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Mycopopulation of lavender in Serbia
No full textThe genus Lavandula L. is comprised of about 48 species. Only three species of this genus have greater economic importance. The most famous and the most cultivated species of this genus is true lavender (also known as medicinal, fragrant, green or French lavender), L. angustifolia. The second most cultivated is broadleaved lavender (also known as male or spike lavender), L. latifolia and the third is the hybrid lavender (English, lavandin) L. intermedia. All three species originated from the Mediterranean, southern Europe. Lavender is a perennial half-shrub. It has a wood-like and densely branched root system that penetrates 3 to 4 m deep. The characteristic appearance of lavender is due to its blue flowers that contain the essential oil, which is the most important component of the plant as a whole.
Increased demand for medicinal and aromatic plants has led to the introduction of a large number of medicinal species in plantation production. By cultivating those plants, larger quantities of raw materials of uniform quality can be obtained, while, also, significantly reducing the pressure on natural resources.
In recent years, it has been noted that lavender, as a crop, has gained increasing economic importance in Serbia. Due to the intensive cultivation of lavender, it has been found that plants are parasitized by a large number of phytopathogenic fungi, which significantly reduce the quality, yield and life span of the plants. This research aims to present the results of preliminary research of mycopopulation of 10 samples of lavender plant from different sites from Serbia. A total of 390 plant parts were examined and 7 genera of fungi were isolated: Alternaría, Fusarium, Phythophthora, Mucor, Sclerotinia, Phoma and Rhizoctonia. Macroscopically visible symptoms of the infection were not found on the plants from which the fungi were isolated.Род Lavandula L. се състои от около 48 вида. Само три вида от този род имат по-голямо икономическо значение. Най-известният и най-разпространен е вида L. angustifolia (известна още като лечебна, ароматна, зелена или френска лавандула). Втората най-отглеждана е широколистната лавандула L. latifolia (известна още като мъжка или шипкова лавандула), а третата е хибридната лавандула L. intermedia (английски лавандин). И трите вида произхождат от Средиземноморието, Южна Европа. Лавандулата е многогодишен полухраст. Има дървовидна и гъсто разклонена коренова система, която прониква в дълбочина от 3 до 4 m. Характерният вид на лавандулата се дължи на сините ú цветове, които съдържат етеричното масло, което е най-важният компонент на растението като цяло. Повишеното търсене на лекарствени и ароматни растения доведе до въвеждането на голям брой лечебни видове в полското производство. Чрез отглеждането на тези растения могат да се получат по-големи количества суровини с еднакво качество, като същевременно се намали значително натискът върху природните ресурси. През последните години, лавандулата придобива все поголямо иконо-мическо значение в Сърбия. Интензивното ú отглеждане благоприятства развитието на голям брой фитопатогенни гъби, което значително намалява качеството, добива и продължителността на живота на растенията. Настоящото изследване има за цел да представи резултати от предварителни изследвания на микопопулацията на 10 проби от лавандулови растения от различни места от Сърбия. Изследвани са общо 390 растителни части и са изолирани 8 рода гъби: Alternaria, Fusarium, Phythophthora, Mucor, Sclerotinia, Phomopsis, Phoma и Rhizoctonia. По растенията, от които са изолирани гъбите, са открити макроскопски видими симптоми на инфекцията
Chemical changes caused by air drying of fresh plum fruits
No full textDrying of fresh plums may provide an excellent delicacy, but such technological process is inevitably followed by certain chemical changes. Three plum cultivars were dried at two different temperatures (70 degrees C and 90 degrees C), and the effect of drying procedure on total anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, selected bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were monitored. Polyphenolic compounds suffered strong changes, depending on the applied drying temperature. Drying procedure at both 70 degrees C and 90 degrees C influenced to a great extent for total polyphenolic content in the fresh plums of Cacanska Rodna' (1.8 and 2.1-fold increase, respectively). The identical drying conditions showed almost no influence on plums of 'Stanley', while drying 'Mildora' at 70 degrees C resulted in significant decrease, but higher temperature caused the opposite effect. Statistical analysis showed high correlation between polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity, in all tested cultivars and for both fresh plums and prunes. Caffeoylquinic acids and caffeic acids suffered certain changes depending on the cultivar and temperature applied. Anthocyanins completely disappeared after drying. Although drying of fresh plums prompted severe chemical changes, prunes might be considered as functional food due to the high level of antioxidant
