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Behavior of some cultivars of apricot (prunus armeniaca l.) On different rootstocks
No full textThe trial was conducted in Prislonica village near CaZak (western Serbia) from 2011 to 2017 in order to determine the impact of Myrobalan (vigorous), St. Julien A (semi-vigorous) and Pumiselect (dwarfing) rootstocks on tree growth, productivity and main fruit physico-chemical traits of three newly-bred Serbian apricot genotypes grown under dry, sandy-loam and acidic soil conditions. Tree survival was registered from 2011 to 2018. The orchard was established in autumn 2011 at a 5.5 m x 3 m planting distance. Apricots on Myrobalan had strong growth, lower yield and poorest fruit quality traits in most cases in comparison to St. Julien A and Pumiselect. Pumiselect showed a good capacity to reduce tree growth, increased yield, fruit weight, flesh rate, soluble solids content and ripening index. St. Julien A exhibited similar influences as Pumiselect. In the case of genotypes, 'Novosadska Rodna' had higher vigour, lower yield, better physical, but poorest chemical properties of fruit in comparison to 'NS 4' and 'NS 6' genotypes. The best yield traits were determined with 'NS 4', whereas the best fruit chemical properties were found in 'NS 6'. Tree mortality depended on rootstock, but also on genotype. By 2018, 56 %, 18 % and 40 % of the trees on Pumiselect, St. Julien A and Myrobalan, respectively, had died. In the case of genotypes, until 2018 'Novosadska Rodna showed 64 %, 'NS 4' 79 % and 'NS 6' only 43 % survival on all rootstocks on average
Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity in berry and leaf extracts of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extracts
No full textThe objective of this experiment was to identify and quantify phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins, condensed tannins, total antioxidant activity, flavonols and phenolic acids) and antimicrobial activity in berry and leaf extracts of black currant. The extracts prepared from black currant leaves and berries exhibited different characteristics. Berries had a higher content of the studied parameters compared to leaves. Berry extracts contained 2.90 to 5.90 times more total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins and gallotannins compared to leaf extracts, and total antioxidant capacity was 5.82 times higher in berries than in leaves. Quercetin was the dominant phenolic compound in both berry and leaf extracts, followed by myricetin, whereas the kaempferol levels was very low. On the other hand, the main phenolic acid found in our sample of berry was caffeic acid, while in leaf extract was dominated by ferulic acid. Antimicrobial activity of extract was examined using eight selected indicator strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for all extracts were in the range between 55.82 μg/mL and 199.21 μg/mL. Berry extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the bacterium Escherichia coli (55.82 μg/mL), while leaf extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity on the yeast Candida albicans (80.016 μg/mL). Generally, berry and leaf extracts of black currant are rich source of phenolic compounds and antimicrobial substances, and can be used as natural agents in the pharmaceutical and food industries
Content of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr in soil and fruits of apple and plum
No full textIn plants, some metals play important role as micronutrient components, significant for growth in low concentrations. If present in higher concentrations than necessary, they can be phytotoxic and cause product contamination. Analysed soils are classified from clay loam to heavy clay, medium to high supply with soil basic fertility parameters, acid to neutral soil reaction. Analysing total content of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr in soils under apple and plum plantations, an averaged higher content of Cu (13,88 mg kg-1), Zn (33,78 mg kg-1), Co (22,05 mg kg-1), Ni (52,38 mg kg-1) has been measured under plum plantations and the content of Ni (9,55 mg kg-1) under apple plantations. Results of the examination on the presence of the above elements in fruits have shown differences in relation to the content in the soil. Content of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr have had higher average values in fruits of apple and the Ni content has been higher in plums, with higher measured values in individual fruits of plum Cu 3,11 mg kg-1 of dry matter), Zn (4,08 mg kg-1 of dry matter), Ni (1,32 mg kg-1 of dry matter). Adoption of metal from the soil depends on the pH value of the soil, organic composition, the soil type and the concentration of metals in the soil itself. It also depends on the percentage of metal adoption through the plant root, water, metabolic capacity, ion absorption and other. Monitoring the content of metals in soil and fruits is significant in sustainable land use and health food safety
