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Čačanska rodna ‒ sorta šljive za proizvodnju rakije
No full textDuring the five year period, technological characteristics of fully ripen fruits of ‘Čačanska Rodna’, ‘Stanley’ and ‘Požegača’ grown in the same locality were comparatively studied, as well as the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of plum spirits obtained by their processing. The plums were processed traditionally, which included fruit crushing (without stone removing), spontaneous fermentation of the mash and double distillation in alembic. All examined characteristics of fruits and monovarietal plum spirits varied significantly depending on the year of the harvest, and their ranges of variation during the five-year period were shown accordingly. The possibilities of using cultivar ‘Čačanska Rodna’ for production of plum spirit according to the traditional procedure in comparison with the parent cultivars have been considered.Prikazani su rezultati petogodišnjih ispitivanja tehnoloških karakteristika potpuno zrelih plodova sorte Čačanska rodna i njenih roditelja (Stanley i Požegača), kao i hemijski sastav i senzorne karakteristike dobijenih sortnih šljivovica. Šljive su prerađene na tradicionalan način (muljanje plodova bez odvajanja koštica, spontana fermentacija i dvostruka destilacija). Za ispitivane osobine plodova, kljuka i šljivovica, u toku petogodišnjeg perioda, prikazane su minimalne i maksimalne vrednosti, medijana, srednja vrednost i standardna devijacija. Datum dostizanja pune zrelosti plodova razlikovao se, zavisno od godine berbe, i do 18 dana (Čačanska rodna), 24 dana (Stanley) i 23 dana (Požegača). Za proizvodnju rakije na tradicionalan način pogodnije su sorte Čačanska rodna i Požegača, koje su imale manji udeo koštice u plodu (3,72‒4,78%), nego sorta Stanley koja se odlikuje velikim udelom koštice (4,97‒5,83%). Plodovi sorte Čačanska rodna sadržali su najviše ukupnih šećera (prosek 14,28%), što ih čini dobrom sirovinom za dobijanje visokih prinosa rakije. Plodovi sve tri sorte imali su pH vrednost veću od pH 3,0. Sorte Čačanska rodna i Stanley sadržale su manje ukupnih pektinskih materija i pojedinih frakcija pektina nego Požegača, koja zbog toga može da da rakiju sa potencijalno najvećim sadržajem metanola. Godina berbe je najizraženije uticala na variranje sadržaja ukupnih kiselina (oko 1,5 puta) i ukupnih pektinskih materija (1,4‒1,8 puta) u plodovima sve tri sorte. Prosečna dužina alkoholne fermentacije iznosila je 12 dana (Čačanska rodna), 10 dana (Stanley) i 14 dana (Požegača). Sve šljivovice su zadovoljavale zahteve zakonske regulative. Na sadržaje analiziranih komponenata monosortnih šljivovica značajno je uticala godina proizvodnje. Sadržaj metanola se razlikovao, u zavisnosti od godine berbe 1,5 (Čačanska rodna i Požegača) ‒ 2 puta (Stanley), sadržaj HCN 5,5 (Stanley) ‒ 8,5 puta (Požegača), benzaldehida oko 2,5 (Požegača) ‒ 5,5 puta (Stanley), furfurala čak za 2,5 (Požegača) ‒ 213 puta (Stanley), viših alkohola za 1,5 (Čačanska rodna) ‒ 2 puta (Stanley), estara za oko 2 (Čačanska rodna) ‒ 3 puta (Stanley i PO), kiselina 2 (Čačanska rodna) ‒ 6 puta (Požegača) i aldehida 2,5 (Čačanska rodna) ‒ 6 puta (Požegača). Šljivovice sorte Čačanska rodna i Stanley sadržale su slične prosečne sadržaje metanola, dok je šljivovica od sorte Požegača sadržala nešto više ovog nepoželjnog sastojka. Prosečan sadržaj HCN u šljivovicama bio je u korelaciji sa udelom koštice u plodu. Koncentracije benzaldehida u rakijama bile su znatno niže od 100 mg/l a.a., što je granica iznad koje on negativno utiče na aromu rakije. Šljivovica sorte Čačanska rodna sadržala je najviše furfurala. Analiza viših alkohola spektrofotometrijskim metodom pokazala je da sorta ne utiče na pojavu razlika u sadržaju ovih komponenata u šljivovicama. Prosečni sadržaji ukupnih kiselina, ukupnih estara i ukupnih aldehida bili su najmanji u šljivovici sorte Čačanska rodna, a najveći u šljivovici sorte Požegača. Prosečne senzorne ocene sortnih rakija za petogodišnji period pokazuju da je najbolji senzorni kvalitet šljivovica sorte Požegača (prosečna ocena 17,84), a za njom slede sorte Čačanska rodna (prosečna ocena 17,52) i Stanley (prosečna ocena 17,22). Na osnovu senzornih ocena šljivovica proizvedenih na tradicionalan način, Požegača se može smatrati sortom za proizvodnju šljivovice vrhunskog kvaliteta, Stanley za sortu od koje se dobija rakija slabijeg, prosečnog kvaliteta, a Čačanska rodna sortom za dobijanje kvalitetne rakije, mada se, u zavisnosti od godine berbe, mogu javiti i izuzeci
Скорост на растеж на поленовите тръбички и формиране на завръз при сливови генотипи (Prunus domestica L.) при различен начин на опрашване
