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Oplemenjivanje trešnje i višnje u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak – prošlost, sadašnjost i budućnost
No full textCherry breeding work at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak has had a long tradition since its initiation in 1960, using planned hybridization within Prunus avium L. and Prunus cerasus L. as the main method. Two sweet cherry (‘Asenova Rana’ and ‘Čarna’) and two sour cherry cultivars (‘Šumadinka’ and ‘Čaanski Rubin’) have been released in the previous period, and three new sour cherry cultivars (‘Sofija’, ‘Nevena’ and ‘Iskra’) have been named and released in 2015. Current sour cherry breeding started in 2011, and is based on the use of domestic genotypes, well adapted to the environmental conditions of the area, and introduced genotypes – known sources of resistance, with a high cropping potential and good fruit quality. Special attention has been paid to sour cherry germplasm from the West Serbia region, whose variability is an abundant source of diversity – for clonal selection and using the autochthonous genotypes in commercial growing, or as parents in planned hybridization. Nowadays, one sweet cherry (‘V/60’) and two sour cherry (‘GV-6’ and ‘GV-10’) genotypes are under procedure of recognition at Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia. The investigations are also focused on different aspects of cherry floral biology – flowering phenology, pollen quality, monitoring the pollen tubes growth in the pistil, and cytoembryology. Reproductive behaviour as pollen donors/recipients were considered from the context of genotypic specificities, and their expressions in relation to flowering temperature, especially warmer. Decades-long research work on self- and cross-(in)compatibility in cherries was started by monitoring fruit set percentage under field conditions, and later developed by observing pollen tubes growth in the pistil using fluorescence microscopy, to find solutions for the adequate choice of cultivars combinations that provide the best performance in terms of fruit set and yields. In addition, S-genotyping of autochthonous, domestic and foreign sweet cherry cultivars has also been begun by using consensus and specific primers for identification of S-RNase alleles.Oplemenjivanje trešnje i višnje u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak ima višedecenijsku tradiciju (od 1960. godine), pri čemu je kao osnovna metoda korišćena planska hibridizacija u okviru trešnje (Prunus avium L.) i obične višnje (Prunus cerasus L.). U ranijem periodu su priznate dve sorte trešnje (Asenova rana i Čarna) i dve sorte višnje (Šumadinka i Čačanski rubin). Tri nove sorte višnje (Sofija, Nevena i Iskra) su priznate 2015. godine. Novi oplemenjivački program višnje je započeo 2011. godine, i baziran je na korišćenju domaćih genotipova dobro prilagođenih agroekološkim uslovima Republike Srbije i introdukovanih genotipova – poznatih izvora otpornosti, izraženog potencijala rodnosti i kvaliteta ploda. Posebna pažnja je posvećena selekciji autohtonih genotipova višnje krupnog ploda na području zapadne Srbije; varijabilnost ovih genotipova je bogat izvor diverziteta – za komercijalno gajenje, ili u roditeljskim kombinacijama za stvaranje novih sorti u okviru planske hibridizacije. Jedan genotip trešnje (V/60) i dva genotipa višnje (GV-6 i GV-10) su u postupku priznavanja kod Komisije za priznavanje sorti i podloga koštičavih vrsta voćaka pri Ministarstvu poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije. Istraživanja su takođe usmerena na različite aspekte biologije cvetanja trešnje i višnje - karakteristike fenofaze cvetanja, kvalitet polena, monitoring rasta polenovih cevčica u stubiću, kao i citoembriologiju. Reproduktivno ponašanje kao donora/recipijenta polena razmatrano je u kontekstu genotipskihspecifičnosti, i njihove ekspresije u odnosu na temperature tokom fenofaze cvetanja, a naročito u odnosu na više temperature. Istraživački rad na ispitivanju samo- i unakrsne (in)kompatibilnosti kod trešnje i višnje započelo je ispitivanjima inicijalnog i finalnog zametanja plodova pri kontrolisanom oprašivanju u poljskim uslovima, a kasnije nastavljeno praćenjem rasta polenovih cevčica u stubiću i plodniku korišćenjem fluorescentne mikroskopije, u cilju iznalaženja najboljih rešenja za izbor adekvatnih sortnih kompozicija koje daju najbolje rezultate u pogledu zametanja plodova i prinosa. Tokom poslednje decenije, uvedena su molekularna istraživanja u proučavanju samo-inkompatibilnog lokusa S kod trešnje, koja su dovela do suštinskog pomaka u sagledavanju i rešavanju problema sortne kompozicije oprašivača u proizvodnim i eksperimentalnim zasadima ove izrazito samobesplodne vrste voćaka. Primena PCR-metode sa konsenzus prajmerima za prvi i drugi intron S-RNaze, kao i alel-specifinim prajmerima omogućila je S-genotipizaciju autohtonih, domaćih stvorenih oplemenjivačkim radom i introdukovanih sorti i hibrida trešnje.Glišić Ivana - glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa Voćarstvo; Vujović Tatjana - tehnički urednik časopisa Voćarstv
