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Application of V and D cryo-plate methods for the cryopreservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5
No full textThe possibility of improving cryopreservation success using aluminium cryo-plates was
investigated in cherry rootstock Gisela 5. The shoot tips were dissected from in vitro-grown
shoots and precultured for one day at 25 C in the dark, on Murashige and Skoog (MS)
medium containing 0.3 M sucrose. The explants were placed on aluminium cryo-plates with
12 wells and embedded in 2% alginate gel. Osmoprotection was performed by immersing the
cryo-plates in loading solution (1.9 M glycerol + 0.5 M sucrose) for 30 min at room
temperature. In the V cryo-plate protocol, dehydration was performed at room temperature
using two types of plant vitrification solutions: modified PVS2 (37.5% glycerol, 15%
dimethyl sulfoxide, 15% ethylene glycol and 22.5% sucrose) for 40 min and PVS3 (50%
glycerol and 50% sucrose) for 60 min. In the D cryo-plate protocol, explants were desiccated
for 2, 2.5 or 3 h in closed glass containers over silica gel. In both protocols, cryo-plates with
explants were transferred in uncapped cryotubes and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen.
Rewarming was done by direct immersion of cryo-plates in liquid MS medium containing 0.8
M sucrose (30 min at room temperature). In the V cryo-plate procedure regrowth of
cryopreserved shoot tips dehydrated with PVS2 was 95.9%, while for those dehydrated with
PVS3 was 85%. As for the D cryo-plate procedure, regrowth ranged between 45.8% and
66.7%. After regrowth, shoots were successfully multiplied and rooted. The results obtained
clearly indicate that both cryopreservation procedures using aluminium cryo-plates can facilitate
efficient cryostorage of Gisela 5 rootstock
Въздействие на приложението на ʻStopitʼ върху производителността и помологичните характеристики на ябълки (Malus × domestica Borkh.)
No full textThis paper presents the two-year results (2018-2019) of research into the foliar fertilizer ʻStopitʼ on productivity and pomological properties of five introduced apple cultivars (ʻGloster 69ʼ, ʻGolden Reindersʼ, ʻGranny Smithʼ, ʻMorrens Jonagoredʼ and ʻRed Chiefʼ). Treatments were performed four times during vegetation, from the beginning of June until the mid of August, each 21 day. In harvest period of the investigated cultivars, morphometric characteristics, firmness and RSM content of fruit, as well as yield per unit area were determined. During the experiment, significant discrepancies between the investigated cultivars were found. The highest average weight (231.00 g), fruit dimension (height 71.41 mm and width 84.57 mm) and the content of RSM (14.52 °Brix) were found in the cultivar Morrens Jonagored, whereas the highest yield per unit area was found in the cultivar ʻRed Chiefʼ (2018 – 73.5 t ha-1 ; 2019 – 31.062 t ha-1). Regarding the years of study, by analyzing the results obtained, significantly higher average values of fruit mass and yield per unit area were recorded in the first year of study compared to the second experimental year, and as for the content of RSM, the reverse values were recorded (11,58% - 2018 i 14,13% - 2019). Application of ʻStopitʼ, which contains calcium (Ca) in the form of calcium chloride (CaCl2) (in its chemical composition), has shown a significant impact on the firmness of fruit in all investigated cultivars. The highest values of the fruit firmness were recorded in the cultivar ʻGranny Smithʼ in both years of study. Foliar fertilizer ʻStopitʼ can be recommended in apple orchards due to its stimulative impact on productive and pomological apple properties.Настоящата статия представя двугодишни резултати (2018-2019) от влиянието на листен тор „Stopit“ върху производителността и овощните характеристики на пет интродуцирани сорта ябълки („Глостър 69", Golden Reinders “, "Granny Smith", „Morrens Jonagored" и „Red Chief"). Третиранията са извърше- ни четири пъти по време на вегета- цията, от началото на юни до средата на август на всеки 21 ден. В периода на прибиране на реколтата са определени морфометричните характеристики, твърдост и съдържание на RSM в плодовете, както и добив от единица площ. По време на експеримента са открити зна- чителни различия между изследваните сортове. Най-високо средно тегло (231.00 g), размер на плодовете (височина - 71.41 mm и ширина - 84.57 mm) и съдържание на RSM (14.52 °Brix) са открити в сорт „Morrens Jonagoredʼ, докато най- високи добив от единица площ е установен в сорт „Red Chief“ (2018 