No full textPollen tubes growth rate in three fixation terms (72 h, 144 h and 240 h after pollination), as well as the initial fruit set of six promising plum genotypes developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (the hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87, and the cultivar ʻNada’) were investigated under self-, cross- (‘Čačanska Lepotica’ as pollenizer) and open pollination variants over the two years (2010/2011). Dynamics of pollen tubes growth varied depending on genotype, pollination variant and year. 72 h after pollination, location of the longest pollen tube was between the medium part of the style and the nucellus. Pollen tubes were predominantly observed in the ovary 144 h after pollination, while 240 h after pollination, penetration of pollen tube into the nucellus was not observed only in hybrid 32/21/87, in self-pollination variant. The highest amount of pistils with penetration into the nucellus 240 h after pollination was obtained in cross-pollination variant in all investigated genotypes and in both years, except in hybrids IV/63/81 and 22/17/87 in 2011 where this parameter achieved the highest value in self-pollination and open-pollination variants, respectively. The average value of initial fruit set varied from 1.08% (32/21/87, self-pollination) to 54.06% (‘Nada’, cross-pollination). The highest percentage of the initial fruit set for the majority of investigated genotypes recorded in the cross-pollination variant, except in hybrid 34/41/87, where the best result was obtained in self-pollination variant.Скоростта на растеж на поленовите тръбички през три етапа (72 ч., 144 ч. и 240 ч. след опрашването), както и първоначалният плоден завръз от шест обещаващи сливови генотипа, разработени в Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак (хибридите 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87, сорт „Нада“) са изследвани при самоопрашване, кръстосано опрашване („Чачанска лепотица“ като опрашител) и варианти на свободно опрашване за период от две години (2010/2011). Динамиката на растеж на поленовите тръбички е различна в зависимост от генотипа, варианта на опрашване и годината. 72 часа след опрашването местоположението на най-дългата поленова тръбичка е между средната част на стълбчето и нуцелуса. Поленовите тръбички се наблюдават предимно в яйчника, 144 ч. след опрашване, докато 240 ч. след опрашване само при хибрид 32/21/87, във вариант на самоопрашване не се наблюдава проникване на поленова тръбичка в нуцелуса. Най-голямото количество опрашени плодници, с проникване в нуцелуса 240 ч. след опрашване, е получено при вариант на кръстосано опрашване във всички изследвани генотипи и през двете години, с изключение на хибриди IV/63/81 и 22/17/87 през 2011 г., когато този показател достига най-висока стойност във варианта на самоопрашване и свободно опрашване. Средната стойност на първоначалния плоден завръз варира от 1,08% (хибрид 32/21/87, самоопрашване) до 54,06% („Нада“, кръстосано опрашване). Най-висок процент на първоначален плоден завръз, при поголямата част от изследваните генотипи е регистриран във вариант на кръстосано опрашване, с изключение на хибрид 34/41/87, където най-добрият резултат е получен във варианта на самоопрашване
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of pearas affected by rootstock and cultivar
No full textDuring two consecutive years we investigated the influence of two traditional quince rootstocks and three commercial pear cultivars on the phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant capacity in whole fruit. Results showed that the impact of rootstocks was lesser than the impact of cultivars. Quince BA.29 showed the higher vitamin C content, total antioxidant capacity, condensed tannins and gallotannins, whereas quince MA induced better values of inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation and metal chelating activity. 'Abbe Fetel' on both rootstocks was the cultivar with the highest vitamin C and total anthocyanin content (TAc), total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoids contens (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), condensed tannins and gallotannins in comparison with 'Starking Delicious' and 'Beurre Bosc'. Values of DPPH scavenging activity, inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation, metal chelating activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were statistically similar and higher in both 'Starking Delicious' and 'Beurre Bosc' in relation to 'Abbe Fetel', i. e. they had a lower antioxidant capacity than 'Abbe Fetel'
The Effect of ULO and NA Storage on Changes in the Quality of Apple Fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) during Shelf Life
No full textIn order to preserve the quality of apple fruit, it is crucial to choose the most suitable storage technology. Nevertheless, it is also important to maintain the quality of apples during the shelf life period. In this study, changes in various biochemical quality parameters of 'Golden Delicious' and 'Idared' apples during a prolonged shelf life period, after conventional normal atmosphere (NA) and ultra-low oxygen (ULO) storage, were investigated. After the harvest, the fruit of examined cultivars were stored in two atmospheres for six months. Weight loss, changes in content of sugars, organic acids, total phenols, total flavonoids, pectic fractions, and antioxidant capacity were monitored. Samples were evaluated immediately after removal from the cold chambers and after 10 and 20 days of shelf life at 20 degrees C. 'Golden Delicious' apples stored in ULO exhibited better qualitative characteristics during 20 days of shelf life compared with apples of the same cultivar stored in NA. However, evaluated traits in 'Idared' apples from NA chambers were of higher quality in comparison with 'Idared' apples stored in the ULO atmosphere