Impact of fertilizers on pear leaf nutrient status at 60 days after full bloom
No full textDuring two consecutive years we tested the impact of different fertilizers on the leaf nutritional status of 'Williams' pears at 60 days after full bloom. Fertilizers, years and their interaction significantly influenced leaf macro- and microelements level. Cattle manure (CM) increased leaf P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn, but decreased leaf N, Zn and B levels. A good capacity to improve leaf N, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn and B was showed by Multi-Comp Base (MCB) fertilizer. Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) decreased leaf Mg and microelements. Deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) and Sigma DOP indexes indicate that CAN, MCB, Humus Vita Stallatico (HVS) induced a quite balance among macroelements, whereas HVS promoted the best balance among micro elements. Wider imbalances within macro- and microelements were caused by CM and compound NPK. The results of this study suggest the advantages of early foliar analysis of 'Williams' pears to eliminate disturbances concerning leaf element amounts
A comparative analysis of plant growth-promoting traits of Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains isolated from Lolium perenne rhizospheric soil in Vojvodina (Serbia) and their effect on the plant yield
No full textThe objective of this work was to do a comparative study of Pseudomonas and Bacillus isolates for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential, monitoring the impact of selected isolates on the yield of English ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Isolation, physiological and biochemical characterization, in vitro assay of enzymatic and plant-growth promoting activities of isolates were done. Pseudomonas isolates have been shown to have the ability to use different sources of carbon, to live in the condition of low pH as well as temperature and to produce siderophore. On the other hand, Bacillus isolates have the ability to solubilize phosphate, to produce a greater amount of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) than Pseudomonas isolates and have an inhibitory effect on the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. In other investigated traits, isolates were similar. The use of Pseudomonas sp. P12 and Bacillus sp. B1 isolates had a positive effect on the plant mass and total yield, which indicate that the use of these isolates can result in a better yield of forage crops
Influence of growth retardant Regalis on blackberry fruit quality
No full textIn the group of berry species, blackberry is, by economic importance for Republic of Serbia, immediately behind raspberry and strawberry. As a consequence of the hyper- production on one side and the uncertain sales prospects on the other side, the average blackberry production in Serbia has declined in recent years to approximately 12,000 t (spread to app. 15,000 individual farms). The blackberry orchards in Serbia are dominated by the Čačanska Bestrna and Thornfree cultivars, with more than 95% share, followed by the Black Satin, Dirksen Thornless and some more recent cultivars, such as Loch Ness, Chester Thornless, Triple Crown. The intensification of the cultivation technology accompanied by the introduction of the application growth retardant resulted in increasing the share of quality fruits, i.e. reducing vigour of bush. The paper presents results of a two-year study (2018–2019) into the impact of foliar application Regalis (growth retardant) on morphometric and chemical properties of blackberry fruit. It was observed that most of the tested parameters were affected by foliar application of retardant during the research, as well as by their interaction. In terms of the morphometric properties, weight (10.89 g), height (34.14 mm), and width (26.90 mm) were higher in treatment with Regalis than treatment without application. All chemical properties tested, soluble solids (9.95%), total sugars (4.98%), inverted sugars (4.71%) content, except sucrose and total acids content had higher values in the same treatment. In addition to this, the foliar application of Regalis had a positive effect on the content of secondary metabolities (total anthocianins-67.11 mg/100 g FW; total phenols-636.06 mg/100 g FW), and antioxidant capacity of fruit (2.53mmol Trolox/100 g FW)
Текущо състояние и перспективи в отглеждане на орехоплодни овощни видове в света и Република Сърбия