Soil fertility: Plant nutrition vis-à-vis fruit yield and quality of stone fruits
No full textThe main goal of each fruit grower is the achievement of a high yield followed by excellent fruit quality with high nutritional and health value. This can be achieved by introduction of new genotypes that have a high bearing potential and appropriate rootstocks and the application of modern cultivation technologies in adequate pedoclimatic conditions. However, a very important individual factor in achieving this goal is the rational application of organic and mineral fertilizers. To achieve a regular, high, and stable yield, followed by excellent fruit quality, the reserves of nutrients in the soil from year to year have to be supplemented by orchard fertilizing. Namely, soluble and available amounts of nutrients in the soil are limited, and in addition, their loss is evident through yield, erosion, and drained water. The importance of essential macro- and microelements in the nutrition of fruit trees has long been recognized. Inadequate fertilization has been associated with the development of physiological disorders and pollution in many types of fruits. Also, inadequate fertilization causes major ecological problems (polluted land, water, and air). Modern people do not want contaminated food, that is, fruits, of course, and polluted environment. Clearly, the loss of quality through development of disorders and pollutions has a major negative economic impact. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge on the soil fertility; importance of fertilization of fruit trees, especially stone fruits; role of essential macro- and microelements in stone fruit trees; relationship between soil conditions and nutrients; and stone fruit fertilization to improve yield and fruit quality. Also, this chapter will emphasize the main methods utilized in the diagnosis of the nutritional state of plants, like chemical foliar analysis, soil testing, and visual observation. The linked information in the present chapter was obtained from an extensive literature review and also was inserted professional works and experiences of the authors. We believe that our overview opens new prospective in the fertilization management in stone fruit orchards allowing reduction of input without negative influence on yield, fruit quality, environment, and human health
Phytochemical assessment of plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars selected in Serbia
No full textThe aim of this study was to assess content of primary and secondary metabolites of 18 plum cultivars selected in Serbia. Autochthonous cultivar 'Crvena Ranka' exhibited the highest level of total sugars (174.3 g/kg FW) while cultivar 'Mildora' had the highest sugars/acids ratio (17.2). Cultivar 'Nada' also contained high sugars/acid ratio as well as a high level of glucose and total sugars. Compared to the other cultivars, 'Nada' had a higher content of anthocyanins (27.14 mg/100 g FW), 'Crvena Ranka' neochlorogenic acid (23.21 mg/100 g FW) and flavanols (86.15 mg/100 g FW) but also the highest antioxidant activity. The PCA analysis confirmed that 'Nada' and 'Crvena Ranka' demonstrated better results in terms of sugars and antioxidant activity than the standard cultivars grown in Serbia and can be recommended for increased plum growing for fresh consumption, processing and in the breeding of plum with enhanced nutritional content
Phenolic composition and DPPH radical scavenging activity of plum wine produced from three plum cultivars
No full textPlum wines made from two cultivars of Prunus domestica L. (Pozegaca and Crvena ranka) and one cultivar of Prunus insititia L. (Trnovaca) were evaluated for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. LC-MS/MS analysis based on specific MS transitions in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for the identification and quantification of selected phenolic compounds. Catechin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, as well as quercetin, were identified as the main polyphenols in plum wines. The total amount of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.24 to 1.58 g gallic acid equivalent per L. Among the examined wines, the Crvena ranka wine had a higher content of anthocyanins (12.31 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per L). The antioxidant capacity of the wines was determined using the DPPH assay. The variations in the physicochemical characteristics, phenolic composition and DPPH radical scavenging activity of these wines are related to differences due to the different plum cultivars used in the preparation of each wine