Fruit quality of plum cultivars developed at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, Serbia
No full textThe experiment evaluated the fruit characteristics (fruit weight, length, width and thickness, and stone weight) and contents of primary metabolites (soluble solids, total sugars, invert sugars, protein, titratable acidity and pH) in the fruit of plum cultivars. Research included fruits of thirteen plum cultivars developed at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak (Serbia). During the experimental period (2016-2018), significant differences in the parameters tested were observed among the cultivars. The fruit weight ranged from 26.9 g to 67.4 g, and stone weight from 0.89 g to 2.27 g. The fruit and stone weight were the greatest in cultivar ‘Timočanka’, and the lowest in cultivar ‘Zlatka’. The highest value for average fruit length was obtained in ‘Timočanka’ (52.4 mm) and ‘Čačanska Rana’ (51.7 mm), fruit width in ‘Timočanka’(45.1 mm) and ‘Valerija’ (46.2 mm), while fruit thickness was the highest in ‘Valerija’ (44.6 mm). In terms of primary metabolites, cultivars ‘Krina’ (21.8%), ‘Mildora’ (21.9%), ‘Pozna Plava’ (21.2%) and ‘Valjevka’ (20.9%) had the highest content of soluble solids. The highest total and invert sugar contents were determined in ‘Mildora’, while ‘Mildora’, ‘Zlatka’ and ‘Valerija’ were found to have highest content of protein. In contrast, the highest values for titratable acidity and pH value were obtained in ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, and the lowest in ‘Mildora’ and ‘Nada’
Текущо състояние и перспективи в отглеждане на орехоплодни овощни видове в света и Република Сърбия
No full textIn the Republic of Serbia of nut species the most grown are walnuts, followed by hazelnuts. However, the share of plantations covered by these species is not larger than 4%. Walnut production has a long tradition in Serbia, and its wide range application makes it one of the appreciated fruit species, while hazelnut production has been steadily increasing over the last years. The objective of this study was to evaluate analysis of the current state and prospects of walnut and hazelnut growing in the world and Serbia, for the period 2013-2018. Based on the FAOSTAT (2020), Serbia in 2017/2018 take the sixteenth place in the world by walnuts production, while it does not belong to the group of 25 countries in the world that are most important in the production of hazelnuts. On the other hand, Serbia ranks tenth in Europe in the total production of hazelnuts. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2018), in Serbia, walnut is grown at about 1.53%, and hazelnut on about 2.4% of the total orchard area. In the period 2013-2018, production of walnut in Serbia varied from 19,058 tonnes (2013) up to 9,272 tonnes (2018), while production of hazelnut is continuously increased – from
3,366 tonnes in 2013 to 5,428 tonnes in 2018. Generally, in Serbia there was a decrease in total production of walnuts for this period, while for the same period there was an increase in production of hazelnuts.В Република Сърбия от орехоплодните овощни видове, найотглеждани саорехите, следвани от лешници. Въпреки това, делът на насажденията обхванати от тези видове, не е поголям от 4%. Производството на орехи има дълга традиция в Сърбия и широкото имприложение ги прави един от ценените видове плодове, а производството налешници непрекъснато се увеличавапрез последните години. Целта на товапроучване е да се анализира настоящото състояние и перспективи в отглеждане на орехи и лешници в света и Сърбия за периода 2013-2018 г. Според FAOSTAT (2020), Сърбия през 2017/2018 заема шестнадесетото място всвета по производство на орехи, но непринадлежи в групата от 25 държави всвета, производители на лешници. От друга страна, Сърбия е на десето място в Европа по производство наорехи и пето място по производство на лешници. Според статистическата служба на Република Сърбия (2018 г.), в Сърбия орехът се отглежда на около 1.53%, а лешникът на около 2.4% отобщата площ на овощните градини. В периода 2013-2018 г. производството на орехи в Сърбия варира от 19 058 тона (2013 г.) до 9. 272 тона (2018 г.), докато производството на лешник непрекъснато се увеличава - от 3.366 тона през 2013 г., до 5.488 тона през 2018 г. Като цяло в Сърбия се наблюдава намаление в общото производство на орехи за този период, докато засъщия период има увеличение в производството на лешници