No full textIn the Republic of Serbia of nut species the most grown are walnuts, followed by hazelnuts. However, the share of plantations covered by these species is not larger than 4%. Walnut production has a long tradition in Serbia, and its wide range application makes it one of the appreciated fruit species, while hazelnut production has been steadily increasing over the last years. The objective of this study was to evaluate analysis of the current state and prospects of walnut and hazelnut growing in the world and Serbia, for the period 2013-2018. Based on the FAOSTAT (2020), Serbia in 2017/2018 take the sixteenth place in the world by walnuts production, while it does not belong to the group of 25 countries in the world that are most important in the production of hazelnuts. On the other hand, Serbia ranks tenth in Europe in the total production of hazelnuts. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2018), in Serbia, walnut is grown at about 1.53%, and hazelnut on about 2.4% of the total orchard area. In the period 2013-2018, production of walnut in Serbia varied from 19,058 tonnes (2013) up to 9,272 tonnes (2018), while production of hazelnut is continuously increased – from 3,366 tonnes in 2013 to 5,428 tonnes in 2018. Generally, in Serbia there was a decrease in total production of walnuts for this period, while for the same period there was an increase in production of hazelnuts.В Република Сърбия от семейство Орехови най-отглеждани са орехите, следвани от лешници. Въпреки това, делът на насажденията, обхванати от тези видове, не е по-голям от 4%. Производството на орехи има дълга традиция в Сърбия и широкото им приложение ги прави един от ценените видове плодове, а производството на лешници непрекъснато се увеличава през последните години. Целта на настоящото проучване е да се анализира настоящото състояние и перспективи в отглеждане на орехи и лешници в света и Сърбия за периода 2013-2018 г. Според FAOSTAT (2020), Сърбия през 2017/2018 заема шестнадесетото място в света по производство на орехи, но не принадлежи в групата от 25 държави в света, производители на лешници. От друга страна, Сърбия е на десето място в Европа по производство на орехи и пето място по производство на лешници. Според статистическата служба на Република Сърбия (2018 г.), в Сърбия орехът се отглежда на около 1.53%, а лешникът на около 2.4% от общата площ на овощните градини. В периода 2013-2018 г. производството на орехи в Сърбия варира от 19,058 тона (2013 г.) до 9,272 тона (2018 г.), докато производството на лешник непрекъснато се увеличава - от 3.366 тона през 2013 г., до 5.488 тона през 2018 г. Като цяло в Сърбия се наблю- дава намаление в общото производство на орехи за този период, докато за същия период има увеличение в
производството на лешници
Fruit quality of plum cultivars developed at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, Serbia
No full textThe experiment evaluated the fruit characteristics (fruit weight, length, width and thickness, and stone weight) and contents of primary metabolites (soluble solids, total sugars, invert sugars, protein, titratable acidity and pH) in the fruit of plum cultivars. Research included fruits of thirteen plum cultivars developed at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak (Serbia). During the experimental period (2016-2018), significant differences in the parameters tested were observed among the cultivars. The fruit weight ranged from 26.9 g to 67.4 g, and stone weight from 0.89 g to 2.27 g. The fruit and stone weight were the greatest in cultivar ‘Timočanka’, and the lowest in cultivar ‘Zlatka’. The highest value for average fruit length was obtained in ‘Timočanka’ (52.4 mm) and ‘Čačanska Rana’ (51.7 mm), fruit width in ‘Timočanka’(45.1 mm) and ‘Valerija’ (46.2 mm), while fruit thickness was the highest in ‘Valerija’ (44.6 mm). In terms of primary metabolites, cultivars ‘Krina’ (21.8%), ‘Mildora’ (21.9%), ‘Pozna Plava’ (21.2%) and ‘Valjevka’ (20.9%) had the highest content of soluble solids. The highest total and invert sugar contents were determined in ‘Mildora’, while ‘Mildora’, ‘Zlatka’ and ‘Valerija’ were found to have highest content of protein. In contrast, the highest values for titratable acidity and pH value were obtained in ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, and the lowest in ‘Mildora’ and ‘Nada’
The effect of fertilization and fruit order on strawberry fruit quality
No full textFertilization is an important cultural practice in modern strawberry production, including the
use of different types of fertilizer. The present research is aimed to evaluate the effect of
fertilizer type and order in the truss on the fruit quality of strawberry cultivar ʻCleryʼ. Fruit
quality (mass, dimensions, shape index, firmness, soluble solids and total phenols) was
monitored in three fertilizer treatments (biofertilizer, the combination of bio- and mineral
fertilizer and mineral fertilizer) and four fruit positions in the truss (primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary). Application of mineral fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in
fruit firmness (10.4 N) while the use of biofertilizers containing bacteria of the genus Bacillus
enabled fruits with significantly higher total phenolic content (276.6 mg GA/100 g fw) with
a positive effect also exerted in secondary positioned fruits (486.7mg GA/100 g fw).
