method, while the content of total phenols and flavonoids was determined by the spectrophotometric methods with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride, respectively. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), it was revealed that the major phenolic compound in fresh plums and prunes is neochlorogenic acid, followed by caffeic acid. The obtained results reveal that prunes possess a higher antioxidant activity than fresh plum fruits, in all harvest times, which is determined by the phenol and flavonoids contents. Despite the fact that fruits were picked selectively for the drying purposes, later harvest caused an increase in the dry matter content and a decrease in total acids, accompanied by a decrease in the content of caffeic acid on the other side. Changes in the content of all the other parameters in the fresh plum fruits and prunes show no regular patterns in correlation with the harvest time
Flight dynamics and species composition of aphids landing on plum and apricot leaves in the orchards in Western Serbia
No full textMore than 40 different aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) landing on plum and apricot trees were captured with Sticky shoot method and identified in the experimental orchards in Western Serbia during 2009-2011. The most abundant species found in 2009 and 2011 belongs to the genus Aphis. In 2010, Myzocallis spp. were most abundant. Specimens of the genus Muscaphis were found for the first time in Serbia. The aphid population dynamics varied greatly during the growing season. Spring peaks of aphid populations were evidenced in all 3 years in the period of May-June. Autumn peaks were recorded during the period of August-September in 2009 and 2011, but not in 2010. Twelve out of more than twenty species reported in the literature as a potential Plum pox virus (PPV) vectors were found in the orchards. Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis craccivora Koch and invasive aphid species Aphis spiraecola Patch were the most common potential PPV vectors found. Other known PPV vectors were present in much lower specimen numbers in the following decreasing order: Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Phorodon humuli (Schrank), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Brachycaudus cardui (Linnaeus), Aphis gossypi Glover, Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker). During all 3 years, statistically significantly greater number of known PPV vectors were captured on the plum trees during the spring peaks compared to the autumn peaks. The number of known PPV vectors captured during the spring peaks on the plum trees was also significantly larger than the number of known vectors captured on the apricot trees
Tree vigour and yield of plum grown under high density planting system
No full textDuring the second through sixth growing seasons, under the environmental conditions of Cacak (Serbia), tree vigour, yield (kg tree(-1) and t ha(-1)), yield efficiency, biennial bearing index and fruit weight were studied in five plum cultivars ('Cacanska Rana', 'Cacanska Lepotica', 'Cacanska Najbolja', 'Cacanska Rodna' and 'Stanley') grafted on myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) seedlings. Trees were planted at a spacing of 4x2 m (1,250 trees ha(-1)). Five-year results showed that the final tree vigour, expressed as trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), was the lowest in 'Cacanska Lepotica' (39.9 cm(2)) and the highest in 'Cacanska Rana' (75.0 cm(2)) and 'Cacanska Najbolja' (82.9 cm(2)). 'Cacanska Rodna' and 'Cacanska Najbolja' gave their first yields as early as the second year (1.08 and 1.47 kg tree(-1), respectively), whereas the first significant yields in all cultivars were obtained in the third year. Cumulative yield was the lowest in 'Cacanska Rana' (30.75 kg tree(-1) and 38.44 t ha(-1)), somewhat higher in 'Cacanska Najbolja', 'Cacanska Lepotica' and 'Stanley' (43.86, 60.37 and 73.40 t ha(-1), respectively), and the highest in 'Cacanska Rodna' (66.36 kg tree(-1) and 82.95 t ha(-1)). However, 'Cacanska Rodna' had the highest biennial bearing index (0.61), whereas the other cultivars exhibited a moderate or poor biennial bearing habit during the experimental years. The lowest biennial bearing index was recorded in 'Cacanska Lepotica' (0.13). Yield efficiency was the lowest in 'Cacanska Rana' (0.12 kg cm(-2)) and highest in 'Cacanska Rodna' (0.41 kg cm(-2)). The average fruit weight was in agreement with cultivar-specific traits, and ranged from 27.4 g in 'Cacanska Rodna' to 51.8 g in 'Cacanska Rana
Vegetative compatibility and RFLP analysis of colletotrichum destructivum isolates from alfalfa and red clover
No full textA total of 17 isolates of Colletofrichum from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants with anthracnose symptoms were collected from 11 districts in Serbia during 2005-2010 and tested for variability in vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Nitrate non utilising (nit) mutants were isolated from each of investigated C. desfructivum isolates by selecting chlorate -resistant sectors on medium with chlorate. The isolates were grouped in five VCGs while one isolate was self -incompatible. No relationship was found between VCGs and geographical origin of the isolates. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a 900 bp intron of the glutamine synthetase (GS) gene revealed a unique polymorphic profile of C. destructivum isolates, distinct from the profiles of other Colletofrichum species. An identical profile was produced for all C. desfructivum isolates, regardless of their host and geographical origin. PCR-RFLP failed to detect some the Serbian C. desfructivum isolates
The effect of genotype and temperature on pollen tube growth and fertilization in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)
No full textThe study of pollen performance in vivo of four self-incompatible sweet cherry cultivars-'Karina', 'Kordia', 'Regina' and 'Summit' was performed. The results were considered in the context of climatic conditions of West Serbia, bearing in mind increased frequency of seasons with higher temperatures during the flowering. Each cultivar was used as polleniser and pollinated cultivar, and together with the open pollination variant, a total of 16 combinations were analysed during the three-year period. The effect of variability factors on pollen tube growth efficiency occurred as a common impact of polleniser, its requirement to flowering temperatures, the influence of pollinated cultivar on pollen performance, and the response of male-female relations to air temperature. 'Summit' induced the highest pollen tube number, while the pollen tube number of 'Kordia' was the lowest. Higher temperatures during the flowering have caused a decrease in the number of pollen tubes in 'Kordia' and 'Karina', and increase of their number in 'Regina' and 'Summit' as pollenisers. The genotype-dependent response of pollenisers in terms of air temperature during the flowering has not consistently manifested, and was partially modified by the influence of the pollinated cultivar. The main tendencies were more apparent in the 'borderline cases', i.e. in pollination of cultivars having diametrically opposite requirements, than in those of cultivars having similar requirements regarding the flowering temperature