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Beneficial Role of Biofertilization on Yield Related Characteristics of Two Apple Cultivars and Soil Microorganisms under Orchard Conditions
No full textIntensive development of agriculture and increasing utilization of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers significantly contributes to a series of undesirable effects and results in excessive environmental pollution. Approximately half of all nitrogen applied to boost agricultural production escapes its intended use and is lost to the environment. Over the past years, fruit growing practice has been focused on a new concept, which relies primarily on the application of microbial inoculants i. e. biofertilizers. In line with the concept, we conducted comparative study of the effect of bio-and chemical fertilizer applications on yield-related characteristics of, Granny Smith. and, Cadel. apple cultivars and microbiological properties of the soil. The yield-related characteristics of the tested plants were evaluated for generative potential parameters i. e flowering intensity, fruit set intensity, final fruit set intensity and yield (kg tree(-1); t ha(-1)). The microbiological properties of soil were monitored by determining the total microbial count, numbers of soil fungi, actinomycetes, oligonitrophilic bacteria and Azotobacter. The analysis of the results points to the fact that the efficient apple nutrition management should ensure both enhanced and sustainable production. This approach seems to contain a certain potential as an appropriate technique in commercial apple production, which may improve yield-attributing characteristics and soil fertility
Savremena proizvodnja šljive
No full textDomaća šljiva (Prunus domestica L.) je jedna od najznačajnijih vrsta voćaka u Evropi sa ukupnom godišnjom proizvodnjom od 2 808 152 t (FAOSTAT, 2017), i jedna od najznačajnijih vrsta iz roda Prunus. U Srbiji, šljiva se gaji na oko 425 585 ha sa prosečnom proizvodnjom od 507 987 t (2010‒2014), što je deklariše kao najvećeg proizvođača u Evropi i drugog proizvođača u svetu posle NR Kine (FAOSTAT, 2017). Međutim, prosečan prinos po jedinici površine je mali i iznosi svega 5,25 t ha-1. Najveća količina plodova šljive u Srbiji se preradi u rakiju (oko 70%), oko 25% se koristi u svežem stanju ili se zamrzava, dok se svega oko 5% koristi za sušenje. Generalno posmatrano, proizvodnja šljive u Srbiji se odlikuje niskim i nestabilnim prinosima, slabijim kvalitetom i krupnoćom ploda, problemima uzrokovanim virusom šarke šljive, velikom raznolikošću sorti i tradicionalnim pristupom u gajenju, koji podrazumeva minimalnu upotrebu agro- i pomotehničkih mera. Veoma niska cena plodova šljive i nestabilno tržište su takođe bitni činioci koji utiču na unapređenje proizvodnje. Sortiment šljive u Srbiji je baziran na tri najznačajnije sorte ‒ ʻStanleyʼ, ʻČačanska lepoticaʼ i ʻČačanska rodnaʼ, koje u ukupnoj proizvodnji učestvuju sa oko 65%, dok se u novijim zasadima ove tri sorte gaje na više od 80% površina. Poslednjih godina u proizvodnju se polako uvode i neke novije domaće i introdukovane sorte šljive.Vujović Tatjana - tehnički urednik i korektor Zbornik
The effect of frozen storage time on some parameters of sugar beet quality
No full textThe basic indicators of the sugar beet quality are amount of
sucrose and non-sugar compounds. Sugar beet, since its arrival to sugar plant,
should be processed in short time. However, for the purposes of extensive
research, scientists can’t analyze all parameters of quality during that short
period of time. Thus, the effect of storage time and storage temperature on
chemical properties of sugar beet should be examined. In this paper it was found
that there were no significant changes in amount of sucrose and alpha-amino
nitrogen during the 41 months storage at -18 °C. Based on amount of alphaamino
nitrogen it was clear that sugar beet from season 2012 was more suitable
for processing than beet from season 2013. Sugar beet from both seasons (2012,
2013) belonged to the beet varieties with high contents of sucrose
The role of berry growing technology on bioactive compound improvement