г. - 73.5 t ha-1 ; 2019 г. - 31.062 t ha-1). Чрез анализ на получените резултати, през първата година на изследването са регистрирани значително по-високи средни стойности в големината на плода и добив от единица площ, а по отношение на съдържанието на RSM - обратните стойности са регистрирани (11.58% - 2018 г. и 14.13% - 2019 г.). Прилагането на „Stopit“, който съдържа калций (Са) под формата на калциев хлорид (CaCl2) (в неговия химичен състав), показа значително влияние върху твърдостта на плодовете във всички изследвани сортове. Най-високи стойности на твърдостта на плодовете са регистрирани в сорта „Грени Смит“ и за двете години на изследване. Листният тор „Stopit“ се препоръчва за овощните градини поради стимулиращото му въздействие върху продуктивни и помологични свойства на ябълките
Molecular and biological characterization of black raspberry necrosis virus on red raspberry in Serbia
No full textBlack raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) is considered to be economically important virus infecting raspberries. In black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) BRNV causes cane tip necrosis, but infected red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars in general do not express foliar symptoms. From 2014–2018, a number of 105 samples from 9 red raspberry cultivars (‘Amira’, ‘Fertödi Zamatos’, ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Meeker’, ‘San Rafael’, ‘Polana’, ‘Polka’, ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Willamette’) were collected from different localities in Serbia. Samples were tested on the BRNV presence by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers targeting 417 bp nucleotide (nt) fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of RNA 1 of the BRNV genome. BRNV was detected in 19 samples in cultivars ‘Fertödi Zamatos’, ‘Polana’, ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Willamette’. A 417 nt sequence of the RdRp was determined for 5 isolates. The nt sequences of these isolates were 94.2–99.7% identical. When compared to available sequences of BRNV isolates from North America and Europe, Serbian isolates showed significant divergence (80.0–82.2% of nt identity). A portion of the BRNV infected plants of cultivar ‘Fertödi Zamatos’ were further tested on indicator R. occidentalis by inarch bottle grafting. Two months after inoculation cane tip begun to curl down and became necrotic on all inoculated plants. Non-grafted control plants were symptomless
In vitro propagation and medium-term conservation of autochthonous plum cultivar 'Crvena Ranka'
No full textIn vitro strategije razmnožavanja i konzervacije ugroženih vrsta veoma su značajne za održivo korišćenje biljnih resursa, ali i za tradicionalne i savremene programe oplemenjivanja. U ovom radu je uspostavljen efikasan protokol za mikropropagaciju autohtone šljive Crvena ranka i ispitana je mogućnost srednje dugog čuvanja (3, 6 i 9 meseci) in vitro gajenih izdanaka na +5 oC u uslovima potpunog mraka - "cold storage" (CS) tehnikom. Aseptična kultura je uspostavljena gajenjem eksplantata bočnih pupoljaka na Murashige i Skoog medijumu sa 2 mg l-1 BA, 0,5 mg l-1 IBA i 0,1 mg l-1 GA3, gde je 68,8% eksplantata iniciralo rozetu. Tokom in vitro razmnožavanja na medijumu konstantnog hormonskog sastava uočeno je značajno povećanje indeksa multiplikacije u trećoj supkulturi, posle čega se njegova vrednost nije značajno menjala do pete supkulture. Ispitan je uticaj koncentracije citokinina BA i/ili vrste auksina (IBA ili NAA) na parametre multiplikacije, kao i na svežu i suvu masu izdanaka i pokazano je da BA u koncentraciji 1 mg l-1 primenjen u kombinaciji sa NAA umesto IBA dovodi do značajnog povećanja parametara umnožavanja izdanaka. Praćen je i uticaj vrste auksina na ožiljavanje izdanaka. Izdanci gajeni na medijumu sa NAA ožiljavani su bolje (60%) u odnosu na one gajene na medijumu sa IBA (20%). Izdanci ove sorte šljive se mogu čuvati u CS uslovima do 6 meseci. Najveće preživljavanje (94%) izdanaka postignuto je posle 3 meseca gajenja izdanaka u CS uslovima. Posle 6 meseci, CS preživljavanje je bilo 82,5%, dok su svi izdanci potpuno nekrotirali posle 9 meseci gajenja u uslovima CS. Potpuno i delimično vijabilni izdanci su posle prenošenja na svež medijum i gajenja u standardnim in vitro uslovima vrlo brzo povratili normalnu morfologiju, mada su multiplikacija i ožiljavanje izdanaka bili značajno niži u odnosu na izdanke koji nisu gajeni u CS uslovima.In vitro strategies for the propagation and conservation of indigenous species contribute to the