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Cane properties, yield, berry quality attributes and leaf nutrient composition of blackberry as affected by different fertilization regimes
No full textResearch was conducted during three consecutive years to evaluate the effects of compound NPK (15-15-15), cattle manure and natural zeolite, commercially named "Agrozel", applied alone or in combination, on cane properties, yield, berry quality attributes and mid-summer leaf mineral status of 'Thornfree' blackberry grown on an acidic, shallow, heavy-textured soil in the region of Cacak, Western Serbia.Results revealed that all evaluated traits significantly differed among fertilizer treatments and across years in general. In most cases, all evaluated properties, except leaf nutrient content, were affected by the fertilizer treatment x year interaction. Generally, mixtures of NPK, cattle manure and Agrozel (T-3) and NPK and cattle manure (T-7), and NPK alone (T-1) in most cases had better and similar capacity to improve primocane growth, bearing shoot characteristics, productivity, berry physical properties and levels of some macro- and micronutrients compared to other treatments, whereas the combined applications of Agrozel and manure (T-4) and NPK and Agrozel (T-5) and especially Agrozel alone (T-6) induced the lowest values for most properties. The effect of fertilization treatments on berry soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), juice pH and leaf N, Mg and Zn levels was not significant. The highest values of cane traits, berry external attributes and RI were obtained in 2008, yield, berry acidity, most of leaf nutrients in 2010, and SSC and juice pH were found in 2009, respectively. DOP and Sigma DOP indexes revealed that primocane leaf nutrient amounts were within recommended levels, except P, K and B, which were below recommended standards. Three-year fertilization induced a good leaf nutrient balance
Testing of different iron sources and concentrations on shoot multiplication of blackberry (rubus fruticosus l.)
No full textThe aim of this work was to evaluate shoot multiplication of two blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) cultivars 'Black Satin' and 'Loch Ness' on two culture media: Murashige & Skoog (MS) and its modification Murashige & Skoog Van der Salm medium (MS VDS) which differ only in iron source (FeNaEDTA, FeEDDHA, respectively). Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in shoot multiplication between different iron sources for both tested cultivars. For 'Black Satin' it was shown that double concentration of chelates FeNaEDTA and FeEDDHA in culture media negatively affected on shoot growth and multiplication. These results can be very useful for further optimization of micropropagation process for different Rubus cultivars
Производство на нуклеарен материал от високохрастовидна американска боровинка в Сърбия
No full textThe highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is becoming increasingly important small fruit crop in Serbian agriculture. According to some estimations, highbush blueberries are cultivated on approximately 700 ha in Serbia. In 2015, a program for the production of certified highbush blueberry pathogen-tested material has started in the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak. A total of 52 candidate clones of 10 cultivars were selected during 2015 and 2016. Plants were planted in a sterile medium and put in the insect-proof screen-house. Since 2016, plants were regularly visually checked for the presence of bacteria, fungi and other diseases or unknown symptoms. All plants were annually tested by ELISA for the presence of Blueberry shock virus, Blueberry mottle virus, Blueberry scorch virus, Blueberry shoestring virus, Tomato ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus and Peach rosette mosaic virus; and by PCR on Blueberry red ringspot virus, Blueberry mosaic-associated virus and phytoplasmas. Samples from candidate clones were also indexed on the herbaceous indicator Cucumis sativus. None of these pathogens have been detected in tested candidate clones so far.Високохрастовидната американска боровинка (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) става все поважна ягодоплодна култура в сръбското селско стопанство. Според някои оценки, храстовидната боровинка се отглеждат на около 700 ha в Сърбия. През 2015 г. в Изследователски институт по овощарство в Чачак започна програма за производство на сертифициран материал, pathogen-tested. През 2015 и 2016 г. са селектирани общо 52 кандидат-клона от 10 сорта. Растенията са засадени в стерилна среда, поставени под мрежи за защита от насекоми. От 2016 г. Растенията редовно се проверяват визуално за наличие на бактериални, гъбни и други болести или неизвестни симптоми. Всички растения ежегодно са изследвани, чрез ELISA, за наличието на Blueberry shock virus, Blueberry mottle virus, Blueberry scorch virus, Blueberry shoestring virus, Tomato ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus и Peach rosette mosaic virus и чрез PCR за Blueberry red ringspot virus, мозаечен вирус и фитоплазми. Проби от кандидатa-клоновете са индексирани също и върху тревистия индикатор Cucumis sativus. Нито един от тези патогени не е открит досега в изследваните кандидат-клонове
Uticaj dipovanјa na kinetiku sušenјa plodova sorata Čačanska rodna i Stanley
No full textThe paper shows the results of the impact of dipping on fruit-drying kinetics in two cultivars that represent the most significant source of prunes in Serbia (Čačanska Rodna and Stanley). Dipping was performed in laboratory conditions, by submerging fruits in boiling water. Testing was performed at two drying temperatures, 70 ºC and 90 ºC in the experimental fruit dryer used for testing the convective drying method, to the point of attaining 75% of total dry matter content in the prune. While dipping at 90 °C, drying time is reduced by an average of 5% compared to the control (undpipped fruits) whereas at the drying temperature of 70 °C, reduction of drying time is about 10% in both tested cultivars.Sušenje šlјiva je spor i dugotrajan proces zbog toga što pokožicu plodova pokriva voštani pepelјak i zato što se plodovi suše celi. Da bi se povećala brzina sušenja koriste se razni predtretmani, a najčešće korišćena operacija je dipovanje. U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja dipovanja na kinetiku sušenja plodova dve najznačajnije sorte za sušenje u Srbiji (Čačanska rodna i Stanley).