Primary metabolites in fruit of currants from Western Serbia
No full textThe objective of this study was to identify and quantify primary metabolites
in berries of six black (‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’, ‘Čačanska
Crna’, ‘Tisel’, and ‘Tiben’), one red (‘Jonkheer van Tets’) and two white
currant cultivars (‘Weisse аus Juteborg’ and ‘Primus’). High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the identification of sugars
(glucose, fructose, sucrose) and organic acids (citric, malic, quinic, shikimic
and fumaric acid). Significant differences in the tested parameters were
detected among the cultivars. Fructose was the dominant sugar, followed by
glucose and sucrose in all tested cultivars. ‘Titania’ was the cultivar with the
highest content of all individual and total sugars, while the cultivars ‘Ben
Sarek’, ‘Tisel’, and ‘Tiben’ had a low content of sugars.‘Ben Lomond’ was
the cultivar with the highest content of all examined acids and total acids,
except shikimic. The best sugar and acid ratio was recorded in the berries of
ʽTitaniaʼ and ʽČačanska Crnaʼ. Wide variations in major taste compounds of
the target analytes examined were observed, and thus, it is clear that the
differences in currant cultivars play an important role in determining fruit
composition. The most suitable currant cultivars for grown in Western
Serbia proved to be ‘Titaniaʼ and ʽČačanska Crnaʼ
Pollen in vitro germination, viability and morphology of black chokeberry cultivar ‘Nero’ (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot)
No full textBlack-fruited (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot) chokeberry belongs to family Rosaceae, subfamily Maloidae and has origins in eastern North America and East Canada. In the 1900s, chokeberry was transferred to Russian botanic gardens. From there, it spread in the European part of the country. The name chokeberry comes from the astringency of the fruits, and because of that, they are not favoured as ‘table fruits’. Black chokeberry is among the richest sources of polyphenols in the plant kingdom and has relatively high values of antioxidant capacity. Experiments so far have shown that Aronia species are self-compatible, and may therefore have a mixed breeding system where both outbreeding and self occurs. Some cultivars are bread of true black chokeberry while some are hibrid cultivars (e.g. Aronia × Sorbus). Little is known, however, about pollen performance in vitro of black chokeberry. The objective of the present investigation was to determine viability, germination and pollen morphology of black chokeberry cultivar ‘Nero’ (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot.)
Petra – nova sorta šljive (Prunus domestica L.) stvorena u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak
No full textThis manuscript presents results of comparative study of the most important phenological (flowering
and ripening time) and pomological (morphometric, chemical and organoleptic) properties, as well as tree vigour
characteristics and productivity of the new plum cultivar ‘Petra’ (‘Stanley’ × ‘Opal’), developed at the Fruit
Research Institute, ^a~ak, and standard cultivar ‘Stanley’. Cultivar ‘Petra’ showed late flowering time, similar
to cultivar ‘Stanley’ and very late ripening time (beginning of the second decade of September). Tree vigour of
this cultivar is medium and cropping potential is large. This cultivar is characterized with medium-large fruit,
ovate in shape and dark blue skin colour with heavy bloom. Fruit flesh is yellow, firm, aromatic, contains high
amount of soluble solids and sugars, as well as medium amount of total acids. Evaluating organoleptic characteristics,
significant consumer acceptance was determined. In the future period ‘Petra’ could be very interesting