Differences in quality traits were greater among different fruit positions, compared to
fertilizer treatments although primary fruits were characterized by the highest values of mass
and dimensions. Tertiary-positioned fruits had the highest soluble solids content (11.7%) that
did not significantly differ from the fourth batch of strawberry fruits (11.1%). Overall, the
result of this study suggests that fruits at a lower position in the truss have better organoleptic
composition while fruits in higher positions have better physical properties. Biofertilizers
used in combination with mineral fertilizers have the potential to increase physical strawberry
properties and the use of biofertilizers as supplements to mineral fertilizers can be considered
an appropriate practice to ensure safe strawberry fruit production and help overcome
environmental problems caused by the overuse of mineral fertilizers
Влияние на мозаечния вирус върху някои характеристики на плодовете на високохрастовидна боровинка сорт "Дюк"
No full textBlueberry mosaic has been described several decades ago, but the viral nature of the disease was confirmed recently. The causal agent of the disease is blueberry mosaic associated virus (BlMaV), genus Ophiovirus. BlMaV induce leaf mottling and bright yellow, green, and pink to red mosaic patterns in infected bushes. Symptoms usually appear on several leaves or cover the entire bush, but the infection may be latent for several years. BlMaV was confirmed in two locations in Serbia in varieties ‘Duke’, ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Goldtraub’. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of BlMaV on some fruit traits of highbush blueberry ‘Duke’. The trial was conducted in 2019 in locality Budoželja, West Serbia in the orchard with the confirmed BlMaV presence. Based on the results of RT-PCR analysis, three groups of blueberry ‘Duke’ bushes were selected: BlMaV-free, BlMaV infected – mosaic symptoms present on only several leaves, and BlMaV infected – mosaic symptoms on entire bush. The influence of BlMaV on pomological variables (fruit length, width and height, shape, fruit weight, and soluble solids content) was examined. The results showed that BlMaV did not have statistically significant impact on any of the examined fruit traits. The evaluation of virus influence on the composition of nutritive and bioactive compounds is underway.Мозаечният вирус по боровинката е описан преди няколко десетилетия, но вирусната природа на заболяването е потвърдена наскоро. Причинителят на заболяването е мозаечният вирус по боровинката (BlMaV), род Ophiovirus. BlMaV причинява листни петна и ярко жълти, зелени и розови до червени мозаечни шарки в заразените храсти. Симптомите обикновено се появяват на няколко листа или покриват целия храст, но инфекцията може да е латентна в продължение на няколко години. BlMaV е потвърден на две места в Сърбия при сортове „Дюк“, „Блукроб“ и „Голдтрауб“. Целта на настоящото проучване е да се оцени влиянието на BlMaV върху някои плодови характеристики на висококачествена боровинка „Дюк“. Опитът е проведен през 2019 г. В местност Будожела, Западна Сърбия в овощна градина с потвърденото присъствие на BlMaV. Въз основа на резултатите от RT-PCR анализа са избрани три групи от боровинки „Дюк“: Без зараза BlMaV, BlMaV инфектирани – мозаечни симптоми присъстват само на няколко листа, и BlMaV инфектирани - мозаечни симптоми върху целия храст. Изследвано е влиянието на BlMaV върху помологични променливи (дължина, ширина и височина на плодовете, форма, тегло на плодовете и съдържание на разтворимисухи вещества). Резултатите показват, че BlMaV не оказва статистически значимо въздействие върху нито една от изследваните плодови характеристики. В момента се извършва оценка на влиянието на вируса върху състава на хранителни и биоактивни съединения
High proportion of mixed virus infections in raspberry plantations in Serbia
