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Analytical indicators of plum fruit sensory characteristic changes after seven-day storage at room temperature
No full textConsumer acceptance of plum is based, primarily, on the corresponding sensory characteristics of the fruits: appearance, colour, firmness, taste and aroma. If not consumed immediately after harvesting, the aforementioned characteristics of plum will change. Still, those changes are less expressed when fruits are kept in cold storage, at low temperatures. However, during the transport and storage of plum at room temperature, which is often the case in local market plum sale, intense changes of certain characteristics of the fruit happens as well as a significant shortening of shelf life. The most expressive is firmness change where fruits become completely soft after seven days. Appearance and colour of the fruit are less susceptible to change. Since plum taste and odour depend on sugar and acid content, i.e., sugar-acid ratio and the content of certain volatile aromatic components, changes of their contents have been examined in some important plum cultivars in Serbia after seven-day storage at the temperature 20±1 °C. Sugar-acid ratio that determines sweetness, i.e., fruit acidity, has not significantly changed during thе storage period. Among 10 examined aromatic components, the most significant changes have been observed in 2-E-hexenal, which gives a distinctive green note aroma and nonanal, characteristic plum-like scent. During the seven-day storage of picked plums, the content of 2-E-hexenal decreased while the content of nonanal increased
In vitro кълняемост на полен от различни сортове високо храстовидна боровинка отглеждани в Западна Сърбия
No full textIn vitro pollen germination test is one of the main indicators of pollen functional viability. This characteristic is in large extent the first indicator of the genotype adaptation to different geographical conditions. The paper presents the results of in vitro pollen germination of highbush blueberry cultivars Reka', 'Nui', 'Duke', 'Ozarkblue' and 'Bluecrop' (control), grown in agro-ecological conditions of Western Serbia. During the three-year study the highest pollen germination was recorded in cultivar ‘Reka’ (80.93%), and the lowest in cultivar 'Nui' (62.31%). Since the weather conditions can greatly affect the expression of these traits, the lowest pollen germination in all cultivars was recorded in the second year of the study (70.14%).Изследването на in vitro кълняе-мостта на полен е един от основните показатели за функционалната жизне-ност на полена. Тази характеристика до голяма степен е първият показател за генотипното приспособяване към различни географски условия. Статията представя резултати за in vitro кълняемост на полен на високо храстовидна боровинка от сортове "Река", "Нюи", "Дюк", "Озаркблу" и "Блукроп" (контрола), отглеждани в агроекологичните условия на Западна Сърбия. По време на тригодишното изследване най-силна кълняемост на полен е отчетена при сорт "Река" (80.93%), а най-слаба при сорт "Нюи" (62.31%). Тъй като климатичните условия могат значително да повлияят на изразяването на тези характерни белези, най-слаба кълняемост на полена при всички сортове е отчетена през втората година (70.14%)
Biological and pomological properties of autochthonous plum cultivars in agroecological conditions of Čačak
No full textIspitivanja obuhvaćena ovim radom su sprovedena sa ciljem determinacije
najvažnijih biološko-pomoloških osobina osam autohtonih sorti šljive (Belošljiva Ljubić,
Bugarka, Cerovački piskavac, Crnošljiva, Crvena ranka, Dragačevka, Papračanka i
Petrovača) u ex situ uslovima tokom 2015. i 2016. godine. Proučavane su najznačajnije
fenološke osobine (fenofaze cvetanja i sazrevanja plodova), morfometrijske (masa ploda i
koštice, randman mezokarpa ploda) i senzorne osobine ploda (boja pokožice i mezokarpa
ploda, čvrstina mezokarpa i stepen prijanjanja koštice), kao i bujnost (površina poprečnog
preseka debla) i rodnost (prinos po stablu i koeficijent rodnosti). Proučavani genotipovi
šljive su cvetali od kraja prve do sredine treće dekade aprila, a sazrevali tokom treće
dekade jula i prve i druge dekade avgusta. Najvećom bujnošću i najvišim prinosom po
stablu se odlikovala sorta Dragačevka, dok je najviši indeks rodnosti utvrđen kod sorte
Cerovački piskavac. Najveća masa ploda i koštice su utvrđene kod sorte Belošljiva Ljubić,
a najveći randman mezokarpa ploda kod sorte Dragačevka. Dominirala je tamno plava
boja pokožice ploda. Mezokarp ploda je bio žute ili žuto-zelene boje, srednje čvrst do
čvrst, dok je koštica bila slobodna, delimično slobodna ili je u potpunosti prijanjala za
