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Examination of suitability of the cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica' as a pollenizer for promising plum genotypes developed at FRI, Cacak (Serbia)
No full textOne of the most important plum (Prunus domestica L.) breeding objectives is regular and large yield which depends on the degree of self-fertility. Partially self-fertile and self-sterile genotypes require compatible pollenizers. The aim of this study was to investigate suitability of the cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica' as a pollenizer for six promising plum genotypes (hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, and 22/17/87, and the cultivar 'Nada') developed at Fruit Research Institute (FRI), Cacak. Previous studies showed that the abovementioned plum genotypes were characterized by different levels of self-fertility. Also, a satisfactory overlapping in the flowering time between the pollenizer and studied genotypes was found. The investigation was conducted over two years and included pollen germination in vitro of the pollenizer cultivar, as well as quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo (the number of pollen tubes in the upper third and in the base of the style, number of pollen tubes in the ovary, the percentage of pistils with the pollen tube penetrating the nucellus of the ovule 10 days after pollination) and fruit set under cross-pollination. The same quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit set under open pollination were used for comparison. The tested cultivars had good pollen germination, ranging from 44.16% in the first year to 44.57% in the second year of study. All studied plum genotypes except hybrid 22/17/87 had higher values of quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit set in the cross-pollination variant compared to the open pollination variant. Average fruit set in the cross-pollination variant ranged from 15.42% (hybrid IV/63/81) to 32.61% ('Nada'). Based on the obtained results, the cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica' represents a satisfactory pollenizer for hybrids IV/63/81 and 32/21/87, and a good pollenizer for hybrids 38/62/70, 34/41/87, 22/17/87, and the cultivar 'Nada'
Using scanning electron microscopy to characterise plum (prunus domestica l.) Genotypes
No full textPollen grain micromorphological characterisation of four plum (Prunus domestica L.) genotypes from two different breeding programmes (Fruit Research Institute, Serbia, and Hohenheim, Germany) was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The studied characteristics were pollen size and shape, colpus length, mesocolpium width as well as exine characteristics. All genotypes had tricolpate pollen grains and striate exine ornamentation, with more parallel longitudinal ridges. The most significant differences among the analysed genotypes concerned the length of the pollen grain and exine sculpturing. The genotypes Pozna Plava', Presenta' and 'Caanska najbolja' had the largest pollen grains ( GT 57 mu m), whereas `Hanita' showed a smaller pollen size, below 54 mu m. Pozna Plava' had perprolate pollen in the equatorial view (LAW ratio 2.06), while the other three genotypes had prolate shaped pollen. By analysing the pollen morphological characteristics of the plum varieties in this paper, primarily the shape, size, length of colpi and, most importantly, the sculpture of the exine, each variety showed a specificity which can be used together with other morphological characteristics for description and characterisation
Fruit quality of plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Empress’ after cold storage
No full textIn order to respond to consumers’ requirements, it is necessary to supply the market with high quality plum fruit. As the quality of the fruit starts to change immediately after harvest, cold storage is applied in order to maintain fruit characteristics, determined mainly in orchards. Since fruit quality and storage potential depend on cultivar, the aim of this research was to analyze and compare quality-related properties of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Empress’ before and after cold storage. Although examined cultivars have different ripening time, they are primarily grown for fresh consumption. Thus, all analyses were performed at harvest and after 28 days of cold storage (0–2 °C, 90–95% relative humidity), followed by a shelf life of three days at 20 °C. Fruit firmness, weight loss, susceptibility to Monilinia spp., soluble solids content, titratable acidity, antioxidant capacity, the concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins were monitored. After cold storage and subsequent shelf life, an increase in soluble solids content, antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and flavonoids were observed in both cultivars. Significant differences between fresh and stored plums were found in terms of fruit firmness. Fruit of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ had higher content of soluble solids and anthocyanins and it was firmer in both analyses’ dates compared to fruit of ‘Empress’. However, its fruit was more susceptible to Monilinia spp. and had significantly higher weight loss than ‘Empress’ fruit