cultivar for growing in new orchards due to the very late ripening time, good fruit quality and high cropping potential.U radu su predstavljeni rezultati uporednog ispitivanja najvažnijih fenoloških (vreme cvetanja i vreme sazrevanja ploda) i pomoloških (morfometrijske, hemijske i organoleptičke), osobina, kao i karakteristika bujnosti stabla i rodnosti nove sorte šljive ‘Petra’ (‘Stanley’ × ‘Opal’) stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak i standardne sorte ‘Stanley’. Kod sorte ‘Petra’ je utvrđeno pozno vreme cvetanja, slično kao kod sorte ‘Stanley’ što u pojedinim godinama može da bude veoma značajno zbog izbegavanja pozih prolećnih mrazeva. Ovu sortu odlikuje veoma pozno vreme sazrevanja ploda, početkom druge dekade septembra, što je čini posebno interesantnom jer u tom periodu sazreva vrlo mali broj sorti šljive. U obe ispitivane godine, kod sorte ‘Petra’ je utvrđena visoka obilnost cvetanja, kao veoma značajnog preduslova visoke rodnosti, što je inače i veoma važna osobina ove sorte. Rezultati dobijeni ispitivanjem karakteristika bujnosti stabla su ukazali da se sorta ‘Petra’ može svrstati u sorte umerene bujnosti, pa sa tog aspekta može biti interesantna i za gajenje u nešto gušćem sklopu. Plod sorte ‘Petra’ je srednje krupan, ovalno-izduženog oblika, tamnoplave boje sa obilnim pepeljkom. Prosečna masa ploda sorte ‘Petra’ je bila manja u odnosu na masu ploda standardne sorte ‘Stanley’ (27.21±0.68 g, odnosno 28.82±0.33 g). U vezi s tim, kod sorte ‘Stanley’ su utvrđene veće vrednosti širine i debljine ploda (38.36±0.57 mm i 33.27±0.66 mm) u odnosu na sortu ‘Petra’ (33.12±0.33 mm i 32.22±0.43 mm). Kod sorte ‘Petra’ je utvrđena veća visina ploda (48.80±0.64 mm) u odnosu na sortu ‘Stanley’ (47.27±0.43 mm) koja nije bila statistički značajna. Mezokarp ploda sorte ‘Petra’ je žute boje, čvrst i aromatičan, Sorta ‘Petra’ imala je veći sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija (22.06±0.51%), ukupnih šećera (12.95±0.05%), saharoze (6.05±0.10%) i ukupnih kiselina (0.95±0.02%), dok je sorta ‘Stanley’ imala veći sadržaj invertnih šećera (7.27±0.03%) i veću pH vrednost soka (3.96±0.04). Koštica sorte ‘Petra’ je sitna i lako se odvaja od mezokarpa ploda. Usled toga, ova sorta ima veliki randman mezokarpa ploda (96.21±0.11%), što je značajno veća vrednost u poređenju sa standardnom sortom ‘Stanley’ (93.62±0.21%). Ispitivanjem organoleptičkih osobina ploda utvrđeno je da bi sorta ‘Petra’ mogla da ima visok nivo prihvatljivosti od strane potrošača, zbog atraktivnosti i kvaliteta ploda. U budućem periodu ova sorta bi mogla da bude veoma interesantna za gajenje u novim voćnjacima zahvaljujući veoma poznom vremenu sazrevanja ploda, kao i dobrom kvalitetu i velikom potencijalu rodnosti. Pored toga, sorta ‘Petra’ može da bude veoma značajna za oplemenjivački rad kao potencijalni donor osobina kao što su veoma pozno vreme sazrevanja i dobar kvalitet ploda
Evaluation of some plum cultivars from Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, at three localities in the Republic of Serbia
No full textCilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju proizvodne osobine dve novije sorte šljive ʻNadaʼ i ʻKrinaʼ, stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak i standardne sorte ʻČačanska rodnaʼ, gajenih na tri lokaliteta u Čačanskom i Valjevskom kraju, kao veoma značajnim regionima za proizvodnju šljive u Republici Srbiji. Ispitivane su najznačajnije fenološke osobine, morfometrijske i hemijske osobine ploda, bujnost i prinos. Sve ispitivane sorte, na sva tri lokaliteta cvetale su u približno slično vreme. Sorta ʻNadaʼ imala je najveću masu ploda i koštice, randman mezokarpa i morfometrijske osobine ploda. Sorta ʻKrinaʼ je imala najveći sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija (RSM), ukupnih i invertnih šećera, kao i najveću pH vrednost soka ploda, dok je kod sorte ʻČačanska rodnaʼ utvrđen najveći sadržaj ukupnih kiselina. Takođe, kod ove sorte je utvrđen i najveći prinos, bujnost i koeficijent rodnosti.The main objective of this article was to evaluate productive traits of two newly plum cultivars ʻNadaʼ and ʻKrinaʼ, developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak and standard cultivar ʻČačanska Rodnaʼ, grown at three localities in Čačak and Valjevo areas, as very important plum production regions in the Republic of Serbia. The most important phenological characteristics, morphometric and chemical properties, tree vigour and yield were evaluated. Flowering time of all examined cultivars, grown at three localities was similar. Cultivar ʻNadaʼ had the largest fruit and stone weight, flesh percentage and morphometric characteristics of the fruit. Cultivar ʻKrinaʼ showed the highest soluble solids content, total and invert sugars content, as well as the highest acidity (pH) of fruit, while cultivar ʻČačanska Rodnaʼ had the largest amount of total acids. This cultivar also showed the largest tree vigour, yield and yield efficiency