No full textUzorci crvene maline (Rubus idaeus L.) iz najvažnijih područja gajenja u Srbiji su analizirani na prisustvo četiri najvažnija virusa maline, virusa mrljavosti lista maline (RLBV), virusa nekroze crne maline (BRNV), virusa žute mrežavosti Rubusa (RYNV) i virusa šarenila lista maline (RLMV), njihovu pojedinačnu, kao i zastupljenost u mešanim infekcijama. Testirana su 74 uzorka osam sorti maline, odabrana sa 32 najvažnija lokaliteta gajenja, od kojih su 62 uzorka listova bili sa simptomima koji bi mogli biti izazvani virusima, a 12 uzoraka bez simptoma. Prisustvo virusa je testirano primenom odgovarajuće metode, RT-PCR i PCR, korišćenjem virus specifi čnih prajmera. Detektovano je prisustvo sva četiri virusa u zasadima u Srbiji sa visoko značajnim razlikama u zastupljenosti u ukupno šezdeset jednom zaraženom uzorku sa simptomima. Zaraze sa jednim od četiri ispitivana virusa su detektovane u 59,0% svih zaraženih uzoraka. Najzastupljeni je bio RLBV koji je povezan sa sindromom lisne mrljavosti maline u združenom prisustvu sa svojim vektorom, grinjom lista i pupoljka maline P. gracillis, detektovan u 70,5% zaraženih uzoraka. Slede RYNV sa učestalošću od 42,6%, BRNV sa 36,1% i RLMV sa zastupljenošću od 9,8% svih zaraženih uzoraka. Dobijeni rezultati su po prvi put u Srbiji pokazali značajnu zastupljenost (41,0%) mešanih infekcija sa dva do četiri virusa. Najzastupljenije su infekcije sa dva virusa, 68,0% svih mešano zaraženih uzoraka, a među njima mešane infekcijie RLBV i RYNV (44,0%). Virusi iz kompleksa mozaika maline, BRNV, RYNV i RLMV, uključujući i mešane-infekcije 2-3 navedena virusa sa RLBV, su utvrđeni u visokoj združenoj zastupljenosti od 14,7% svih zaraženih uzoraka, odnosno 36,0% uzoraka sa mešanim infekcijama.Samples of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) from the most important growing areas in Serbia were analyzed for the presence of four most important raspberry viruses: raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) and Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV), and their incidence in individual and mixed infected samples. Seventy-four samples of eight raspberry cultivars, selected from 32 main cultivation sites were tested, of which 62 leaf samples showed symptoms that could be caused by viruses and 12 samples were asymptomatic. The presence of viruses was tested by appropriate RT-PCR and PCR methods, using virus-specific primers. All four viruses were detected with highly significant differences of incidence in a total of 61 infected symptomatic samples. Infection with one of the four tested viruses was detected in 59.0% of all infected samples. The most prevalent was RLBV, which was associated with raspberry leaf blotch disorder in coexistence with its vector raspberry leaf and bud mite P. gracillis, and it was detected in 70.5% of the infected samples. It was followed by RYNV with an incidence of 42.6%, BRNV with 36.1% and RLMV with 9.8% incidence, considering all infected samples. The obtained results for the first time in Serbia showed a high proportion (41.0%) of mixed infections involving between two and four viruses. The most common were infections with two viruses, 68.0% of all mixed-infected samples, and among them coinfections with RLBV and RYNV (44.0%). Viruses of the raspberry mosaic complex, BRNV, RYNV and RLMV, including coinfections of 2-3 listed viruses along with RLBV, were found in a high joined proportion of 14.7% of all infected samples, i.e. 36.0% of mixed infected samples
Determination of Primary Metabolites, Vitamins and Minerals in Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) Berries Depending on Altitude
No full textThis research was conducted to examine the effect of altitude on primary metabolites (soluble solids, total sugars, invert sugars, individual invert sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), total acidity, pH, organic acids (citric acid, malic acid), vitamins (C, A, B1, B2, B3) and mineral contents (K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo)) in black mulberry (Morus nigra) berry extracts. The experiment was performed at three locations: Location 1-(187 & x202f;m altitude), Location 2-(271 & x202f;m altitude) and Location 3-(493 & x202f;m altitude). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the identification of individual invert sugars, organic acids and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3) in berry extracts. Vitamin C was evaluated by spectrophotometry, whereas the mineral contents were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The contents of primary metabolites, vitamins and minerals varied widely depending on altitude. The synthesis and accumulation of the tested parameters changed with increasing altitude. The highest levels of sugars were found in Location 3, whereas the values of acids, vitamin A and the minerals Na, Mo and Fe were higher in Location 1. The accumulation of macronutrients K and P, and vitamins C and B3 was most intensive in Location 2. Altitude had no effect on the contents of vitamin B1 and B2, and the micronutrients Cu and Zn. The results suggest that black mulberry fruits are rich in primary metabolites, vitamins and minerals, and that altitude has an important effect on the synthesis of the tested parameters in the fruits