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An overview of plum breeding at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak
No full textPlum breeding work at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, which has been
implemented since founding of the Institute in 1946, has led to the development of very
important European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars. Namely, cultivars such as
‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Čačanska Rana’ are well
known worldwide and have been grown in commercial orchards, as well as used as
parents in different plum breeding programmes. Planned hybridization was used as the
most important method in breeding. During the programme realization, the main
breeding objectives were fruit quality, high productivity, early and late ripening time,
tolerance to ecological conditions as well as diseases, especially Sharka virus. In the
previous period, 14 cultivars were developed. Thereafter, four cultivars were released
in the last eight years: ‘Nada’ in 2012, ‘Divna’ and ‘Petra’ in 2018 and ‘Lana’ in 2020.
Along with planned hybridization, clonal selection of the most important
autochthonous cultivars has been carried out. Clones with larger fruit, better fruit
quality and tolerant to stress factors and diseases are singled out and will be used in
further breeding work or will be introduced into production, especially as a raw
material for the brandy production. Therewith, research is also focused on plum floral
biology which includes pollen quality and pollen tubes growth in the pistil
observations, as well as cytoembryology with the aim of determining the degree of self-
(in)compatibility and the most suitable pollenisers for self-incompatible cultivars.Jevremović Darko, Milošević Nebojša and Glišić Ivana were Editors of the publication
Programme and Book of Abstracts : XII Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics, Breeding and Pomology, September 14-17, 2021, Zlatibor, Serbia
No full textThe effect of foliar sprays containing calcium on quality and storability of 'Stanley' plum fruit
No full textLoss of firmness is one of the major restraints for postharvest handling and adequate storage of plum fruits. In order to improve the fruit quality various pre- and postharvest treatments could be applied. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar sprays containing calcium on postharvest quality of 'Stanley' fruits during two consecutive years. Three commercial sprays containing calcium were used in the experiment. The first spray contained calcium and boron, the second one calcium and phosphorus, whilst the third one contained calcium. The treatments involved four foliar applications, ten days after petal fall at 2-day intervals. Unsprayed trees represented the control. All treatments significantly increased fruit firmness at harvest. However, no such effect was observed after four weeks of cold storage although fruits from treated trees had higher content of calcium. At harvest, fruits from the trees sprayed with calcium and phosphorus had significantly higher content of soluble solids, total acids and protopectin in comparison with two other treatments and control fruits. Neither fruit weight nor dimensions were affected by any of preharvest foliar treatments. The lowest weight loss after storage was recorded in fruits treated with the spray containing only calcium. The content of total acids, potassium and soluble solids depended on treatment, year and their interaction, both at harvest and after storage. There was a significant positive correlation between the fruit firmness at harvest and content of potassium and protopectin. However, firmness of fruits after storage was significantly positively correlated not only with the content of potassium, but also with the content of calcium
Suitability of new plum genotypes developed in Čačak for processing into plum spirit
No full textConsidering the presence of numerous autochthonous cultivars in the plum assortment providing high-quality plum spirit, breeding work in Serbia has not included developing plum cultivars for plum spirit production. With regard to the utilization of fruit, the goals of plum breeding at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak are developing plum cultivars suitable for fresh consumption, drying and other processing methods. Some of the developed cultivars have also proven to be a very suitable raw material for production of plum spirit, which is particularly important in the years when there is no big demand for plums intended for other ways of processing. The aim of this work was, based on the two-year examinations, to assess suitability of some newly released plum cultivars ('Mildora' and 'Nada') and hybrid ('22/17/87') for processing into plum spirit, in comparison with standard cultivars ('Čačanska Rodna', 'Valjevka'). Yields, major volatile components (methanol, 6 higher alcohols, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde) and sensory characteristics of traditionally produced plum spirits from the examined genotypes were shown. The highest plum spirit yields were obtained from cultivar 'Mildora' and hybrid '22/17/87', whereas the lowest yields came from cultivars 'Nada' and 'Valjevka'. The lowest contents of methanol were found in plum spirits obtained from hybrid '22/17/87'. In both years, high sensory grades ( GT 18.01 points, gold medals) had plum spirits of cultivar 'Valjevka' (18.33 and 18.15) and hybrid '22/17/87' (18.04 and 18.17). Harvest year significantly influenced whether the grade of produced plum spirit would be higher or lower than 18.01 (gold medal ≥ 18.01 > silver medal) in cultivars 'Mildora' (17.92 and 18.29) and 'Čačanska Rodna' (17.83 and 18.11). Plum spirit obtained from cultivar 'Nada', in both years, was graded lower than 18.01 points (17.90 and 17.81, silver medals)
Occurrence of specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes in the ovary of the 'Pozna Plava' plum cultivar