Plodovi za sušenje su ubrani probirno, prosečne mase oko 37 g za sortu Čačanska rodna i 43 g za sortu Stanley, u fazi optimalne zrelosti za preradu sušenjem, tako da je sadržaj ukupnih suvih materija sorte Čačanska Rodna 22,80%, a sorte Stanley 19,47%. Sušenje plodova je obavljeno u eksperimentalnoj sušari za ispitivanje procesa konvektivnog sušenja. Primenjen je prostrujni postupak sušenja na dve konstantne temperature vazduha, 70 °C i 90 °C. Sušeni su plodovi bez prethodne pripreme (kontrola) i dipovani plodovi (plodovi šljive su u laboratorijskim uslovima potapani u ključalu vodu u trajanju od 20 sekundi). Kroz lese sa plodovima šljive uvodi se vertikalno prostrujno zagrejan vazduh definisanih karakteristika (temperatura, protok). Brzina strujanja vazduha u preseku komore za sušenje je 1 m/s. Smer vertikalnog prostrujavanja u toku sušenja menjan je naizmenično i periodično u intervalima od 60 min. Sušenje plodova je završeno kada je u plodovima dostignuto 75% ukupne suve materije.
Kinetika sušenja se može predstaviti različitim krivama koje predstavlјaju promene po vremenu različitih veličina stanja osnovnog materijala koji se suši. U radu su prikazane krive sadržaja vlage na suvu osnovu i krive brzine sušenja. Uočeno je da se na početku sušenja, pri temperaturi 90 °C ostvaruje velika brzina sušenja koja se manifestuje velikim gubitkom slobodne vode, pa je već posle 2 h isparilo oko 50% slobodne vode kod sorte Čačanska rodna. Brzina sušenja plodova sorte Stanley bila je nešto manja, tako da je posle 2 h sušenja isparilo oko 35% slobodne vode. Na ovoj temperaturi sušenja brzina isparavanja vlage iz plodova bila je slična kako kod dipovanih plodova tako i kod plodova koji predstavljaju kontrolu. Zbog toga su vremena sušenja dipovanih plodova i plodova koji predstavljaju kontrolu za sortu Čačanska Rodna iznosila 8,5 h i 9 h, a za plodove sorte Stanley 9,5 i 10 h, po redosledu. Drugim rečima, na temperaturi sušenja 90 °C dipovanje je uslovilo skraćenje vremena sušenja za 5,5% kod sorte Čačanska rodna i 5% kod sorte Stanley. Na temperaturi sušenja 70 °C isparavanje vode iz plodova bilo je daleko slabijeg intenziteta, zbog čega je kod sorte Čačanska Rodna sušenje dipovanih plodova trajalo 18 h, a kod plodova koji predstavljaju kontrolu 20 h, dok kod plodova sorte Stanley sušenje je trajalo 20 h i 22 h, po redosledu. U ovom slučaju, u odnosu na kontrolu, dipovanje je uslovilo skraćenje vremena sušenja plodova za 10% kod sorte Čačanska Rodna i za 9% kod sorte Stanley
Alel d ACO1 gena jabuke [Malus floribunda 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO1) gene, ACO1-d allele, partial cds]
No full textNovo tehničko rešenje (nije komercijalizovano), odnosno nova genska proba Alel d ACO1 gena jabuke [Malus floribunda 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO1) gene, ACO1-d allele, partial cds], predstavlja inovativno rešenje koje poseduje stručnu komponentu celokupnog i samostalnog rezultata. Rezultati istraživanja se ogledaju u potvrđenom identitetu sekvence novootkrivenog alela d ACO1 gena, prethodno identifikovanog na bazi restrikcione analize ACO1 PCR proizvoda kod vrste Malus floribunda 821. U dostupnoj literaturi, diskriminacija identifikovanih alela ACO1 gena je bazirana na PCR amplifikaciji fragmenata dužine 525 bp (ACO1-1 alel koji odgovara alelu B) i/ili 587 bp (ACO1-2 alel koji odgovara alelu A), dok je u okviru ovog tehničkog rešenja identifikovan alel na osnovu amplifikacije kompletnog gena (fragment dužine 1.532 bp) i digestije PCR proizvoda sa šest restrikcionih enzima (EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, BamH1, PstI i RsaI). Daljom analizom je utvrđeno da restrikcioni enzimi EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, BamH1 i PstI dovode do istog modela polimorfizma, stoga je za diskriminaciju alela d ACO1 gena neophodna digestija sa jednim od pet navedenih enzima u kombinaciji sa RsaI enzimom. Posebno treba naglasiti da su proučavanja alelnog polimorfizma ACO1 gena u okviru ovih istraživanja sprovedena na velikom broju genotipova jabuke različitog porekla, uključujući i vrste roda Malus Miller. Ključni elementi koji su doveli do realizacije ove genske probe odnose se na: umnožavanje fragmenta ACO1 gena sa genomske DNK uzorka vrste jabuke