Fruit quality of plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Empress’ after cold storage
No full textIn order to respond to consumers’ requirements, it is necessary to supply the market with high quality plum fruit. As the quality of the fruit starts to change immediately after harvest, cold storage is applied in order to maintain fruit characteristics, determined mainly in orchards. Since fruit quality and storage potential depend on cultivar, the aim of this research was to analyze and compare quality-related properties of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Empress’ before and after cold storage. Although examined cultivars have different ripening time, they are primarily grown for fresh consumption. Thus, all analyses were performed at harvest and after 28 days of cold storage (0–2 °C, 90–95% relative humidity), followed by a shelf life of three days at 20 °C. Fruit firmness, weight loss, susceptibility to Monilinia spp., soluble solids content, titratable acidity, antioxidant capacity, the concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins were monitored. After cold storage and subsequent shelf life, an increase in soluble solids content, antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and flavonoids were observed in both cultivars. Significant differences between fresh and stored plums were found in terms of fruit firmness. Fruit of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ had higher content of soluble solids and anthocyanins and it was firmer in both analyses’ dates compared to fruit of ‘Empress’. However, its fruit was more susceptible to Monilinia spp. and had significantly higher weight loss than ‘Empress’ fruit
Изследване на самонесъвместимост (S) в генотипи при местни видове череши, отглеждани в Балканския регион
No full textSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is an economically important fruit species in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. It is assumed to originate within a region around the Caspian (Sea) and Black Sea, and later spread across Europe, resulting in local genotypes adapted to different agro-ecological conditions. Since the origin of the old genotypes is unknown, and cases of homonyms or synonyms might occur, a reliable identification is required. Determination of S-allelic constitutions of autochthonous genotypes is an important step in molecular characterization and also of enormous significance for growers and breeders, since sweet cherry exhibits a gametophytic self-incompatibility, controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus which prevents self-fertilisation. The aim of this work was to summarize known and to reveal new data of the S-alleles in autochthonous genotypes originated in the Balkan countries - Republic of Serbia (15 genotypes), Republic of North Macedonia (8 genotypes) and Republic of Bulgaria (2 genotypes). The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers for the second intron (PaConsII-F/R) of S-RNase and allele-specific primers revealed eight alleles that generated the following S-allelic constitutions: S1S2 (one genotype), S1S5 (one genotype), S2S3 (five genotypes), S2S4 (one genotype), S3S4 (two genotypes), S3S6 (two genotypes), S3S9 (two genotypes), S3S12 (six genotypes), S6S9 (two genotypes), S4Sx (two genotypes) and S5Sx (one genotype). The most frequent S-allele and allelic constitution in this work were S3 and S3S12 (38.6% and 24%, resp.). Based on the obtained results, the assessed genotypes have been assigned to nine incompatibility groups.Черешата (Prunus avium L.) е икономически важен овощен вид в страните на Балканския полуостров. Предплага се, че произхожда от район около Каспийско море и Черно море, а покъсно се разпространява в Европа, поради което местни генотипове се адаптират към различни агроекологични условия. Тъй като произходът на старите генотипи е неизвестен и могат да възникнат случаи на омоними или синоними, е необходимо надеждно идентифициране. Определянето на S-алелни конституции на стари генотипове е важна стъпка в молекулярната характеристика, а също и от огромно значение за производителите и селекционерите, тъй като черешата проявява гаметофитна самонесъвместимост, контролирана от многоалелния S-локус, който предотвратява самоопрашването. Целта на настоящето изследване е да се обобщят известните и да се разкрият нови данни за S-алелите в стари генотипи с произход от балканските страни - Република Сърбия (15 генотипа), Република Северна Македония (8 генотипа) и Република България (2 генотипа). Чрез полимеразна верижна реакция (PCR) с консенсусни праймери за втория интрон (PaConsII-F/R) на S-RNase и специфични за алела праймери се разкриха осем алела, генериращи следните S-алелни конституции: S1S2 (един генотип), S1S5 (един генотип), S2S3 (пет генотипа), S2S4 (един генотип), S3S4 (два генотипа), S3S6 (два генотипа), S3S9 (два генотипа), S3S12 (шест генотипа), S6S9 (два генотипа), S4Sx (два генотипа) and S5Sx (един генотип). Найчестите S-алелни и алелни конституции в настоящето проучване са S3 и S3S12 (38.6% и 24%, съответно). Въз основа на получените резултати изследваните генотипи са разпределени в девет групи според тяхната несъвместимост