The composition of pollenizers for sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars released in the Republic of Serbia
No full textAs the result of national breeding programmes, three sweet cherry cultivars have been named and released so far in the Republic of Serbia – ‘Asenova Rana’ and ‘Čarna’, developed by planned hybridization at Fruit Research Institute (FRI), Čačak, and ‘Canetova’, selected from natural cherry population at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. In addition to the inadequate assortment structure, lacking in well-adapted domestic and introduced cultivars, sweet cherry production in Balkan region is generally accompanied by insufficient knowledge on gametophytic self-incompatibility, the fertilization relationship among the cultivars belonging to certain incompatibility groups, as well as phenological characteristics and synchronization during the flowering phenophase of the main cultivars and pollenizers. The assessment of an adequate pollenizer composition for ‘Asenova Rana’, ‘Čarna’ and ‘Canetova’ in this research is based on determined S-allele constitution, parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo in the pistils of these cultivars, and their perennial average flowering characteristics in relation to the introduced cultivars - potential pollenizers. The research was conducted in the main sweet cherry growing regions in the Republic of Serbia (West Serbia/Šumadija and region of Belgrade). It resulted in the development of a pollination scheme for in total 28 national and introduced cultivars, its application in the plant material production, and dissemination of quality national sweet cherry cultivars with adequate pollenizers. The results could also influence sweet cherry breeding work on development of genotypes with improved biological and productive characteristics, and application of modern molecular and reproductive biology methods in this research area
Examination of suitability of the cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ as a pollenizer for promising plum genotypes developed et FRI, Čačak (Serbia)
No full textRelated to that, Fruit Research Institute (FRI), Čačak has been engaged on breeding new plum cultivars since its establishment in 1946 to present day. So far, 17 plum cultivars have been named and released and large number of promising genotypes is currently under evaluation. One of the most important breeding objectives is regular and large yield which depends on the degree of self-fertility. Partially self-fertile and self-sterile genotypes require compatible pollenizers. The aim of this study was to investigate suitability of the cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ as a pollenizer of six promising plum genotypes (hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, and 22/17/87, and cultivar ʻNada’) developed at FRI, Čačak. Previous studies showed that the abovementioned plum genotypes were characterised by different levels of self-fertility. Also, a satisfactory overlapping in the flowering time of pollenizer and studied genotypes was found. The investigation was conducted over two years and included pollen germination in vitro of the pollenizer cultivar, as well as quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo (the number of pollen tubes in the upper third and in the base of the style, number of pollen tubes in the ovary, the percentage of pistils with the pollen tube penetrating the nucellus of the ovule 10 days after pollination) and fruit set under cross pollination. The same quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit set under open pollination were used for comparison. Tested cultivar had good pollen germination, ranging from 44.16% in the first year to 44.57% in the second year of study. All studied plum genotypes except hybrid 22/17/87 had the higher values of quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit set in the cross pollination variant compared to the open pollination variant. Average fruit set in the cross pollination variant ranged from 15.42 % (hybrid IV/63/81) to 32.61 % (‘Nada’). Based on the obtained results, the cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ represents a satisfactory pollenizer for hybrids IV/63/81 and 32/21/87 and a good pollenizer for hybrids 38/62/70, 34/41/87, and 22/17/87, and cultivar ‘Nada’