No full textNumerous studies have pointed out the presence of high bioactive substance concentration in fruit berries as well as a correlation between daily intake of fruits and human health. The greatest benefit to human health has been attributed to phenolic compounds and vitamin C, due to their antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and neuroprotective properties. A significant part of antioxidant activity in strawberry and blackberry fruits takes place due to phenolic acids. Apart from phenolic acids, flavonoids also make an important group of secondary metabolites, among which the most common in strawberries and blackberries are anthocyanins. Many factors affect the chemical composition of berries, the most important of them being the genotype, climatic conditions, agricultural practices, fruit ripeness degree and others. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of genotype and type of fertilizer (strawberry), as well as the system of cultivation and climatic conditions (blackberry) on the content of vitamin C and phenolic compound. The application of biofertilizers predominantly expressed a stimulating influence on most of the phenolic compounds in fruit berries tested. In the rain-shield cultivation of blackberries, higher values for all parameters of the fruit phenolic composition were obtained except for vanillic acid content, in comparison to standard cultivation system. Changes that have occurred in the nutritional quality of the tested strawberry cultivars indicate the best performance was exhibited by 'Joly', which can be recommended for further promotion and expansion in strawberry growing regions. Taking into consideration the stimulating impact of biofertilizers in strawberries and rain-shield cultivation systems in blackberries on the phenolic compound in fruits, the use of biofertilization and rain-shield can be considered justified in terms of improving the current strawberry and blackberry production technology and obtaining products with positive effects on human health
Estimation of nutrient status in pear using leaf mineral composition and deviation from optimum percentage index
No full textDuring 2012 and 2013 we investigated impact of quinces MA and BA.29. rootstocks on leaf macro-and micronutrients amount at 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) and deviation from optimum percentage (DOP and EDOP indexes) of three pear cultivars grown at Cacak region on heavy and acidic soil. Results showed that rootstocks significantly influenced leaf P, Ca and B levels, whereas impact on other leaf nutrients is minor. Quince MA increased leaf P and Ca contents, while BA.29 induced higher leaf B level. Stronger effect than rootstock on leaf nutrients had cultivar, although differences among them for leaf N, Mg and Fe were not significant. Leaf of 'Abbe Fetel' on BA.29 had the highest K, Ca, Cu and B amounts, whereas on MA this cultivar had the highest Mn concentration. Also, 'Abbe Fetel' alongside with 'Conference' on MA had the highest and similar leaf Ca, Cu and Zn amounts. `Starking Delicious' on BA.29 had the highest leaf P content. The DOP index showed high deficiency of K and Mn on both rootstock and Ca on BA.29. Other leaf nutrients tended to have a DOP values close to the optimum level in general. According to EDOP index, BA.29 induced better balanced leaf nutritional values as compared to MA for all nutrients. Among cultivars, 'Abbe Fetel' on both rootstocks and 'Conference' on BA.29 showed the best balanced nutritional values, whereas `Starking Delicious' exhibited a wider imbalance in nutritional values for all nutrients
Molecular cloning and characterization of allele d - a newly identified allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1 (ACO1) gene in apple - Short Communication
No full textApple is a climacteric fruit of economic importance and high nutritional value. Better understanding of the apple ripening process is needed to improve fruit quality and extend apple shelf life. This paper presents the results of molecular cloning and characterization of a newly identified allele of the ripening-specific ACO1 gene from Malus floribunda 821. A polymorphism of the ACO1 gene was detected using the polymerase chain reaction and BamH1 and Rsal enzymatic digestion. Whilst cloning and sequencing data confirmed the identity of allele d, it also revealed high sequence conservation (97.3 to 98.9%). In addition, a comparison of sequence data revealed some differences within the coding regions of the ACO1 alleles identified so far