Evaluation of fruit quality of two autochthonous apple cultivars suitable for widespread production
No full textAutochthonous apple cultivars are mainly grown in extensive orchards. Due to their resistance to pathogens, frost and summer droughts, they should be considered for more intensive organic and integrated production. Since autochthonous cultivars represent valuable source of genetic variability, they contribute to biodiversity and stability of ecosystems. Nevertheless, fruit of autochthonous cultivars is abundant in health protecting compounds. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the fruit quality of two autochthonous apple cultivars, ʻBobovec’ and ʻKolačara’, in comparison to ʻMorrens Jonagored’, one of the most commercially important cultivar. The obtained results indicate that examined autochthonous cultivars contained higher amount of soluble solids, total acids and total phenolics. Although ’Bobovec’ had the smallest fruit, it exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity and contained the highest concentration of health‐beneficial phenolic compounds
Biological properties and fruit quality of plum cultivars developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak intended for processing
No full textCilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju biološke osobine i kvalitet ploda tri novije sorte šljive ʻMildoraʼ, ʻKrinaʼ i ʻZlatkaʼ, stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak pogodne za preradu i standardne sorte ʻČačanska rodnaʼ. Ispitivane su najznačajnije fenološke i pomološke osobine, bujnost stabla i rodnost, kao i hemijske osobine ploda. Sve ispitivane sorte su cvetale u približno slično vreme tokom druge dekade aprila. Vreme sazrevanja ploda ovih sorti je bilo tokom treće dekade avgusta. Najveća bujnost stabla je utvrđena kod sorti ʻČačanska rodnaʼ i ʻKrinaʼ, dok je najmanja utvrđena kod sorte ʻMildoraʼ. Najveći prinos po stablu ustanovljen je kod sorte ʻČačanska rodnaʼ, dok su najmanji prinos imale sorte ʻMildoraʼ i ʻZlatkaʼ. Najkrupniji plod je imala sorta ʻČačanska rodnaʼ, a najsitniji sorte ʻMildoraʼ i ʻKrinaʼ. Kod sorte ʻMildoraʼ su ustanovljene najveće vrednosti hemijskih osobina ploda, ali je generalno kod sve četiri ispitivane sorte utvrđen visok kvalitet ploda.The main objective of this paper was to evaluate biological properties and fruit quality of three newly plum cultivars ʻMildoraʼ, ʻKrinaʼ and ʻZlatkaʼ developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak intended for processing and standard cultivar ʻČačanska Rodnaʼ. The most important phenological and pomological properties, tree vigour and bearing as well as chemical characteristics of the fruit were studied. Flowering time of examined cultivars was similar and lasted during the second decade of April. Ripening time of these cultivars was recorded during the third decade of August. The largest tree vigour was found in ʻČačanska rodnaʼ and ʻKrinaʼ, whereas the smallest was found in ʻMildoraʼ. The highest yield per tree had ʻČačanska Rodnaʼ and the smallest had ʻMildoraʼ and ʻZlatkaʼ. Cultivar ʻČačanska Rodnaʼ was characterized with the largest fruit, whereas the smallest fruit was recorded in ʻMildoraʼ and ʻKrinaʼ. The highest values of chemical traits of fruit were found in ʻMildoraʼ. However, high fruit quality was determined in all four examined cultivars
Скорост на растеж на поленовите тръбички и формиране на завръз при сливови генотипи (Prunus domestica L.) при различен начин на опрашване
No full textPollen tubes growth rate in three fixation terms (72 h, 144 h and 240 h after pollination), as well as the initial fruit set of six promising plum genotypes developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (the hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87, and the cultivar ʻNada’) were investigated under self-, cross- (‘Čačanska Lepotica’ as pollenizer) and open pollination variants over the two years (2010/2011). Dynamics of pollen tubes growth varied depending on genotype, pollination variant and year. 72 h after pollination, location of the longest pollen tube was between the medium part of the style and the nucellus. Pollen tubes were predominantly observed in the ovary 144 h after pollination, while 240 h after pollination, penetration of pollen tube into the nucellus was not observed only in hybrid 32/21/87, in self-pollination variant. The highest amount of pistils with penetration into the nucellus 240 h after pollination was obtained in cross-pollination variant in all investigated genotypes and in both years, except in hybrids IV/63/81 and 22/17/87 in 2011 where this parameter achieved the highest value in self-pollination and open-pollination variants, respectively. The average value of initial fruit set varied from 1.08% (32/21/87, self-pollination) to 54.06% (‘Nada’, cross-pollination). The highest percentage of the initial fruit set for the majority of investigated genotypes recorded in the cross-pollination variant, except in hybrid 34/41/87, where the best result was obtained in self-pollination variant.