sustainable use of plant diversity and are essential for breeding programs as well. In this study, we established an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of autochthonous plum 'Crvena Ranka' and examined the survival and regrowth capacity of in vitro shoots after 3, 6 and 9 months of cold storage (CS) at +5 oC in total darkness. Aseptic culture was established on the Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2 mg l-1 BA, 0.5 mg l-1 IBA and 0.1 mg l-1 GA3 (leaf rosette initiation being 68.8%). During in vitro propagation on the medium of constant hormonal composition, a significant increase in the multiplication index was observed in the third subculture, whereupon it was mainly stable until the fifth subculture. The effect of BA concentration and/or type of auxins (IBA or NAA) on multiplication parameters, as well as on fresh and dry weights of shoots was evaluated. BA at 1 mg l-1 in combination with NAA significantly increased shoot multiplication parameters. The effect of auxins on rooting parameters was monitored as well. Shoots cultured on the medium supplemented with NAA also displayed higher rooting ability (60%), in comparison with those grown on the medium containing IBA at the same concentration (20%). In vitro shoots can be conserved over the medium term under CS conditions up to six months. High survival was achieved after three (94%) and six months (82.5%), while severe signs of necrosis (100%) were noticed after nine months of conservation. Shoots subcultured under standard growth conditions after CS promptly regained their morphology although their capacity for multiplication and rooting was slightly lower than that of non-cold-stored shoots
Functionality of Embryo Sacs in Pear Cultivars 'Ingeborg' and 'Celina' as Related to Fruit Set under Nordic Climate
No full textSince the European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a self-incompatible fruit species, synchrony and compatibility between female parts of the mother plant and male gametes from the pollen donor must be fulfilled. Besides pollination and fertilization, normal embryo and zygote development is one of the prerequisites for the satisfactory yields in pears. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the functionality of embryo sacs and the embryo's early stages of growth in relation to the fruit set of diploid ('Celina') and the triploid ('Ingeborg') pear cultivars under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. For this purpose, flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth days after the beginning of this phenophase for two consecutive years. Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under the light microscope. In the analyzed cultivars, results showed different tendencies in embryo sac development and degradation processes, in both experimental years, which is probably due to the genetic background of the examined cultivars. Also, fertilization success and fruit set were higher in the second year of study due to the higher average temperature during the flowering period. Diploid cultivar 'Celina' showed much better adaptation to high temperatures in relation to triploid cultivar 'Ingeborg'
Production characteristics and fruit quality of 'Alba' strawberries grown in different localities
No full textU radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja vegetativnog potencijala, rodnosti i kvaliteta ploda sorte jagode ‘Alba’ na različitim lokalitetima (Preljina I Samaila) u 2018. godini. Na lokalitetu Samaila, utvrđen je veći vegetativni potencijal bokora kao i produktivnost jagode u poređenju sa lokalitetom Preljina. Nije utvrđeno značajno variranje među ispitivanim lokalitetima u fizičkim osobinama ploda, dok je značajno veći sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, šećera i organskih kiselina registrovan na lokalitetu Preljina. Širenje sorte jagode ‘Alba’ u proizvodnjoj praksi može se preporučiti zbog veoma ranog vremena zrenja, visoke rodnosti i veoma kavlitetnog ploda a posebno u područijima sa zemljištima koja se odlikuju povoljnim mehaničkim stastavom.The paper presents results of the research of vegetative potential, productivity and fruit quality of the cultivar 'Alba' on different localities (Preljina and Samaile) in 2018. At the locality Samaile, higher vegetative potential and productivity were found compared to the locality Preljina. No significant variation was found among the studied localities in the physical traits of the strawberry fruit, while a significantly higher content of soluble solids, sugars and organic acids was registered at the locality Preljina. Spread of the strawberry cultivar 'Alba' in production practice can be recommended due to the very early ripening time, high productivity and very good fruit quality, especially in areas with soils characterized by a favorable mechanical structure