Evaluation of innovative and environmentally safe growing practice suitable for sustainable management of plum orchards
No full textIntensive agricultural development based on the long-term and excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers significantly contributes to a series of undesirable effects and results in environmental pollution. In line with the above, there is a pressing need for major changes in agricultural production management. Bearing in mind that fertilization strategy, among other practices, plays an important role in improving the growing technology of different fruit crops, we considered that the above mentioned problems could be overcome by introducing an environmentally safe and innovative practice inplum growing technology as well. Accordingly, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effects of biofertilizer (a combination of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mineralizing bacteria including Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium and Bacillus subtilis) and chemical fertilizer (a water-soluble chemical fertilizer supplemented with the microelements B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn)on ʻČačanska Lepotica' and 'Stanley' plum cultivars. Morphometric characteristics (fruit weight, length and width), internal quality traits (soluble solids content and firmness) and chemical properties (total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity) of the fruit of the tested plum cultivars were assessed. The obtained results indicate that the substitution of chemical fertilization with biofertilization in 'Čačanska Lepotica' and 'Stanley' is a justified practice. Furthermore, this approach seems to havepotential as an appropriate technique in commercial plum production, which may improve yield-attributing characteristics and the phytochemical content of plum fruits.Intenzivni razvoj poljoprivredne proizvodnje zasnovan na dugoročnoj i prekomernoj upotrebi mineralnih azotnih đubriva značajno doprinosi nizu neželjenih efekata i rezultira zagađenjem životne sredine. U skladu sa tim, neophodne su krupne i brze promene u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Imajući u vidu da ishrana igra važnu ulogu u tehnologiji gajenja različitih vrsta voćaka, smatrali smo da bi se navedeni problemi mogli prevazići uvođenjem inovativnih i po životnu sredinu bezbednih proizvoda i tehnika u postojeću tehnologiju gajenja različitih vrsta voćaka, uključujući i šljivu. Shodno tome, u zasadu šljive sorti ʻČačanska lepotica' i 'Stanley' sprovedena su uporedna proučavanja uticaja biofertilizacije (kombinacija azoto-fiksirajućih i fosfo-mineralizirajućih bakterija: Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium i Bacillus subtilis) i upotrebe mineralnog hraniva (vodotopivo mineralno hranivo sa dodatkom mikroelemenata: B, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn). Ispitivanja su obuhvatala ocenu mase, dužine, širine i čvrstine ploda, kao i sadržaja rastvorljive suve materije, ukupnih fenola i ukupne antioksidativne aktivnosti navedenih sorti šljive. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da je zamena mineralnih hraniva biofertilizatorima kod sorti šljive 'Čačanska lepotica' i 'Stanley' opravdana mera. Pored toga, može se reći da navedena tehnologija predstavlja potencijal i za komercijalnu proizvodnju šljive i može doprineti poboljšanju prinosa i fitohemijskom sastavu plodova šljive
Effect of Sawdust and Foil Mulches on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Black Currant
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of sawdust and black foil mulches on soil properties, growth and yield of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). A control (bare soil) was also included in the experiment. During three-year research, in all cultivation systems, there were changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics, including soil pH reduction, a decrease in coarse sand, silt and clay fractions, and an increase in fine sand fractions. The soil covered with sawdust had a stimulating effect on nutrient content (humus, N, P and K) and microbial count in the soil. Sawdust mulch favoured the modification of soil microclimate through temperature reduction and maintenance of moderate soil moisture throughout the growing season. The relationship of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil in black currants under sawdust mulch contributed to an increase in fruit yield and bush growth compared to bare soil and foil mulch. On the other hand, black foil mulch allowed early soil warming and caused an increase in soil temperature and moisture during the growing season, which had not a positive effect on the tested parameters. The results indicated that mulching with sawdust is an effective method for growth and yield improvement in black currants