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Болестта шарка (plum pox virus) в Сърбия – предишни изследвания и бъдещи перспективи за контрол
No full textPlum pox virus (PPV, genus Potyvirus) is the causal agent of Sharka disease that is considered the most detrimental viral disease of stone fruits. Since its discovery in 1932 in Bulgaria, the disease has spread progressively to entire Europe and other continents, except Australia. PPV causes significant yield losses and reduces fruit quality in sensitive plum, peach and apricot cultivars. Sharka was reported in Serbia in 1935, and so far the presence of three major strains (PPV-M, -D and -Rec) was confirmed. Fifteen years ago, a largescale study on the presence, distribution, genetic diversity and epidemiology of Plum pox virus strains has begun at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. In this review, we summarized the results of our field and laboratory research and presented the future prospects for disease control in the country where Sharka is endemic to maintain feasible commercial fruit production.Plum pox virus (PPV, род Potyvirus) е причинител на болестта шарка, която се счита за най-пагубното вирусно заболяване при костилковите видове. От своето откритие през 1932 г. в България болестта се разпространява прогресивно в цяла Европа и други континенти, с изключение на Австралия. PPV причинява значителни загуби в добива и понижава качеството на плодовете при чувствителни сортове сливи, праскови и кайсии. Шарката е установена в Сърбия през 1935 г. И досега е потвърдено наличието на три основни щама (PPV-M, -D и -Rec). Преди петнадесет години в Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак, започна широко мащабно проучване за наличието, разпространението, генетичното разнообразие и епидемиологията на щамовете на Plum pox virus. В настоящoто изследване са обобщени резултатите от наши полски и лабораторни изследвания, предста вени са бъдещи перспективи за контрол върху болестта в Сърбия, където шарка та е ендемична, за приемливо поддържане търговско производство на плодове
Kvalitet ploda i prinosi introdukovanih sorti trešnje (Prunus avium L.) poznog vremena sazrevanja
No full textPomological and productive characteristics of four introduced late-ripening sweet cherry cultivars ‒ ‘Karina’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Regina’ and ‘Summit’, were studied in the West Serbia region, during the three-year period (2008‒2010). The investigation included morphometrical characteristics of fruit (fruit, stone and stalk weight; fruit dimensions ‒ height, width and thickness; stalk length; fruit shape index; mesocarp ratio), chemical composition of fruit (soluble solids content; total sugar, inverted sugar and sucrose contents; total acid content; fruit juice pH; sweetness index), and yields per tree and unit area. The highest value of fruit weight was found in ‘Summit’, whereas ‘Kordia’ was characterized with exceptional quality, in terms of chemical composition of fruits. The highest productivity was achieved in ‘Regina’. Generally, the results pointed to the high-quality fruits and high yields of the investigated cultivars, which can be recommended for the commercial sweet cherry orchards in the Republic of Serbia, in order to improve assortment structure, and to extend harvesting season.Trešnja (Prunus avium L.) je vrsta od značajnog potencijala za voćarstvo Republike Srbije. Relativno visoka cena i zahtevi za svežim plodovima poslednjih godina, uticali su na pojačani interes za podizanjem zasada trešnje, naročito na slabo bujnim podlogama, što dovodi do introdukcije sorti komercijalno značajnih u glavnim proizvodnim regionima Evrope i sveta. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja pomoloških i proizvodnih osobina četiri introdukovane sorte trešnje poznijeg vremena sazrevanja ‒ Karina, Kordia, Regina i Summit, na objektu Preljinsko brdo, Instituta za voćarstvo, Čačak. U trogodišnjem periodu (2008‒2010. godine) proučavane su najznačajnije morfometrijske karakteristike ploda (masa ploda, koštice i peteljke; dimenzije ploda ‒ visina, širina i debljina; dužina peteljke; indeks oblika ploda; udeo mezokarpa u ukupnoj masi ploda), hemijski sastav ploda (sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija, ukupnih šećera, invertnih šećera i saharoze; sadržaj ukupnih kiselina; pH soka ploda; indeks slasti), kao i prinosi po stablu i jedinici površine. Najveću masu imali su plodovi sorte Summit, dok je kod sorte Kordia utvrđen