Effect of soil temperature and moisture with different mulching types on biological properties of black currant
No full textU eksperimentu je praćen uticaj temperature i vlažnosti malčiranog (strugotina i crna polietilenska folija) i nemalčiranog (jalovi ugar) zemljišta na vegetativni potencijal (broj izbojaka po žbunu, dužina izbojaka i zapremina žbuna), generativni potencijal (broj cvetova u cvasti, broj bobica u grozdu, prinos po žbunu i prinos po jedinici površine) i fizičke osobine grozda i bobica (masa grozda i bobica) kod crne ribizle. Eksperimentalna proučavanja obavljena su u periodu od 2015. do 2017. godine, u oglednom zasadu crne ribizle, u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak. Temperatura i vlažnost zemljišta tokom praćenja ogleda ispoljile su značajan efekat na ispitivane parametre. Malčiranje strugotinom rezultiralo je stabilnim vodnim režimom i konstantno niskom temperaturom zemljišta, što je direktno uticalo na povećanje vegetativnog potencijala i prinosa po žbunu i jedinici površine, dok između strugotine i jalovog ugara nisu zabeležene razlike u broju cvetova u cvasti i broju bobica u grozdu, kao ni u fizičkim osobinama grozda i bobica. Sa druge strane, veća temperatura i vlažnost zemljišta registrovane na foliji tokom vegetacionog perioda nisu imale značajan uticaj na ispitivane parametre. Generalno, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da niža temperatura i vlažnost zemljišta u zoni korenovog sistema i na površini zemljišta imaju značajan uticaj na biološke osobine crne ribizle.This experiment evaluated the effect of temperature and moisture of mulched (sawdust and black polyethylene foil) and unmulched soils (bare fallow) on vegetative growth potential (number of shoots per bush, shoot length and bush volume), generative potential (number of flowers per inflorescence, number of berries per cluster, yield per bush and yield per unit area) and physical attributes of the cluster and berry (cluster and berry weight) in black currant. The research was conducted during 2015-2017 in an experimental black currant planting at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. Soil temperature and moisture during the experimental period had a significant effect on the tested parameters. Mulching with sawdust resulted in soil water regime stability and steadily low temperatures, which directly led to an increase in the vegetative growth potential, and yield per bush and yield per unit area, whereas no differences were found between bare fallow and sawdust mulch treatments in the number of flowers per inflorescence and number of berries per cluster, as well as in the physical attributes of the cluster and berry. On the other hand, the higher soil temperature and moisture affected by the black foil during the growing season had not a positive effect on the on the tested parameters. Generally, the present results suggested that lower soil temperature and moisture in the root zone and on the surface of the soil had a significant effect on pomological properties of black currant
Preferences in sweet cherries’ fruits among consumers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia
No full textThe introduction of new varieties in fruit production should also take into account consumers’ attitudes regarding the appearance and the taste of the fruits. Assessment of consumer attitudes, in addition to biological and production characteristics, can be one of the very important elements for selecting a variety for a particular region. In order to evaluate consumers’ attitudes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Serbia on the most important characteristics of cherry fruits, an online survey was used with 402 responses. Participation in the survey was taken by 53.23% of respondents from Serbia and 46.77% from BiH, most of which were women (54.23%). This is a relatively younger group of respondents, since 55.97% of the respondents were in the age group of 20 to 29 years. Consumers expressed their views on the most important external (fruit color, fruit shape, fruit size, presence of stalk on the fruit, length of the stalk and the presence of damage to the fruit) and internal (fruit taste, fruit firmness) characteristics of the fruit. In particular, the evaluation of the most important parameter in choosing a cherry variety has been made. The Chi-Square Test of Contingency was performed in order to evaluate the influence of respondents’ residence, gender and age to different cherry fruit characteristics. The P-value as well as Pearson’s contingency coefficient were calculated. According to the results, the attitude toward the fruit size, the presence of stalk and stalk length (P≥0.05), as well as fruit firmness (P≥0.01) was dependent upon respondents' residence. Both male and female respondents had similar attitude toward the cherry characteristics except for the fruit taste (P≥0.01) and the most important cherry characteristics. The age of a respondent influenced the attitude toward the fruit size and the presence of stalk (P≥0.05), as well as fruit firmness (P≥0.01)