Malus floribunda 821 (dd), primenom PCR metode; restrikcionu analizu PCR proizvoda ACO1 gena sa BamH1 и RsaI enzimima; prečišćavanje proizvoda PCR reakcije; pripremu inserta i ligaciju u vektor (pCR®2.1); transformaciju kompetentnih ćelija (One Shot™ TOP10F' kompetentne Escherichia coli); plazmid pre-test; ekstrakciju plazmida; digestiju plazmida (sa EcoRI, uz dodatnu restrikciju sa RsaI enzimom za potvrđivanje alela); analizu sekvenci (DNAStar Lasergene Software). Sekvenca alela d je prvi put u okviru ovih istraživanja deponovana u NCBI GenBank bazu podataka pod pristupnim brojem КЈ206336 (verzija: КЈ206336.1). Alel d ACO1 gena poseduje četiri egzona i tri introna, ukupne dužine 1.532 bp (dužina egzona - 900 bp; dužina introna - 632 bp). Identičnost na nukleotidnom nivou između alela d i alela identifikovanih i prikazanih u okviru drugih tehničkih rešenja (JQ675679, JQ675680 i JQ675681 - sekvence alela a, b i c, po redosledu), kreće se od 98,4% (aleli d i a; aleli d i c) do 98,7% (aleli d i b). Najmanja divergentnost uočena je kod sekvenci prvog introna, a najveća kod sekvenci trećeg introna, u okviru kojih je pored razlika u pojedinačnim nukleotidima konstatovana delecija dužine 62 nukleotida kod alela b i d. Ova strukturna promena može uticati na nivo ekspresije, odnosno ukazuje na potencijalni značaj alela d za oplemenjivački rad na jabuci. Poređenjem dedukovanih aminokiselinskih sekvenci alela d ACO1 gena (300 aminokiselina) i sekvenci prethodno navedenih alela (a, b i c), utvrđen je nivo identičnosti od 97,3% (aleli d i a) do 98,7% (aleli d i b), što ukazuje da je proteinska sekvenca visoko konzervirana. ACC oksidaza pripada familiji Fe(II) – zavisnih oksigenaza za čiju aktivnost su neophodni ACC, kiseonik i askorbat kao supstrati, dok su Fe2+ i ugljendioksid neophodni kao kofaktori. Aminokiselinska sekvenca alela d ACO1 gena, identifikovanog u okviru ovog tehničkog rešenja, potvrdila je da su očuvani motivi za vezivanje Fe2+ [His-177-X-Asp-179-X(54)-His-234] i kosupstrata (Arg-244-X-Ser-246), kao i aminokiseline Lys-296 i Arg-299 u C-terminalnom heliksu, koje su esencijalne za aktivnost enzima. Direktna aplikativnost dobijenih rezultata se ogleda u razvijenoj metodi za preciznu, relativno jednostavnu i brzu detekciju alela d kod genotipova/vrsta jabuke, a koja podrazumeva amplifikaciju ACO1 genomskog fragmenta primenom PCR metode i digestiju sa dva restrikciona enzima - BamH1 и RsaI, pri čemu ovom alelu odgovaraju polimorfni fragmenti DNK sledećih dužina: 700 bp i 760 bp (fragmenti f1 i f2; digestija sa BamH1), kao i 530 bp i 680 bp (označeni kao fragment f1; digestija sa RsaI). Detektovani polimorfizam ACO1 gena i razvijene metode identifikacije alela se koriste za genotipizaciju vrsta, sorti, selekcija i potomstava jabuke.Novo tehničko rešenje (nije komercijalizovano) - nova genska proba (M85
Comparison of Climate Change Effects on Pome And Stone Fruit Phenology Between Balkan Countries and Bonn/Germany
No full textThe objective of the joint project between the two universities of Bonn and Sarajevo was to study the effects of climate change associated with warmer winter and spring temperatures on fruit tree phenology. Changes in flowering date of apple and cherry were correlated with local weather data obtained concomitantly on-site at four locations in the Balkan countries Slovenia, Serbia, B&H and at Bonn, Germany.Phenological data of flower opening (F1; BBCH61) of apple cv. Golden Delicious' originated from 55years at Cacak (44 degrees N, Serbia) and at Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn (50 degrees N), cv. Bobovec' from the University of Ljubljana (46 degrees N, Slovenia) and cherry cv. Burlat' (35years at Klein-Altendorf, 50 degrees N) and 20-30years at Tuzla (44 degrees N, B&H) and Mostar (43 degrees N, Bosnia & Herzegovina; B&H).The annual precipitation showed anegligible change in the last 55years of 5% in the Balkan countries (e.g. Cacak, 699mm), but only 1.8% at Klein-Altendorf (605mm) with aslight shift to more winter rainfall.Regression analysis showed an increase in mean temperature of 1.7 degrees C (annual) and 1.45 degrees C for the vegetation period at Klein-Altendorf (last 55years), Germany. In the evaluated Balkan stations, the greatest increase in annual air