Скоростта на растеж на поленовите тръбички през три етапа (72 ч., 144 ч. и 240 ч. след опрашването), както и първоначалният плоден завръз от шест обещаващи сливови генотипа, разработени в Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак (хибридите 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87, сорт „Nada“) са изследвани при самоопрашване, кръстосано опрашване („Čačanska Lepotica“ като опрашител) и варианти на свободно опрашване за период от две години (2010/2011). Динамиката на растеж на поленовите тръбички е различна в зависимост от генотипа, варианта на опрашване и годината. 72 часа след опрашването местоположението на най-дългата поленова тръбичка е между средната част на стълбчето и нуцелуса. Поленовите тръбички се наблюдават предимно в яйчника, 144 ч. след опрашване, докато 240 ч. след опрашване само при хибрид 32/21/87, във вариант на самоопрашване не се наблюдава проникване на поленова тръбичка в нуцелуса. Най-голямото количество опрашени плодници, с проникване в нуцелуса 240 ч. след опрашване, е получено при вариант на кръстосано опрашване във всички изследвани генотипи и през двете години, с изключение на хибриди IV/63/81 и 22/17/87 през 2011 г., когато този показател достига най-висока стойност във варианта на самоопрашване и свободно опрашване. Средната стойност на първоначалния плоден завръз варира от 1,08% (хибрид 32/21/87, самоопрашване) до 54,06% („Nada“, кръстосано опрашване). Най-висок процент на първоначален плоден завръз, при поголямата част от изследваните генотипи е регистриран във вариант на кръстосано опрашване, с изключение на хибрид 34/41/87, където най-добрият резултат е получен във варианта на самоопрашване
Influence of different plum pox virus strains on chemical composition of 'Čačanska lepotica' plum fruit cultivar
No full textPlum pox virus (PPV) is economically the most important virus of stone fruits. In sensitive plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars, PPV causes foliar symptoms, fruits deformation, changes in the chemical composition of fruits and premature fruit drop. Fruits of ‘Čačanska lepotica’ plum cultivar were collected from an experimental orchard in locality Čačak. Samples were collected from 15 trees (5 infected with PPV-D, 5 infected with PPV-Rec and 5 from PPV-free trees). Trees for sampling were selected after the RT-PCR analysis of the trees from the plantation using PPV strain-specific primers. The fruits were picked at five different terms at seven-days interval during the entire maturation stage. All tested samples, 10 PPV-infected and 5 uninfected, were further chemically analyzed. The analyses included determination of soluble solid content, titratable acidity and total phenolic content. The aim of this work was to reveal the possible changes in chemical composition in the fruits of ‘Čačanska lepotica’ cultivar, grown at the same locality, caused by the two different PPV strains
Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity in Berry and Leaf Extracts of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) as affected by Soil Management Systems
No full textThis experiment evaluated the effect of soil management systems (bare fallow, sawdust mulch and black plastic mulch) on the contents of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins and condensed tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation) and cytotoxic activity in berry and leaf extracts of seven black currant cultivars. Soil management systems and cultivars showed highly significant differences in the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Sawdust mulch and bare fallow treatments had a significant positive effect on the synthesis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in both berries and leaves. On the other hand, black currants grown on black plastic mulch had the highest cytotoxic activity. The tested extracts showed strong antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Antioxidant activity expressed as the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50 value) ranged from 31.62 to 59.13 mu g/mL and from 64.06 to 81.90 mu g/mL, while cytotoxic activity varied from 15.91 to 37.89 mu g/mL and from 26.28 to 38.18 mu g/mL for berries and leaves extracts, respectively. Generally, the results suggested that black currants grow well under varied soil management systems, and indicated that soil management systems had a significant effect on the synthesis and accumulation of the tested parameters
Биологично производство на пипер чрез използване на кравешки тор и букови дървени въглища