izvanredan kvalitet ploda, naročito u pogledu njegovog hemijskog sastava. Najveći prinosi su utvrđeni kod sorte Regina. U pogledu ispitivanih osobina ispoljene su sortne specifičnosti, koje su ipak u izvesnoj meri modifikovane uticajima faktora spoljne sredine. Uticaj ovih faktora se nije ispoljavao u podjednakoj meri na ispitivane sorte, što je dovelo do odsustva paralelizma, odnosno pojave suprotnih tendencija po sortama i godinama. Ovakav uticaj se manifestovao kao statistički značajan uticaj faktora varijabilnosti, ali i njihovih interakcija. Sprovedena ispitivanja i dobijeni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da se sorte Karina, Kordia i Regina mogu preporučiti za komercijalno gajenje u Republici Srbiji. I pored nešto slabijih rezultata u pogledu prinosa u početnim godinama rodnosti, pažnju zaslužuje i sorta Summit zbog izvanrednog kvaliteta ploda, naročito u pogledu njegove krupnoće. Širenjem ispitivanih sorti može se značajno unaprediti struktura sortimenta i uticati na produženje sezone berbe kvalitetnih plodova trešnjeu Republici Srbiji
Identification of S-alleles in some indigenous sweet cherry genotypes grown in Ohrid region
No full textSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the major fruit species grown in the Ohrid region. The assortment is primarily based on the indigenous genotype of ʻOhridska Dolga Šiškaʼ, which is characterized by very useful biological and agronomic properties that provide high economic value, and which is surrounded with sporadic trees from the other local genotypes for which the growers believe that they are good pollenizers. As the origin of these old genotypes is uncertain, and cases of homonyms or synonyms might occur, a reliable identification is required. Since sweet cherry exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility, controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus that prevents self-fertilisation, determination of S-alleles of indigenous genotypes is an important step in molecular characterization that is also of enormous significance for growers and breeders to choose appropriate pollenizers in the orchard aiming to the efficient production of fruits and planning crosses in developing new cultivars. The paper presents the results of identification of S-alleles and incompatibility group in eight Macedonian indigenous sweet cherry genotypes [four genotypes of ʻOhridska Dolga Šiškaʼ (ODŠ), two genotypes of ʻOhridska Crvena Krckaʼ (OCK), ʻOhridska Brzaʼ and ʻOhridska Crnaʼ] collected in the Ohrid region. The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers for the second introns (PaConsII-F and PaConsII-R) of S-RNase and allele-specific primers revealed the following S-allelic constitutions in the assessed genotypes: S2S4 (ʻOCK-1ʼ), S3S9 (ʻOhridska Brzaʼ), S3S12 (ʻODŠ-O1ʼ, ʻODŠ-O2ʼ, ʻODŠ-S1ʼ and ʻODŠ-S2ʼ) and S4Sx (ʻOCK-2ʼ and ʻOhridska Crnaʼ). Based on the obtained S-allelic constitutions, the assessed genotypes have been assigned to incompatibility groups XIII, XVI and XXII
Quality of prunes obtained from new plum cultivars created in Čaèak
No full textThe paper presents the most significant fresh fruit characteristics in new plum cultivars created at the Fruit Research Institute in Èaèak, Serbia, intended for the production of prunes ('Nada', 'Krina', and 'Mildora', and 'Èaèanska Rodna' as the standard cultivar). Drying was performed using fruits of optimum ripeness level using the experimental dryer at 90°C air temperature. The tested parameters of prune quality included the sugar content, acid content, and the sugar-acid ratio, as well as the organoleptic characteristics (appearance, flavour, aroma, and consistency). Contents of phenolic components in fruits were also determined, including rutin, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, and cyanidin. All of the examined cultivars are conducive to prune production, despite the differences in chemical composition, organoleptic evaluation and contents of phenolic compounds. The colour of the prunes ranged from amber ('Mildora' cultivar) to black ('Nada' cultivar), which is interesting from the aspect of different consumers' tastes. The organoleptic evaluation of the prunes ranged from 17.02 ('Krina' cultivar) to 18.88 ('Èaèanska Rodna' cultivar), which is primarily determined by the different values of the sugar-acid ratio and different phenolics contents
Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity of Extract Berries of Black Currant (Ribes nigrumL.)