Čačanska rodna ‒ sorta šljive za sušenje
No full textThe paper presents the examination results of the variability of quality of dried fruits of ‘Čačanska Rodna’ during the fourteen-year period, depending on the characteristics of the fresh fruits used for drying and climatic conditions during their ripening. Fruits from the plantations of Fruit Research Institute Čačak, at Preljinsko brdo facility, where standard agro-and pomotechnical measures are regularly applied, were used for the examination. The fruits intended for drying of approximately same weight and adequate ripeness degree were picked selectively. Drying was performed in the experimental dryer at the air temperature 90 °C until reaching 75% of the total dry matter in the dried fruit. Based on the results of examining chemical composition of fresh and dried plums, it can be concluded that the fruits of ‘Čačanska Rodna’ are suitable for drying regardless of climatic conditions during the summer period and that the desired sweet-sour taste of prunes can be obtained by processing fruits with soluble solids content higher than 18%.Čačanska rodna je jedna od vodećih sorata šljive u Srbiji, a zbog svojih pozitivnih osobina u pogledu rodnosti i kvaliteta ploda koristi se za potrošnju u svežem stanju, ali i za preradu u različite proizvode, kao što su suva šljiva, džem, smrznuta šljiva i rakija šljivovica. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja varijabilnosti kvaliteta osušenih plodova sorte Čačanska Rodna tokom četrnaestogodišnjeg perioda, a u zavisnosti od osobina svežih plodova korišćenih za sušenje i klimatskih uslova tokom sazrevanja istih.
Za ispitivanje su korišćeni plodovi iz zasada Instituta za voćarstvo Čačak, lokalitet Preljinsko brdo, gde se redovno primenjuju agro- i pomotehničke mere uobičajene za ovu vrstu voćaka. Probirno su ubrani plodovi približno iste mase i stepena zrelosti koji odgovara preradi sušenjem. Sušenje plodova šljiva je obavljeno u eksperimentalnoj sušari na temperaturi vazduha od 90 °C do postizanja 75% ukupne suve materije u osušenom plodu. Period ispitivanja od 14 godina obuhvatio je različite klimatske prilike u letnjem periodu (sušne i kišne godine).
Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja hemijskog sastava sveže i suve šljive može se zaključiti da su plodovi sorte Čačanska rodna pogodni za sušenje bez obzira na klimatske prilike tokom letnjeg perioda. Iako je u našim ispitivanjima sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije u svežem plodu bio različit, od 17,20% do 20,90% (prosek 19,32%), sušenjem su se dobili suvi plodovi kod kojih se svi ispitivani parametri hemijskog sastava nalaze u granicama karakterističnim za suve šljive. Međutim, značajne razlike postoje u pogledu odnosa šećer/kiseline, koji u velikoj meri određuje ukus ploda suve šljive. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se sušenjem plodova sorte Čačanska rodna sa sadržajem rastvorljive suve materije većim od 18%, dobijaju sušeni plodovi sa povoljnim odnosom šećer/kiseliine koji daje poželjni slatko-nakiseli ukus suve šljive.Sanja Radičević, editor in chief (glavni i odgovorni urednik); Tatjana Vujović, technical editor and proof reader (tehnički urednik i korektor
Подробен масспектрометричен анализ (GC-MS) на етерично масло от Salvia sclarea L. и първа in vitro оценка на противогъбична активност срещу растителен патоген Colletotrichum acutatum на J.H. Simmonds
No full textThe genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) comprises about 900 species widespread throughout the world. Salvia sclarea L., Clary Sage, one of the most appreciated representative of genus Salvia, is a biennial dicot shrub, native to southern Europe regions, but cultivated all over the world as a source of essential oil. Long history of use as a traditional medicine (antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, digestive etc.) is further supported in the numerous scientific studies (Foray et al., 1999; Pitarokili et al., 2002). Evaluation of secondary metabolism rate, modification in the qualities and quantities of essential oil constituents, and in particular the principal active ones affecting the biological activities is fundamental (Hudaib et al., 2001). The chemical composition of the essential oil