No full textThe objective of this study was to research the charcoal application in vegetable farming under organic conditions. The experiment was established in the greenhouse designed by random block system with pepper genotype Amanda, in treatment with cow manure and retort beech charcoal and control with cow manure without retort beech charcoal. The experiment was set up at Trmčare locality, Kruševac municipality in a greenhouse according to a random block system in 2 replicates, planting 25 plants treated with cow manure and retort beech charcoal and 25 plants treated only with cow manure as a control. Pepper were grown on a single tree. The aim was to determine the influence of the applied material on the number of fruits per plant and the weight of the fruit directly affecting the yield in the organic growing system. The parameter that is followed is pepper yield under temperate climatic conditions. The following parameters were monitored in the experiment: fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant. In the treatment with retort beech charcoal, the Amanda genotype had an average yield 27.35% higher than the control plants.Целта на настоящето изследване е да проследи приложението на дървени въглища в биологичното зеленчукопроизводство. Експериментът е проведен в оранжерия, проектирана по рандомизирана блокова система с генотип на чушки "Аманда", с приложение на говежда тор и букови дървени въглища и контрола с говежди тор без букови дървени въглища. Експериментът е извършен в местността Трмчаре, община Крушевац в оранжерия по рандомизирана блокова система в 2 повторения. Засадени са 25 растения, третирани с говежда тор и букови дървени въглища и 25 растения, третирани само с говежда тор, като контрола. Пиперът се отглежда като самостоятелна култура. Целта е да се определи влиянието на торa върху броя на плодове върху едно растение и тегло на плодовете, които пряко влияят върху добива в системата за биологично отглеждане. Параметърът, който се проследен, е добив на пипер при биологично производство. Следните показатели са наблюдавани в експеримента: добив на плодове от растение и брой плодове на растение. При третирането с букови дървени въглища, генотип "Аманда" показа среден добив с 27.35% повисок от контролните растения
Изследване на самонесъвместимост (S) в генотипи при местни видове череши, отглеждани в Балканския регион
No full textDetermination of S-allelic constitutions of autochthonous sweet cherry genotypes is an important step in molecular characterization of this material and also of enormous significance for growers and breeders, since this fruit species exhibits a gametophytic self-incompatibility, controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus which prevents self-fertilisation. The aim of this work was to summarize known and to reveal new data of the S-alleles in autochthonous genotypes originated in the Balkan countries - Republic of Serbia (15 genotypes), Republic of North Macedonia (8 genotypes) and Republic of Bulgaria (2 genotypes). The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers for the second intron (PaConsII-F/R) of S-RNase and allele-specific primers revealed eight alleles that generated the following S-allelic constitutions: S1S2 (one genotype), S1S5 (one genotype), S2S3 (five genotypes), S2S4 (one genotype), S3S4 (two genotypes), S3S6 (two genotypes), S3S9 (two genotypes), S3S12 (six genotypes), S6S9 (two genotypes), S4Sx (two genotypes) and S5Sx (one genotype). The most frequent S-allele and allelic constitution in this work were S3 and S3S12 (38.6% and 24%, resp.). Based on the obtained results, the assessed genotypes have been assigned to nine incompatibility groups. This study represents the first fundamental stage of characterization of autochthonous sweet cherry genotypes originating from aforementioned countries, which needs to be enlarged through inclusion of new landraces.Определянето на S-алелни конституции на стари генотипове череши е важна стъпка в молекулярната характеристика, а също и от огромно значение за производителите и селекционерите, тъй като черешата проявява гаметофитна самосъвместимост, контролирана от многоалелния S-локус, който предотвратява самоопрашването. Целта на настоящото изследване е да се обобщят известните и да се разкрият нови данни за S-алелите в стари генотипове с произход от балканските страни - Република Сърбия (15 генотипа), Република Северна Македония (8 генотипа) и Република България (2 генотипа). Чрез полимеразна верижна реакция (PCR) с консенсусни праймери за втория интрон (PaConsII-F/R) на S-RNase и специфични за алела праймери се разкриха осем алела, генериращи следните S-алелни конституции: S1S2 (един генотип), S1S5 (един генотип), S2S3 (пет генотипа), S2S4 (един генотип), S3S4 (два геноти-па), S3S6 (два генотипа), S3S9 (два генотипа), S3S12 (шест генотипа), S6S9 (два генотипа), S4Sx (два генотипа) и S5Sx (един генотип). Найчестите S-алелни и алелни конституции в настоящото проучване са S3 и S3S12 (38.6% и 24%, съответно). Въз основа на получените резултати изследваните генотипи са разпределени в девет несъвместими групи. Настоящото проучване представлява първият основен етап на характеризиране на автохтонни генотипи от череши, произхождащи от гореспоменатите страни, който трябва да бъде разширен чрез включване на нови местни сортове