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Identification of S-alleles in some indigenous sweet cherry genotypes grown in Ohrid region
No full textSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the major fruit species grown in the Ohrid region. The assortment is primarily based on the indigenous genotype of ʻOhridska Dolga Šiškaʼ, which is characterized by very useful biological and agronomic properties that provide high economic value, and which is surrounded with sporadic trees from the other local genotypes for which the growers believe that they are good pollenizers. As the origin of these old genotypes is uncertain, and cases of homonyms or synonyms might occur, a reliable identification is required. Since sweet cherry exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility, controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus that prevents self-fertilisation, determination of S-alleles of indigenous genotypes is an important step in molecular characterization that is also of enormous significance for growers and breeders to choose appropriate pollenizers in the orchard aiming to the efficient production of fruits and planning crosses in developing new cultivars. The paper presents the results of identification of S-alleles and incompatibility group in eight Macedonian indigenous sweet cherry genotypes [four genotypes of ʻOhridska Dolga Šiškaʼ (ODŠ), two genotypes of ʻOhridska Crvena Krckaʼ (OCK), ʻOhridska Brzaʼ and ʻOhridska Crnaʼ] collected in the Ohrid region. The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers for the second introns (PaConsII-F and PaConsII-R) of S-RNase and allele-specific primers revealed the following S-allelic constitutions in the assessed genotypes: S2S4 (ʻOCK-1ʼ), S3S9 (ʻOhridska Brzaʼ), S3S12 (ʻODŠ-O1ʼ, ʻODŠ-O2ʼ, ʻODŠ-S1ʼ and ʻODŠ-S2ʼ) and S4Sx (ʻOCK-2ʼ and ʻOhridska Crnaʼ). Based on the obtained S-allelic constitutions, the assessed genotypes have been assigned to incompatibility groups XIII, XVI and XXII
Abnormalities in the ovule development of the European plum cultivar 'Pozna Plava' in the days following anthesis
No full textFactors such as the stage of ovule maturity and longevity at flowering, when the stigma is able to receive the pollen, are significant in terms of fruit set. Various abnormalities during ovule development can often limit pollination, effective pollination period (EPP) and fruit set. In the plum cultivar 'Pozna Plava' (Prunus domestica L.), in the ovaries of open-pollinated flowers and of emasculated unpollinated flowers, we investigated abnormalities in the tissues of primary and secondary ovules during the time of anthesis until 10 days thereafter. At the same time, the viability of the ovules of the unpollinated flowers was examined. Abnormal ovules were considered those with degenerations in the egg apparatus, inverse arrangement of egg cells, more than eight nuclei in the embryo sac as well as degeneration of the nucellus and integuments. In primary ovules, the most frequent abnormality in open-pollinated and unpollinated flowers was the degeneration of the egg apparatus, with frequencies of 14.3-50.0% and 10.0-89.0%, respectively. In the secondary ovules, in both treatments, a completely different picture was obtained. The processes that led to abnormalities in the structure of the secondary ovules first occurred in the cells of the nucellus, while the elements of the embryo sac had a relatively normal cytological organisation. However, the observed abnormalities do not explain the low fruit set of this cultivar
Morphological and molecular identification of Eutypa lata on grapevine in Serbia
No full textDuring a survey from 2004 to 2016, symptoms of grapevine dieback were observed in six vineyards in Serbia. Symptoms initially appeared as small, chlorotic, and necrotic spots along the rim of the leaves, deformation of leafs, and the appearance of shortened shoots, often with the so-called zigzag internodes. Over time, partial or complete dying of the vines developed. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on the morphological characterization, the isolated fungus was initially identified as belonging to Eutypa species. Pathogenicity tests showed that 47 selected isolates caused tissue necrosis around the site of inoculation, chlorosis, and deformation of the leaves, along with the appearance of tiny, necrotic spots on the periphery of the leaf that fall off over time. Inoculated cuttings were stunted, dwarf-like with zigzag internodes. Molecular identification was done with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, TUB, and RPB2 genomic regions. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, all isolated fungi were determined as Eutypa lata
Content of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr in soil and fruits of apple and plum
No full textIn plants, some metals play important role as micronutrient components, significant for growth in low concentrations. If present in higher concentrations than necessary, they can be phytotoxic and cause product contamination. Analysed soils are classified from clay loam to heavy clay, medium to high supply with soil basic fertility parameters, acid to neutral soil reaction. Analysing total content of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr in soils under apple and plum plantations, an averaged higher content of Cu (13,88 mg kg-1), Zn (33,78 mg kg-1), Co (22,05 mg kg-1), Ni (52,38 mg kg-1) has been measured under plum plantations and the content of Ni (9,55 mg kg-1) under apple plantations. Results of the examination on the presence of the above elements in fruits have shown differences in relation to the content in the soil. Content of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr have had higher average values in fruits of apple and the Ni content has been higher in plums, with higher measured values in individual fruits of plum Cu 3,11 mg kg-1 of dry matter), Zn (4,08 mg kg-1 of dry matter), Ni (1,32 mg kg-1 of dry matter). Adoption of metal from the soil depends on the pH value of the soil, organic composition, the soil type and the concentration of metals in the soil itself. It also depends on the percentage of metal adoption through the plant root, water, metabolic capacity, ion absorption and other. Monitoring the content of metals in soil and fruits is significant in sustainable land use and health food safety