temperature between two climate phases (until 1987 versus from 1988 until now) was at Ljubljana (1.4 degrees C) and Cacak (1.2 degrees C) in contrast to the least increase (0.3 degrees C) at Tuzla (annual average 10 degrees C) and an intermediate value (0.9 degrees C) in the warmer Mostar (annual average 14.5 degrees C).This recent temperature increase advanced flower opening by 10-14days for apple such as cv. Golden Delicious' at Cacak and 7-10days (last 55years) at Bonn and 4-5days (last 35years) for the early cherry cv. Burlat' at Klein-Altendorf/Bonn; at Mostar and Tuzla, the effect of climate change was greater with the early cherry cv. Burlat' (26days) compared with the difference of the late cherry cultivar (16days). Before recent climate change (1973-1987), cherry flower was advanced by 10days in the warmer med climate at Mostar but delayed by 16days in the cooler Tuzla. The results, i.e. the flower advancement in the Continental climate but flower delay in the med climate, are discussed with respect to the risk of late frost and countermeasures to combat climate change effects
Analytical indicators of plum fruit sensory characteristic changes after seven-day storage at room temperature
No full textConsumer acceptance of plum is based, primarily, on the corresponding sensory characteristics of the fruits: appearance, colour, firmness, taste and aroma. If not consumed immediately after harvesting, the aforementioned characteristics of plum will change. Still, those changes are less expressed when fruits are kept in cold storage, at low temperatures. However, during the transport and storage of plum at room temperature, which is often the case in local market plum sale, intense changes of certain characteristics of the fruit happens as well as a significant shortening of shelf life. The most expressive is firmness change where fruits become completely soft after seven days. Appearance and colour of the fruit are less susceptible to change. Since plum taste and odour depend on sugar and acid content, i.e., sugar-acid ratio and the content of certain volatile aromatic components, changes of their contents have been examined in some important plum cultivars in Serbia after seven-day storage at the temperature 20±1 °C. Sugar/acid ratio that determines sweetness, i.e., fruit acidity, has not significantly changed during thе storage period. Among 10 examined aromatic components, the most significant changes have been observed in 2-E-hexenal, which gives a distinctive green note aroma and nonanal, characteristic plum-like scent. During the seven-day storage of picked plums, the content of 2-E-hexenal decreased while the content of nonanal increased
Kinetics of dry matter content during drying of cv ‘Čačanska Rodna’ fruits
No full textDrying kinetics of plum fruits can be presented with diifferent drying curves (curves of fruit mass, moisture content on a wet base, moisture content on a dry base…), as well as with appropriate drying rate curves. This paper presents the curve of dry matter content change of the fruits of CV ‘Čačanska Rodna’ during the drying process. Fruits of the plum cultivar Čačanska rodna taken from the Fruit Research Institute Čačak ’Preljinsko brdo’ site have been used for the examination. Tests were conducted using convective procedure in the hot air flow at the constant drying temperature of 90 ºC throughout the experimental drying chamber. Prior to drying experiments, fresh fruit mass, content of stone and dry matter content were determined. Mass share of the stone in the fruit was determined based on the fruit and stone mass. Before the drying process, the fresh plum fruits with pre-defined characteristics were distributed on the trays. Then the trays were placed in a drying chamber with the pre-adjusted drying air temperature. During the drying process, fruit masses were measured on the trays at the respective time intervals, thereby monitoring the kinetic process. It was noted that dry matter content in fruits increased during the drying process and the curves of dry matter content change were suitable for presenting the kinetics of drying process
Kinetics of dry matter content during drying of cv ‘Čačanska Rodna’ fruits