Plum cultivars Zlatka and Pozna Plava (Prunus domestica L.) bred at the Fruit Research Institute in Cacak
No full textThis study was carried out to compare the most relevant biological characteristics and field resistance to economically important diseases of the new (Zlatka and Pozna Plava) and standard plum cultivars (Cacanska Lepotica and Cacanska Rodna) in the Region of Cacak. The experimental area climate belongs to the temperate type. The mean annual air temperature during the experimental period was 12.65 degrees C, and humidity was 80.4%. The average annual rainfall was 571.2 mm. The ripening time of the cv. Zlatka occurred between August 3-23, while the cv. Pozna Plava ripened between August 26 September 25. Compared to cv. Cacanska Lepotica, cv. Zlatka had a significantly lower mean fruit weight, reducing sugars and total acids content, but a significantly higher proportion of flesh, yield and sucrose content. Compared to cv. Cacanska Rodna as the standard cultivar, cv. Pozna Plava had a significantly higher mean individual fruit weight and total acids content, but also a significantly lower orchard yield and sweetness measured as fruit soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars and sucrose content. As regards the field resistance to economically important diseases such as red leaf spot, rust, fruit root, pockets plum disease and sharka disease, both new cultivars demonstrated better results than the reference cultivars
Biological properties of some autochthonous apple genotypes from the ex situ collection of Fruit Research Institute - Cacak
No full textThe paper presents the main biological properties of 10 ex situ apple genotypes: 'Bihorka', 'Budimka', 'Kraljica', 'Ovciji Nos', 'Petrovaca-1', 'Strekinja', 'Simun Viparos Struga', 'Sumnjaja', 'Tip 1' and 'Zejtinka'. The following properties of these genotypes were assessed over a two-year period: flowering phenophase; harvest maturity; pomological properties (morphometric and chemical); disease susceptibility to: scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint.], mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.)] and fireblight [Erwinia amylovora (Burnill)], in accordance with Apple Descriptors (IBPGR) and standard morphometric and chemical methodologies. Based on the full flowering and harvest maturity, the genotypes can be classified into six groups (from extremely early to late) and four groups (from mid-season to very late), respectively. The highest average fruit weight, height and width were determined in 'Ovciji Nos', while the lowest were in 'Tip 1'. The best fruit quality among the assessed genotypes, measured by the fruit chemical composition, was found in 'Ovciji Nos'. All of the studied genotypes showed field resistance to fireblight and a wide range of field susceptibility to scab and mildew. Based on the overall results and the fact that breeding programmes need new germplasm to improve current cultivars, autochthonous apple genotypes in the Republic of Serbia appear to carry useful traits
Cytoembryological aspects of fertilisation of plum cultivar "Pozna plava" (Prunus domestica L.)
No full textKod sorte šljive Pozna plava, u trogodišnjem periodu, ispitivano je više citoembrioloških aspekata koji su vezani za dinamiku odvijanja procesa oplođenja, tokom prvih deset dana od momenta punog cvetanja. Fluorohromnim bojenjem analizirana je vitalnost semenih zametaka kao i kvantitativni parametri rasta polenovih cevčica, u tri varijante oprašivanja: slobodno oprašivanje, stranooprašivanje i samooprašivanje. U varijanti stranooprašivanja korišćen je polen sorti šljive Hanita, Čačanska najbolja i Presenta. Klijavost polena korišćenih oprašivača prethodno je utvrđena in vitro na agaro-saharoznoj podlozi, dok su morfološke osobine polena analizirane pomoću skenirajućeg elektronskog mikroskopa. U ispitivanim varijantama oprašivanja analizirano je inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova. U dvogodišnjem periodu ispitivano je funkcionalno stanje embrionove kesice u prvih deset dana od momenta punog cvetanja u dve varijante: slobodno oprašivanje i bez oprašivanja (kontrola). U trogodišnjem periodu, u poljskim uslovima, ispitivan je uticaj temperature, na interakciju muškog gametofita i ženskog sporofita. U analiziranim morfološkim karakteristikama polena sorta šljive Pozna plava se razlikovala od ostalih sorti, gde je izuzev širine polenovog zrna, u svim ostalim analiziranim