mezokarp ploda.This study was carried out to determine basic biological and pomological traits of
eight ex situ autochthonous plum cultivars (‘Belošljiva Ljubić’, ‘Bugarka’, ‘Cerovački
piskavac’, ‘Crnošljiva’, ‘Crvena ranka’, ‘Dragačevka’, ‘Papračanka’ and ‘Petrovača’)
during two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). Examination included investigation of the
main phenological properties (flowering and ripening time), morphometrical (fruit and
stone weight and flesh percentage) and sensorial properties of fruit (fruit scin and flesh
colour, flesh firmness and stone adherence), as well as vigour (trunk cross sectional area)
and cropping potential (yield per tree and yield efficiency). Studied plum cultivars
flowered from the end of the first to the mid of the third decade of April and ripened
during the third decade of July and the first and the second decade of August. The highest
vigour and yield per tree was found in cultivar ‘Dragačevka’, while the highest yield
efficiency was observed in cultivar ‘Cerovački piskavac’. Cultivar ‘Belošljiva Ljubić’ had
the highest values of fruit and stone weight. The highest velue of flesh percentage was
observed in cultivar ‘Dragačevka’. Dark-blue fruit skin colour was dominant, while flesh
colour varied from yellowish green to yellow. Flesh was medium firm to firm and non
adherent, semi adherent or adherent to the stone
Morphological description and molecular detection of Pestalotiopsis sp on hazelnut in Serbia
No full textIn autumn 2015, hazelnut plants with leaf blight symptoms were noticed in a commercial plantation in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on morphological characterization, the fungus isolated from the material was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity tests showed that two selected isolates infected hazelnut leaves and fruits that developed symptoms after artificial inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and fruits, confirming Koch's postulates. Molecular identification was performed with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, EF1-alpha, and TUB genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of the morphological identification. The detection of Pestalotiopsis sp., a causal agent of leaf blight on hazelnut in Serbia, is one of a few reports of these pathogenic fungi on hazelnut
Determination of s-genotype in apple and sweet cherry cultivars released at fruit research institute, Čačak
No full textApples and sweet cherries are generally characterized by self-incompatibility, which is controlled by the multiallelic locus S with gametophytic action. Thus the identification of S-genotype represents crucial information for fruit breeders and growers. The aim of this study was to identify the S-genotype of two apple ('Cacanska Pozna' and 'Cadel') and two sweet cherry ('Asenova Rana' and 'Carna') cultivars developed at Fruit Research Institute, Cacak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with consensus and allele-specific primers. The S-genotype of apple cultivars 'Cacanska Pozna' (S7S9) and 'Cadel' (S2S7) were consistent with parental combinations 'Starking Delicious' (S9S28) x 'Jonathan' (S7S9) and 'Golden Delicious' (S2S3) x 'Jonathan' (S7S9), respectively. For sweet cherry cultivars 'Asenova Rana' ['Drogans Gelbe' (S1S5) x 'Majova Rana' (S1S4)] and 'Carna' ['Majova Rana' (S1S4) x 'Bigarreau de Schrecken' (S1S3)], S3S9 and S1S4 were identified respectively, suggesting that the reported pedigree is erroneous. The trueness-to-type of DNA samples of both sweet cherry cultivars was confirmed by comparison of cultivar samples from more than one site. Upon this testing, the remaining inconsistency indicated that aforementioned parentages of the sweet cherry cultivars were incorrect. These discrepancies could be the result of possible pollen contamination, or mistakes either in breeders recording or in seed processing and seedling production. The results of S-genotyping of apple and sweet cherry cultivars provide relevant information on correct assignment of these cultivars to cross-compatibility groups, which are important for cross design in developing new cultivar, as well as for orchard management in the efficient production of fruits
An assessment of the genetic integrity of micropropagated raspberry and blackberry plants