No full textDrying kinetics of plum fruits can be presented with diifferent drying curves (curves of fruit mass, moisture content on a wet base, moisture content on a dry base…), as well as with appropriate drying rate curves. This paper presents the curve of dry matter content change of the fruits of CV ‘Čačanska Rodna’ during the drying process. Fruits of the plum cultivar Čačanska rodna taken from the Fruit Research Institute Čačak ’Preljinsko brdo’ site have been used for the examination. Tests were conducted using convective procedure in the hot air flow at the constant drying temperature of 90 ºC throughout the experimental drying chamber. Prior to drying experiments, fresh fruit mass, content of stone and dry matter content were determined. Mass share of the stone in the fruit was determined based on the fruit and stone mass. Before the drying process, the fresh plum fruits with pre-defined characteristics were distributed on the trays. Then the trays were placed in a drying chamber with the pre-adjusted drying air temperature. During the drying process, fruit masses were measured on the trays at the respective time intervals, thereby monitoring the kinetic process. It was noted that dry matter content in fruits increased during the drying process and the curves of dry matter content change were suitable for presenting the kinetics of drying process
Несъвместимост на поленови тръби в стълбчето на сорт сливи "Позна Плава"
No full textSelf-incompatibility in fruits prevents self-fertilization by recognition and rejection of its own or genetically identical pollen. Occurrence of gametophyte incompatibility is accompanied by irregular pollen tube growth with an abundant accumulation of callose in it. In a three-year period, pollen tube incompatibility in the style of the plum cultivar ‘Pozna Plava’ in three pollination variants was analysed using fluorescent microscopic aniline blue staining method. Pollination variants were open, cross- (‘Čačanska Najbolja’, ‘Presenta’, ‘Hanita’) and self-pollination. In all the analysed variants, the presence of pollen tubes with typical signs of incompatibility was found. In most cases, incompatible pollen tubes stopped their growth in the upper third of the style. In cross-pollination with the cultivars ‘Hanita’ and ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ incompatible pollen tubes in the second third of the style were seen as well. The highest percentage of incompatible pollen tubes 4.84% was found in a self-pollination variant. Somewhat lower percentage of incompatible pollen tubes was found in a cross-pollination variant with the cultivar ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ (3.06%), which can be explained by being a parent of the cultivar ‘Pozna Plava’. The lowest percentage (less than 1.3%) of incompatible pollen tubes was found in a cross-pollination variant with the cultivars ‘Presenta’ and ‘Hanita’.Самостерилността, чрез разпознаване и отхвърляне на собствен или генетично идентичен полен, при овощните култури, не позволява самоопрашване. Появата на гаметофитна несъвместимост е придружена от неравномерно нарастване на поленовата тръба с обилно натрупване на калус в нея. За период от три години е проучена не-съвместимостта на поленовата тръба в стълбчето на сливов сорт "Позна Плава" при три варианта на опрашване, като се използва анилиново синьооцветяване за наблюдение под флуоресцентен микроскоп. Вариантите на опрашване са свободно, кръстосано с "Чачанска найболя", "Презента", "Ханита" и самоопрашване. Във всички изследвани варианти установено наличие на поленови тръби с типични признаци на несъвместимост. В повечето случаи несъвместимите поленови тръби спират растежа си в горната третина на стълбчето. Прикръстосаното опрашване със сортовете "Ханита" и "Чачанска найболя" са наблюдавани несъвместими поленови тръби във втората третина на стълбчето. Най-висок процент на несъвместими поленови тръби 4.84% е отчетенвъв варианта на самоопрашване.Понисък процент на несъвместими поленови тръби е отчетен въвварианта на кръстосано опрашване съссорт "Чачанска найболя" (3.06), коетоможе да се обясни с това, че е родителна сорта "Позна Плава". Най-ниският процент (по-малко от 1.3%) на несъвместими поленови тръби е открит при варианта на кръстосано опрашване със сортовете "Презента" и "Ханита"