Effect of drying on the change of sugar content in plum fruits
No full textDrying is one of the oldest methods of preserving fruit. In the course of drying process, there is a change in some components of chemical composition to a degree depending on food type, its composition, and drying process itself. The testing was performed in three replications using plum fruits of the ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Mildora’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Stanley’ cultivars, at the optimum ripening stage required for drying, based on soluble solid contents. Drying was performed at the experimental dryer using the convective (streaming) drying process, at two constant air temperatures, 90 °C and 70 °C, until attaining 75% of total dry matter in the prunes. In addition to the control, the fruits were subjected to a pretreatment consisting of dipping in boiling water. This paper reviews the values of total sugars, invert sugars and sucrose in fruits of fresh and dried plums (calculated in grams per 100 grams of total dry matter), as well as the change of these parameters in prunes in relation to the fresh fruits (expressed in percentages). Drying temperature affected the change of total sugars, invert sugars and sucrose content in fruit of the tested plum cultivars. On the other side, dipping as an applied pretreatment had no effect on the change of these parameters except in the cultivar ‘Čačanska Rodna’, which dipped fruits are found to have higher decrease of sucrose compared with non-treated fruits. During drying, hydrolysis of sucrose occurred, manifesting in a dramatic decrease of its content in dried fruits, in relation to the starting raw material in all of the tested cultivars. Intensity of changes was conditioned by varietal characteristics
Inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova introdukovanih sorti jabuke u zavisnosti od oprašivača
No full textThe aim of the paper was to underline the impact made by the pollenizer on the level of initial and final fruit set in four commercially important apple cultivars, using them as a base for determining and recommending cultivar combinations suitable for planting within a single orchard. The research was conducted over a three-year period, at the Preljinsko brdo facility of the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. The examination included the flowering phenophase, pollen germination in vitro, as well as the initial and final fruit set in cultivars ‘Gala Must’ (S2S5), ‘Red Elstar’ (S3S5), ‘Rajka’ (S5S7) and ‘Topaz’ (S2S5), depending on the pollenizer. The research was conducted in two pollination variants: cross- and open pollination. In the cross-pollination variant, each compatible cultivar was used as the pollenizer and the pollinated cultivar (10 combinations) and together with the open pollination variant, a total of 14 combinations were analysed. The average earliest flowering was recorded in ‘Rajka’ (April 8th), whereas the latest average flowering occurred in ‘Red Elstar’ (April 10th). Regarding the flowering time, all tested cultivars overlapped well during the three-year period of examination. In addition, the assessed cultivars had good in vitro pollen germination, ranging from 44.00% (‘Topaz’) to 55.72% (‘Gala Must’). Based on the fruit set, it can be concluded that neither cultivar proved itself as the universal pollenizer for the other cultivars. The highest percentage of the initial (36.95%) and the final (21.38%) fruit set for ‘Gala Must’ was recorded in the open-pollination variant, while the best fructification results for ‘Red Elstar’ occurred in the combination with ‘Topaz’ (41.84% and 23.76%, resp.). The highest values of the initial and final fruit set in ‘Rajka’ (39.26% and 18.81%, resp.) and ‘Topaz’ (38.66% and 26.30%, resp.) were achieved with ‘Gala Must’, i.e. ‘Rajka’ as the pollenizer.Jabuka je samobesplodna vrsta voćaka čija je redovna i visoka rodnost bazirana na izboru kombinacija kompatibilnih sorti koje imaju sinhronizovano cvetanje. Cilj proučavanja prikazanih u ovom radu bio je da se utvrdi uticaj oprašivača na nivo inicijalnog i finalnog zametanja plodova kod četiri introdukovane, ekonomski značajne sorte jabuke [Gala Must (S2S5), Red Elstar (S3S5), Rajka (S5S7) i Topaz (S2S5)]. Dobijeni rezultati bi trebalo da posluže kao osnova za utvrđivanje kombinacija sorti koje bi se mogla preporučiti za sadnju u komercijalnim voćnjacima. Proučavanja su trajala tri godine i sprovedena su u eksperimentalnom zasadu jabuke na objektu Preljinsko brdo Instituta za voćarstvo, Čačak.