No full textThe objective of this study was to identify and quantify phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in extract of berries of seven black currant cultivars (Ben Lomond', Ben Sarek', Titania', aanska Crna', Tisel', Tiben' and Tsema'). High performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) technique was used to establish the profile of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using different methods, including total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The highest amounts of phenolics (15.0mg GAE/g), flavonoids (5.25mg RU/g) and antioxidant capacity (12.4mg AA/g) were found in the cultivar aanska Crna', whereas the other cultivars exhibited variability in the studied parameters. The fruits of black currant contained high concentrations of flavonols and phenolic acids. The main phenolic compounds were quercetin and caffeic acid. All explored extracts exhibited strong scavenging activity against DPPH radicals, which ranges from 56.19g/mL (Titania') to 61.17g/mL (Tisel'). The antimicrobial activity was tested using broth dilution procedure for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MICs were determined for 8selected strains. All extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity, in the range between 50.65g/mL and 166.38g/mL. Black currant fruit extract, rich in phenolic compounds and with strong antioxidant activity can be used as natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industries
Pollen Tube Growth and Embryo Sac Development in 'Pozna Plava' Plum Cultivar Related to Fruit Set
No full textA newly released, late ripening plum cultivar 'Pozna Plava' sets fruit poorly, although it produces high quality fruit. This study aimed to evaluate which factors in the reproductive process could be related to the lack of fruit set. In two consecutive years, establishment of a suitable polleniser and the stage of ovule development at anthesis as well as initial and final fruit set have been studied. In addition to this, the impact made by temperature fluctuations on the interaction between male gametophytes and female sporophytes was also analysed. Growth of the pollen tubes in the style and penetration into the nucellus as well as fruit set were more effective in cross-pollination than in open and self-pollination. A relative delay in ovule development was observed, and most ovules had an embryo sac with eight nuclei. Considering the results of the quantitative parameter study of pollen tube growth in the ovary as well as the results of the stage of ovule development, a conclusion can be made that this cultivar is characterised by an extremely short effective period of pollination
Ефект от приложението на CaCl2 върху добива и качество на икономически значими ябълкови сортове (Malus domestica Borkh.)
No full textDuring 2018 at Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, a research on sodium chloride (CaCl2) application on the yield and quality of fruit of five introduced apple cultivars (ʻGloster 69ʼ, ʻGolden Reindersʼ, ʻGranny Smithʼ, ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ, and ʻRed Chiefʼ) was conducted. Treatments were performed with CaCl2 solution in four times (each 21 day from the beginning of June until the mid of August). In harvest period of investigated cultivars, morphometric characteristics of fruit, firmness and soluble solids content in the fruit as well as yield per unit area were determined. The highest yield per unit area was found in cultivar ʻRed Chiefʼ (73.50 t ha-1 ), аnd the lowest in ʻGranny Smithʼ (45.83 t ha-1 ). Based on morphometric characteristics, cultivar ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ (fruit weight - 218.92 g; height and width - 70.64 mm and 80.97 mm, respectively) singled out as an apple cultivar with large fruits. On the other hand, cultivar ʻGolden Reindersʼ had the lowest weight (147.25 g) and fruit dimensions (height - 63.94 mm and width - 70.55 mm). In all examined cultivars, application of CaCl2 resulted in greater flesh firmness. In respect of the soluble solids content, cultivars ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ (12.91 ° Brix) and ʻGolden Reindersʼ (12.61 ° Brix ) singled out, whereas the lowest soluble solids content (9.05 ° Brix) was determined in the fruit of the cultivar ʻGloster 69ʼ.