No full textIn vitro clonal propagation of small fruit species has been one of the most broadly exploited approaches in biotechnology. However, the most critical aspect of this propagation technology has been the maintenance of genetic fidelity of tissue culture-raised plants. In the present study, three techniques were deployed in the assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants (TC plants) of blackberry cultivar Cacanska Bestrna' and raspberry cultivar 'Meeker' in the second year after planting in the open field, in comparison to plants originating from the standard planting material (ST plants). Flow cytometry analysis deployed to estimate the DNA ploidy level and relative nuclear DNA content in TC and ST plants revealed no significant differences in nuclear DNA content between plants of different origin. Chromosome counting in root/shoot tip meristems also showed a normal tetraploid chromosome number (2n = 4x = 28) in TC blackberry plants and a normal diploid chromosome number (2n = 2x = 14) in TC raspberry plants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peroxidase (POX) extracted from the leaf tissue revealed no differences in POX profiles between TC and ST plants either. The results obtained in this study verify the suitability of micropropagation by axillary branching for commercial exploitation in blackberry and raspberry
Влияние на мрежи против градушка върху добивите и качеството на плодовете на сортове малини в Западна Сърбия
No full textThe impact of anti-hail nets on yield and fruit quality of two floricane red raspberry cultivars 'Meeker' and 'Willamette' and a primocane cultivar 'Polka' has been examined in agro- ecological conditions of Western Serbia. The experiments were set up in the localities in the municipality of Arilje (Western Serbia). Anti-hail net and drip irrigation system were installed in 'Meeker' and 'Willamette' plantations. In the plantation with cultivar 'Polka', beside anti- hail net and drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation system was installed. During the same period, experiments were also conducted in the plantations of these cultivars grown by the conventional system without anti-hail net and with drip irrigation system.
Obtained results showed that anti- hail net in unfavorable weather conditions (high temperatures, excessive insolation, snow and hail) significantly reduce their negative effects. In contrast, the negative effect of anti-hail net was recorded during seasons with extremely high rainfall and a reduced amount of daylight.Изследвано е влиянието на мрежи против градушка, върху качеството на плодовете на два сорта червени малини "Мийкър“ и „Виламет“, плодоносещи на двугодишни леторасти “floricane” и сорт "Полка" плододаващ на едногодишни ле торасти ”primocane”, при агроекологичните условия на Западна Сърбия. Експери- ментите са заложени в районите на община Ариле (Западна Сърбия). Мрежите против градушка и капковите поливни системи са положени в насажденията с "Мийкър“ и „Виламет“. В насаждение със сорт "Полка", освен мрежа против градушка и капково напояване, е сложена и пръскачка за поливане. През същия период, са проведени експерименти в насажденията на тези сортове, отглеждани по конвенционалната система без мрежа против градушка и капково напояване.
Получените резултати показват, че мрежата против градушка при неблагоприятни климатични условия (високи температури, прекомерно слънчево излъчване, сняг и градушка) значително намалява тяхното отрицателно въздействие. За сравнение, отрицателното въздействие на мрежата против градушка е отчетено през сезони с изключително високи валежи и на малено количество на дневна светлина
Some attributes of the vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) depending on the cultivar and rootstock
No full textU periodu od 2011. do 2016. godine ispitivan je uticaj tri podloge (sejanac Džanarike, St. Julien A, Pumiselect®) na bujnost stabla, prorodevanje, prinos i spoljašnji kvalitet ploda (masa ploda i koštice, randman mezokarpa i oblik ploda) kod tri genotipa kajsije [‘Novosadska rodna’ (‘NR’), ‘NS-4’, ‘NS-6’]. Rezultati su pokazali da podloge nisu uticale na bujnost stabala genotipova, ali su menjale njihov prinos, kumulativni prinos i koeficijent rodnosti, osim kod ‘NR’ i ‘NS-4’. Pumiselect® je uslovio bolje vrednosti ispitivanih paramatera u poređenju sa Džanarikom i St. Julien A. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u bujnosti stabla i parametrima produktivnosti između genotipova. Što se tiče fizičkih osobina ploda, podloge su izazvale variranje njegove mase kod svih genotipova, randmana mezokarpa kod ‘NR’ i ‘NS-6’ i oblika ploda kod ‘NS-4’ i ‘NS-6’. U većini slučajeva, plodovi genotipova na Pumiselect® i St. Julien A su imali veću masu ploda i randman mesa u odnosu na Džanariku. Džanarika, delimično i Pumiselect®, su uticali na povećanje vrednosti sferičnosti. Uticaj podloga na masu koštice nije bio značajan. Što se tiče genotipova, oni su uticali na variranje mase ploda i koštice, ali nisu uticali na vrednosti randmana mesa i sferičnosti. ‘NR’ je imala najveću masu ploda, dok su najveću masu koštice imali ‘NR’ i ‘NS-4’. ‘NS-6’ je imao najmanju masu ploda i koštice.From 2011 to 2016, the influence of three rootstocks (Myrobalan seedlings, St. Julien A, Pumiselect®) on the tree vigour, precocity, yield and external fruit quality (fruit and stone weight, flesh rate and fruit shape) at the three genotypes of apricot [‘Novosadska rodna’ (‘NR’), ‘NS-4’, ‘NS-6’] was investigated. Results showed that rootstocks were not affected tree growth of genotypes, but changed their yield, cumulative yield and yield efficiency, except for ‘NR’ and ‘NS-4’. Pumiselect® conditioned better values for investigated parameters in comparison with Myrobalan and St. Julien A, respectively. Differences in tree vigour and productivity parameters among genotypes were not significant. As far as the fruit physical properties, the rootstocks caused variation of their weight in all genotypes, flesh rate in ‘NR’ and ‘NS- 6’ and fruit shape (sphericity) in ‘NS-4’ and ‘NS-6’. In the most cases, the fruits of genotypes on Pumiselect® and St. Julien A had higher fruit weight and flesh rate in relation to the Myrobalan. Myrobalan, partially Pumiselect®, have contributed to the increase sphericity values. The influence of rootstocks on stone weight was not significant. As for as the genotypes, they are influenced variation of fruit and stone weight, but did not affect the values of flesh rate and sphericity, respectively. 'NR' had the highest fruit weight, whereas the highest stone weight had 'NR' and ‘NS-4’. ‘NS-6’ had the lowest fruit and stone weight
Influence of Mineral Fertilizer, Farmyard Manure, Natural Zeolite, and their Mixture on Fruit Quality and Leaf Micronutrient Levels of Apple Trees
No full textAdequate soil conditions and fertilization as a cultural practice are the basis of fruit crops production. This study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine impact of soil application of complex nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizer alone and its mixture with cattle manure (M) and natural zeolite (A) on yield, fruit physico-chemical traits and leaf micronutrient amounts at 120 days after full bloom (DAFB) in "Idared" and "Melrose apples grown on heavy and acidic soil under Serbian conditions. Results showed that NPK increased yield in "Idared" and both NPK+A and NPK+M in "Melrose." Fertilizer applications were not influenced by fruit physico-chemical attributes, but differences between cultivars were significant. Fertilizers induced changes of leaf micronutrients amount, but effect was not consistent. In "Idared," NPK+A and NPK+M mixtures improved amounts of the most micronutrients, whereas in "Melrose," NPK and mixture NPK+A+M increased leaf micronutrients in more cases. According to deviation from optimum percentage (DOP and Sigma DOP indexes), excessive leaf iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was found and deficiency of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). "Melrose" exhibited much better balanced nutritional values for nutrients as compared to "Idared," whereas NPK+M in "Idared" and NPK alone in "Melrose" promoted better balanced nutritional values. Since the impact of nutrients on the studied features is not consistent, more research will need to be conducted to investigate the long-term effect of NPK alone or in mixture with natural zeolite and manure fertilization on apples
Determination of size and shape features of hazelnuts using multivariate analysis
No full textNut and kernel size, shape and some sensorial traits in ten hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars were evaluated using an objective procedure based on multivariate analysis in order to obtain an important value of these cultivars for growers, processing and consumers. Cultivars were compared with nuts and kernels of C. avellana L. and C. colurna L. Significant differences in all physical properties were found among the cultivars, and also among cultivars and hazelnut species. A high correlation was found among some hazelnut traits. Cluster and principal component analysis supported results obtained by analysis of variance, and segregated genotypes in similar groups according to their characteristics evaluated. Procedure described may be useful in analyzing impacts of genotype per se on nut and kernel physical and sensorial properties, and also determine the factors for growers, breeders, especially for harvesting, sorting and other postharvest operations in order to establish optimal machine and equipment design