Istraživanja su obuhvatila proučavanje fenofaze cvetanja, utvrđivanje vitalnosti polena, kao i utvrđivanje inicijalnog i finalnog zametanja plodova. Karakteristike fenofaze cvetanja ispitane su putem osmatranja i beleženja datuma početka, punog i kraja cvetanja. Za ispitivanje vitalnosti polena korišćen je test klijavosti polena in vitro, koji podrazumeva zasejavanje prethodno pripremljenog polena svake sorte na hranljivu podlogu koja sadrži 12% saharoze i 1% agara, inkubaciju u trajanju od 24 h na temperaturi od 20°C i utvrđivanje broja klijalih polenovih zrna pod mikroskopom. Inicialno (pet nedelja po oprašivanju) i finalno (neposredno pred berbu) zametanje plodova proučavanih sorti jabuke utvrđeno je u svim kompatibilnim kombinacijama međusobnog ukršanja, kao i u varijanti slobodnog oprašivanja, pa je ukupno analizirano 14 različitih kombinacija. Pomenuti parametri predstavljaju broj zametnutih plodova od 100 oprašenih (unakrsno oprašivanje), odnosno obeleženih (slobodno oprašivanje) cvetova izražen u procentima. Dobijeni rezultati su statistički obrađeni primenom Fišerovog modela analize varijanse (ANOVA) i LSD testa za prag značajnosti P < 0,05.
Rezultati fenoloških proučavanja dobijeni u ovom radu su pokazali da se sorta Rajka odlikuje srednjeranim, a sve ostale proučavane sorte srednjekasnim vremenom cvetanja, kao i da se period cvetanja proučavanih sorti u dovoljnoj meri preklapao u sve tri godine proučavanja. Prosečne vrednosti klijavosti polena in vitro proučavanih sorti jabuke su varirale u intervalu od 44,00% (Topaz) do 55,72% (Gala Must) i, posmatrano sa aspekta kvaliteta polena, sve proučavane sorte se mogu preporučiti kao dobri oprašivači. Dobijene vrednosti inicijalnog i finalnog zametanja plodova su pokazale da je najviši procenat inicijalno (36,95%) i finalno (21,38%) zametnutih plodova sorte Gala Must utvrđen u varijanti slobodnog oprašivanja, dok su najbolji rezultati za sortu Red Elstar utvrđeni u kombinaciji sa sortom Topaz (41,84% i 23,76%, resp.). Najviše vrednosti inicijalnog i finalnog zametanja plodova sorte Rajka (39,26% i 18,81%, resp.) utvrđene su u slučaju korišćenja sorte Gala Must kao oprašivača, dok se sorta Rajka pokazala kao najbolji oprašivač za sortu Topaz (38,66% i 26,30%, resp.).dr Sanja Radičević, glavni i odgovorni urednik; dr Tatjana vujović, tehnički uredni
The pollination scheme for national and introduced sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars in growing regions of the Republic of Serbia
No full textSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is basically a self-sterile fruit species, showing gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), controlled by the multiallelic locus S. The knowledge of GSI system and practical application of its main principals have a key role in productivity of commercial sweet cherry orchards. Sufficient overlap in phenophase of full flowering is another crucial factor for effective pollination and fertilization success between compatible cultivars. Production of sweet cherry fruits in the Republic of Serbia is mainly based on the genetic potential of introduced cultivars, which are predominantly represented in the assortment structure. Up to now, three national sweet cherry cultivars have been named and released – Asenova Rana and Čarna (developed by planned hybridization at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak), and Canetova (selected from natural cherry population at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade). The assessment of an adequate pollenizer composition for both national and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in this research is based on determined S-allele constitution, parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo through the pistil tissue, and perennial average flowering time of pollinated cultivars in relation to the potential pollenizers. The research was conducted in the main sweet cherry growing regions of the Republic of Serbia (Western Serbia/Šumadija and the region of Belgrade), resulting in development of a pollination scheme for a total of 28 national and introduced cultivars. The application of pollination scheme in the plant material production and establishing new orchards could be of great importance for dissemination of commercially significant sweet cherry cultivars with adequate pollenizers. The results could also influence the breeding strategies in developing new sweet cherry genotypes with improved biological and productive characteristics, and application of molecular and reproductive biology methods in this research area