of S. sclarea was found to be highly influenced by genetic and environmental factors, organ age, climate conditions, and seasonality. Herein, we present the results of detailed analyses of the essential oil constituents of the commercial sample of S. sclarea aerial parts. Plant material, harvested at full flowering stage from southeastern Serbian regions, yielded a transparent, yellowish fragrant essential oil. Subsequent meticulous GC and GC-MS analyses enabled the identification of more than 60 constituents, among which linalyl acetate (43.17%), linalool (15.8%), germacrene D (9.73%), caryophyllene (5.13%) and sclareol (1.43%) were the dominant ones. Together with the secondary metabolite profile, determination of the Serbian S. sclarea essential oil agricultural plant protection potential was estimated by assessing sporulation intensity and mycelia growth of Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds C.A.2 isolates, causative of strawberry antrachnose, in vitro.Род Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) включва около 900 вида, широко разпространени в целия свят. Salvia sclarea L., един от най-ценните представители на род Salvia, е двугодишен двусемеделен храст, родом от районите на Южна Европа, но култивиран в целия свят като източник на етерично масло. Дългогодишната му употреба като традиционно лекарство (антисептично, противовъзпалително, стомашно, храно смилателно и др.) е подкрепена допълнително от многобройни научни изследвания (Foray et al., 1999; Pitarokili et al., 2002). Оценката на скоростта на вторичния метаболизъм, промяната в качествата и количествата на елементите в етеричното масло и по-специално основните активни вещества, които засягат биологичните дейности, е съществена (Hudaib et al., 2001). Установено е, че химичният състав на етеричното масло от S.sclarea е силно повлиян от генетични и екологични фактори, възраст на органите, климатични условия и сезонност. Представени са резултати от подробни анализи на съставките в етерично масло от надземни части на S. sclarea. Растителен материал, добит във фаза на пълен цъфтеж от южни райони на Сърбия, дава прозрачно, жълтеникаво ароматно етерично масло. Последващи щателни GC и GCMS анализи позволяват идентифицирането на повече от 60 съставки, сред които доминиращи са линалилацетат (43.17%), линалол (15.8%), гермакрен D (9.73%), кариофилен (5.13%) и склареол (1.43%). Заедно с определянето на вторичния метаболитен профил на сръбското етерично масло от S.sclarea, потенциалът на градинския чай като средство за растителна защита е оценен чрез интензивността на спорообразуване и нарастване на мицела на Colletotrichum acutatum JH Simmonds C.A.2 изолати, причиняващи антрахноза, in vitro
Influence of growth retardant Regalis on blackberry fruit quality
No full textIn the group of berry species, blackberry is, by economic importance for Republic of Serbia, immediately behind raspberry and strawberry. As a consequence of the hyper- production on one side and the uncertain sales prospects on the other side, the average blackberry production
in Serbia has declined in recent years to approximately 12,000 t (spread to app. 15,000 individual farms). The blackberry orchards in Serbia are dominated by the Čačanska Bestrna
and Thornfree cultivars, with more than 95% share, followed by the Black Satin, Dirksen Thornless and some more recent cultivars, such as Loch Ness, Chester Thornless, Triple Crown. The intensification of the cultivation technology accompanied by the introduction of
the application growth retardant resulted in increasing the share of quality fruits, i.e. reducing
vigour of bush. The paper presents results of a two-year study (2018–2019) into the impact of
foliar application Regalis (growth retardant) on morphometric and chemical properties of blackberry fruit. It was observed that most of the tested parameters were affected by foliar application of retardant during the research, as well as by their interaction. In terms of the morphometric properties, weight (10.89 g), height (34.14 mm), and width (26.90 mm) were higher in treatment with Regalis than treatment without application. All chemical properties tested, soluble solids (9.95%), total sugars (4.98%), inverted sugars (4.71%) content, except sucrose and total acids content had higher values in the same treatment. In addition to this, the
foliar application of Regalis had a positive effect on the content of secondary metabolities (total anthocianins-67.11 mg/100 g FW; total phenols-636.06 mg/100 g FW), and antioxidant
capacity of fruit (2.53mmol Trolox/100 g FW)