Biocompatibility of resin-based composites: comparative analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of constituents and their combinations
No full textResin-based composites are used in dentistry as restorative materials or adhesives. Their
unbound components may diffuse through dentin into the pulp or be swallowed with saliva;
in both cases they could be systemically distributed by blood circulation. To prevent possible
adverse effects of such uptake, the study of biocompatibility is extremely important. In
this work we studied cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of dental materials on human fetal lung
fibroblasts MRC-5, by MTT and comet assay. Tested materials were novel urethane -based
monomer FIT and the conventional one BisGMA, co-monomer TEGDMA, and photoinitiator
systems - the new Lucirin TPO (TPO), and conventional photoiniator camphor quinone (CQ)
and its co-iniator DMAEMA. They were tested individually and in mixtures of composites
that are actually being used in dental practice: FIT+TEGDMA and CQ+DMAEMA (C-
1), FIT+TEGDMA and TPO (C-2), BisGMA+TEGDMA and CQ+DMAEMA (C-3), and
BisGMA+TEGDMA and TPO (C-4).
Results obtained revealed that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity increased in the following
orders: TEGDMA<DMAEMA<CQ<FIT<TPO<BisGMA, and TEGDMA< CQ<FIT<BisGMA<TPO,
respectively. Moreover, DMAEMA was not genotoxic (up to 75 µg mL-1). Concerning the
effects of the composite mixtures, the manner in which cytotoxicity increased was C-2<C-
1<C-3<C-4, while the pattern in which genotoxicity increased was C-2<C-3<C-1<C-4. The
results obtained favored the novel monomer FIT, due to lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity
than the conventional monomer BisGMA. On the contrary, new photoiniator TPO could not
be recommended, due to the multifold higher genotoxicity than both CQ and DMAEMA.
Results support the importance of genotoxicity testing, due to different ranges of genotoxic
and cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, the study of complex composites seems to be of special
interest, due to the fact that both antagonism and synergism were observed for certain
mixtures
The influence of biofertilization on the productivity and fruit quality of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Stanley’ plum cultivars
No full textIntensive agriculture development based on the long-term and excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers significantly contributes to a series of undesirable effects and results in environmental pollution. In line with the above, there is a pressing need for major changes in agricultural production management. Bearing in mind that fertilization strategy, among other practices, plays an important role and can contribute to improving growing technology of different fruit species, we considered that the above mentioned problems could be overcome by introducing environmental safe and innovative practice in the plum growing technology, as well. Accordingly, a comparative study of the effect of bio- (combination of nitrogen-fixing and phospho-mineralizing bacteria consisting of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium and Bacillus subtilis) and chemical fertilizer (water-soluble chemical fertilizer with addition of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn microelements) applications on ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ and ‘Stanley' plum cultivars was conducted. Morphometric (fruit weight, length, width and thickness) and chemical properties (SSC, TAC, TPC) of the stated plum cultivars were estimated. The obtained results allowing substitution of chemical fertilization by biofertilization in cvs 'Čačanska Lepotica' and ‘Stanley' and that can be recommended for sustainable plum production. Furthermore, this approach seems to contain a certain potential as an appropriate technique in commercial plum production, which may improve yield-attributing characteristics and chemical traits of plum fruits
The composition of pollenizers for sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars released in the Republic of Serbia
No full textAs the result of national breeding programmes, three sweet cherry cultivars have been named and released so far in the Republic of Serbia – ‘Asenova Rana’ and ‘Čarna’, developed by planned hybridization at Fruit Research Institute (FRI), Čačak, and ‘Canetova’, selected from natural cherry population at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. In addition to the inadequate assortment structure, lacking in well-adapted domestic and introduced cultivars, sweet cherry production in Balkan region is generally accompanied by insufficient knowledge on gametophytic self-incompatibility, the fertilization relationship among the cultivars belonging to certain incompatibility groups, as well as phenological characteristics and synchronization during the flowering phenophase of the main cultivars and pollenizers. The assessment of an adequate pollenizer composition for ‘Asenova Rana’, ‘Čarna’ and ‘Canetova’ in this research is based on determined S-allele constitution, parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo in the pistils of these cultivars, and their perennial average flowering characteristics in relation to the introduced cultivars - potential pollenizers. The research was conducted in the main sweet cherry growing regions in the Republic of Serbia (West Serbia/Šumadija and region of Belgrade). It resulted in the development of a pollination scheme for in total 28 national and introduced cultivars, its application in the plant material production, and dissemination of quality national sweet cherry cultivars with adequate pollenizers. The results could also influence sweet cherry breeding work on development of genotypes with improved biological and productive characteristics, and application of modern molecular and reproductive biology methods in this research area
The SEM observation in four plum genotypes (Prunus domestica L.)