parametrima imala najveće vrednosti. Analiza kvantitativnih parametara rasta polenovih cevčica u stubiću tučka pokazala je najbolje vrednosti u varijanti stranooprašivanja, dok se u sve tri godine ispitivanja kao najslabila pokazala varijanta slobodnog oprašivanja. Prisustvo inkompatibilnih polenovih cevčica u gornjoj trećini stubića kao i pojava njihovog specifičnog rasta u plodniku u svim analiziranim varijantama oprašivanja bila je izražena u manjoj meri, tako da nije imala većeg uticaja na broj oplođenih semenih zametaka, a samim tim i na broj inicijalno i finalno zametnutih plodova. Analiza semenih zametaka u varijanti slobodnog oprašivanja pokazala je da oni u vreme punog cvetanja u najvećem broju sadrže embrionove kesice koje se nalaze u ranoj osmojedarnoj fazi. Takođe, i u varijanti bez oprašivanja je utvrđen ovaj stadijum u vreme punog cvetanja, koji je brzo prelazio u petojedarni stadijum.Over a three-year period, a study was conducted on the Pozna plava cultivar, focusing on a number of cyto-embryological aspects related to the dynamics of fertilisation process during the ten-day phase that follows the moment of full bloom. Fluorochrome dying was used to analyse the vitality of ovules and the quantitative growth parameters of the pollen tubes, thorough three pollination variants: open pollination, cross pollination, and self pollination. In the cross-pollination variant, pollen of the Hanita, Čačanska najbolja and Presenta cultivars was used. An agarosesucrose base was used for in vitro pre-determination of pollen germination of the used pollenisers, whereas the pollen morphological traits were analysed using the scanning electronic microscope. Initial and final fruit set was analysed in the examined pollination variants. In the two years of the study, functional condition of the embryo sac was examined within the first ten days following the moment of full bloom, comprising two variants: open pollination and no-pollination (as the control group). The impact made by temperature on the interaction between the male gametophyte and female sporophyte was examined during the three-year period of study. The analysis of the morphological characteristics of the pollen, the Pozna plava cultivar recorded different results compared to the other cultivars, reaching the highest values in all of the analysed parameters except the pollen grain width. The analysis of the quantitative growth parameters of the pollen tubes inside the style revealed the highest values in the self-pollination variant, whereas the lowest values of this parameter were recorded in the open pollination variant, in all the three years of the research. The presence of incompatible pollen tubes in the upper third of the style, as well as occurrence of their specific growth inside the ovary in all of the analysed pollination variants was less expressed and had no significant impact on the number of fertilised ovules, thus having no major impact on the number of initial and final fruit set. The analysis performed in the open pollination variant showed that in the full bloom most of the ovules contained embryo sacs in the early eight-nucleate phase..
Effect of metaxenia on pomological traits of 'Topaz' apple cultivar
No full textThe paper presents results of a three-year study of metaxenia effect on pomological properties of scab-resistant apple cultivar 'Topaz', whose fruits were obtained through two pollination variants, i.e., cross-pollination ('Topaz' x 'Red Elstar' and 'Topaz' x 'Rajka') and open pollination ('Topaz' O.P.). The pomological traits of the 'Topaz' cultivar were determined based on the assessment of morphometric (fruit weight, height and width; shape index; stalk length; seed number) and chemical properties (soluble solids content; total, inverted sugars and sucrose content; total acids; pH value). The highest fruit weight, height and width (167.6 g, 55.4 mm and 71.8 mm, respectively) and number of seeds per fruit (11.1) in the 'Topaz' were achieved using 'Rajka' as the pollenizer cultivar. The best quality of the 'Topaz' fruits, measured by the chemical composition, was found in the open pollination variant (soluble solids content - 14.9%; total and inverted sugars - 12.5% and 8.4%, respectively; total acids content - 0.54%). Overall, based on the assessed parameters, the 'Rajka' cultivar can be recommended as suitable pollenizer for 'Topaz'