През 2018 г. в Изследователски институт по овощарство в Чачак е про- ведено изследване за ефекта от при- ложението на калциев хлорид (CaCl2) върху добива и качеството на плодов- ете на пет ябълки („ʻGloster 69ʼ, ʻGolden Reindersʼ, ʻGranny Smithʼ, ʻMorrens интродуцирани сорта Jonagoredʼ, and ʻRed Chiefʼ). Извършени са четири третира- ния с разтвор на СаСl2 (на всеки 21 ден от началото на юни до средата на август). В периода на прибиране на реколтата на изследваните сортове са определени морфометричните характе- ристики на плодовете, твърдост и съ- държание на разтворими сухи вещес- тва в плода, както и добив от единица площ Най-висок добив от единица площ е установен при сорт „ʻRed Chiefʼ ” (73.50 t/ha -1 ), а най-нисък при „ʻGranny Smith” (45.83 t/ha-1 ). На базата на мор- фометричните характеристики, плодо- вете на сорт ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ (тегло на плода 218.92 g; височина и ширина 70.64 mm и съответно 80.97 mm), се открояват като много едри, а сортът "Golden Reinders" има най-ниско тегло (147.25 g) и размери на плода (височина 63.94 mm и широчина 70.55 mm). При всички изследвани сортове е установе- на по-голяма твърдост на плодовото месо при използване на CaCl2. По отно- шение на съдържанието на разтворими сухи вещества, с високи стойности се открояват сортове ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ (12.91°Brix) и ʻGolden Reindersʼ (12.61°Brix), докато най-ниско съдържа- ние на разтворими сухи вещества (8.93°Brix) е установено при сорт „ʻGloster 69ʼ ”
Effect of drying on the change of sugar content in plum fruits
No full textDrying is one of the oldest methods of preserving fruit. In the course of drying process, there is a change in some components of chemical composition to a degree depending on food type, its composition, and drying process itself. The testing was performed in three replications using plum fruits of the ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Mildora’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Stanley’ cultivars, at the optimum ripening stage required for drying, based on soluble solid contents. Drying was performed at the experimental dryer using the convective (streaming) drying process, at two constant air temperatures, 90 °C and 70 °C, until attaining 75% of total dry matter in the prunes. In addition to the control, the fruits were subjected to a pretreatment consisting of dipping in boiling water. This paper reviews the values of total sugars, invert sugars and sucrose in fruits of fresh and dried plums (calculated in grams per 100 grams of total dry matter), as well as the change of these parameters in prunes in relation to the fresh fruits (expressed in percentages). Drying temperature affected the change of total sugars, invert sugars and sucrose content in fruit of the tested plum cultivars. On the other side, dipping as an applied pretreatment had no effect on the change of these parameters except in the cultivar ‘Čačanska Rodna’, which dipped fruits are found to have higher decrease of sucrose compared with non-treated fruits. During drying, hydrolysis of sucrose occurred, manifesting in a dramatic decrease of its content in dried fruits, in relation to the starting raw material in all of the tested cultivars. Intensity of changes was conditioned by varietal characteristics
Influence of organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilisers on cane traits, productivity and berry quality of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
No full textThe present study focused on the influence of organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilisers on primocane growth, floricane properties, yield and berry quality attributes of non-remontant cv. 'Meeker' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) during three consecutive years under western Serbian conditions. We used organo-mineral pelleted NPK fertilizer commercially named 'Excell Orga' (Excell), soluble crystalline complex fertiliser commercially named 'Scotts Solinure 1' (Scotts), water-soluble granulated compound fertiliser commercially named 'Multi Comp Base' (MCB), aged mature cattle manure as a organic fertiliser and control variant (without fertilization). Obtained results showed that primocane growth, floricane traits and berry quality traits significantly varied among fertilisers application and among years with exception of berry shape, soluble solids content (SSC), glucose and fructose contents, respectively. Also, in the most cases interaction fertiliser x year was significant. Among fertilisers, MCB and Scotts significantly improved primocane and floricane properties, berry weight and its size, productivity, single and total sugars contents and bioactive compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity). Control treatment induced better sweetness index than all fertilisers. Among years, rainy 2014 significantly increased primocane growth, floricane traits, yield, berry weight and size, acidity, pH juice, total sugars and sucrose contents and bioactive compounds content, whereas decreased SSC and ripening index (RI). Warm and dry 2012 decreased primocane growth, yield, some berry physical traits, acidity, total sugars and bioactive compounds, whereas increased number of drupelets, SSC and ripening index value. Manure and Excell exhibited a weak influence on the properties investigated, which were often similar to the control treatment or with minor differences