No full textIn systematic approach, Prunus domestica L. (European plum) belongs to the family Rosaceae L. and it is an important fruit species, interesting for various forms of industrial and domestic processing, and for fresh consumption. Examination of the pollen morphological structure is of great significance in taxonomy, phylogeny due to the fact that the pollen grains have a definitive size, structure and shape for each species, genus and family. Pollen grain at the time of its maturity has a three-layer coating: an exine, an intina and a pollen coat. According to the Hebda and Chinnappa, in most of the genera in the subfamilies of Prunoideae, Maloideae and Spiroideae, pollen grains are tricolpate, with large perforations in the furrow between the ridge. Major plant breeding programme in the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, was to breeding new cultivars of European plum using autochthonous and introduced genotypes as the parental combinations within the planned hybridization. This program produced ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ (1975) and ‘Pozna Plava’ (1980). ‘Hanita’ and ‘Presenta’ were cultivars, introduced at the University of Hohenheim, Germany
The polymorphism of ACS1 and ACO1 genes in some Malus species
No full textThe allelic polymorphism of ACS1 and ACO1 genes, encoding for ACC synthase and ACC oxidase that catalyze the last two reactions in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, were analyzed in the following nine Malus species from the ex situ collection of the Fruit Research Institute (FRI), Cacak, Republic of Serbia, i.e., Malus x atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid., Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte, Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder, Malus x micromalus Makino, Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck, Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. var. microcarpa, Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. var. xanthocarpa, Malus sargentii Rehder and Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder. The alleles were revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ACS1 gene and additional restriction analysis of PCR product for ACO1 gene with two restriction enzymes (BamH1 and RsaI). The PCR product of 490 bp corresponded to the ACS1-1 allele and homozygosity of this allele was identified in all of the assessed Malus species. The comparison of polymorphisms observed upon the restriction analysis [BamH1 - two segregating fragments of 700 bp (f(1) fragment) and 760 bp (f(2) fragment); RsaI - three segregating fragments of 530 and 680 bp (together considered as f(1) fragment), 1,270 bp (f(2) fragment) and 1,050 bp (f(3) fragment)] resulted in the identification of four alleles of ACO1 gene - a, b, c and d, generating five genotypes (dd - four species, ac - one species, ad - two species, bd - one species and cd - one species). This study confirmed that allele d of the ACO1 gene has been detected only in the Malus wild species so far
Impact of fertilization on the antioxidant activity and mineral composition of red raspberry berries of cv. 'Meeker'
No full textThe present study focused on the influence of organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers on berry quality attributes (contents of total anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-glucorutinoside and macro- and microelements, total antioxidant capacity and DPPH scavenging activity) of cv. 'Meeker' red raspberry during three consecutive years under western Serbian conditions. We used organo-mineral pelleted NPK fertilizer commercially named 'Excell Orga' (Excell), soluble crystalline complex fertilizer commercially named 'Scotts Solinure 1' (Scotts), water-soluble granulated compound fertilizer commercially named 'Multi Comp Base' (MCB), well-rotted cattle manure as an organic fertilizer and control (without fertilization). Obtained results showed that secondary metabolites and mineral elements evaluated in berries significantly varied between fertilizers application and between years, respectively. Among fertilizers, the best impact on properties investigated was found with MCB and Scotts. The weakest effect on properties investigated was found with Excell and cattle manure application, but the effect was stronger than with the control treatment. The best values of properties evaluated were achieved in the rainy year 2014. However, in most cases the interaction fertilizer x year was significant confirming the complex nature of accumulation of bioactive compounds and minerals in berries and behavior of fertilizers through seasons