No full textPlum cultivar 'Pozna Plava' was developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak, and released as a new cultivar in 2008. This plum cultivar bears poorly and irregularly, resulting in very low fruit set. Therefore, the occurrence of specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes in the ovary was studied over a three-year period, in three pollination variants (self-, cross- and open). The cross-pollination was performed using the pollen of 'Cacanska Najbolja', 'Hanita' and 'Presenta' plum cultivars. Growth of pollen tubes was observed by means of fluorescent microscopy. The analysis was conducted taking into consideration whether or not the pollen tube has penetrated into the nucellus. Presence of specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes in the ovary was observed in all pollination variants. Atypical pollen tube growth was recorded in the locyle of the ovary as well as in the region of the obturator, the micropyle and the embryo sac. The largest percentage of atypical pollen tube growth in all pollination variants, before and after the penetration into the nucellus was recorded in the obturator and micropyle region. In the open pollination variant, the ovaries showing this specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes, were noted in only one year. Cross- and self-pollination variant showed the existence of specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes in all regions of the ovule, including the embryo sac (except in self-pollination). Only in cross-pollination variant, correlation-regression analysis has shown that specific behaviour of growing pollen tubes did affect the pollen tube penetrating into the nucellus
Suitability of new plum genotypes developed in Čačak for processing into plum spirit
No full textConsidering the presence of numerous autochthonous cultivars in plum assortment providing high-quality plum spirit, breeding work in Serbia has not included developing cultivars for plum spirit production. With regard to the utilization of fruit, the goals of plum breeding at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak are developing cultivars suitable for fresh consumption, drying and other processing methods. Some of the developed cultivars have also proven to be a very suitable raw material for production of plum spirit, which is particularly important in the years when there is no big demand for plums intended for other ways of processing. The aim of this work was, based on the two-year examinations, to assess suitability of some newly released plum cultivars (‘Mildora’ and ‘Nada’) and hybrid (‘22/17/87’) for processing into plum spirit, in comparison with standard cultivars (‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Valjevka’). Yields, major volatile components (methanol, 6 higher alcohols, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde) and sensory characteristics of traditionally produced plum spirits from the examined genotypes were shown. The highest plum spirit yields were obtained from cultivar ‘Mildora’ and hybrid ‘22/17/87’, whereas the lowest yields from cultivars ‘Nada’ and ‘Valjevka’. The lowest contents of methanol were found in plum spirits obtained from hybrid ‘22/17/87’. In both years, high sensory grades (> 18.01 points, gold medals) had plum spirits of cultivar ‘Valjevka’ (18.33 and 18.15) and hybrid ‘22/17/87’ (18.04 and 18.17). Harvest year significantly influenced whether the grade of produced plum spirit would be higher or lower than 18.01 (gold medal ≥ 18.01 > silver medal) in cultivars ‘Mildora’ (17.92 and 18.29) and ‘Čačanska Rodna’ (17.83 and 18.11). Plum spirit obtained from cultivar ‘Nada’, in both years, was graded lower than 18.01 points (17.90 and 17.81, silver medals).Darko Jevremović, Nebojša Milošević, Ivana S. Glišić are editors of the publication
Changes of quality and antioxidant activity of the strawberry and raspberry frozen under different conditions
No full textFreezing is the most commonly used method for preservation of berry fruit. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of different freezing methods and a frozen storage on quality changes of the strawberry and raspberry fruits. The maintenance of antioxidant activity and their initial property after freezing at -20 °C in a cold chamber (discontinuous, slow freezing) and Individual Quick Freezing (IQF) in a FloFreeze tunnel was examined. A range of characteristics (dry matter content, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, quality index, vitamin C) were determined before and after freezing and the frozen storage. Strawberry and raspberry are known as rich sources of bioactive compounds, therefore the antioxidant activity of the fresh and frozen samples were estimated by DPPH assay. After thawing, the fruits were evaluated by sensory analysis in terms of four sensory attributes: colour, taste/flavour, texture/firmness and overall acceptance, and the results were compared with physicochemical properties. The results indicated that the freezing methods did not significantly affect the physicochemical parameters and the content of vitamin C. Moreover, the values of the antioxidant activity were higher in the frozen strawberry and raspberry compared to the fresh fruits. However, during the storage at -20 °C, the quality properties gradually decreased and became more evident as storage period continued, but the frozen storage up to 4 months did not significantly affect the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity of the samples. Despite the higher content of vitamin C, the strawberry demonstrated a lower antioxidant activity than the raspberry fruits. The freezing had a significant impact on the sensory properties of the tested fruits; the most considerable changes were recorded on their texture/firmness and consequently the loss of overall acceptance, especially after slow freezing. Generally, it can be suggested that the IQF freezing was a more suitable freezing method for preservation of the quality and antioxidant activity of the strawberry and raspberry
Use of a plastic rain-shield reduces gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) in ‘Čačanska Bestrna’ blackberry
No full textNew systems for blackberry cultivation in enclosed and semi-enclosed areas have gained global popularity over the past several years. Primarily in terms of protection of fruits from adverse weather conditions, but also by indirectly reducing the threat of infection with economically significant pathogens, thus yielding an overall advantage over open-field production methods. The paper presents results of a three-year study (2011-2013) into the impact made by rain-shield cultivation system and chemical protection on incidence of gray mold and yield of usable fruits in 'Cacanska Bestrna' blackberry. It was observed that treatments induced in rain-shield cultivation system involving application of the fungicides, cyprodinil and fludioxonil (Switch) had a lower incidence of gray mold, i.e., a lower number of infected fruits (163.13 and 180.09) and a higher number of healthy fruits (2,129.96 and 2,226.00), together with a larger total number of fruits (2,291.00 and 2,387.87). In addition to this, a lower degree of infection (6.82 and 6.96%) and a higher yield of usable fruits (cane(-1), bush(-1) and ha(-1)) was observed in the blackberry cultivar under consideration (2,795.81 g, 8.38 kg, 18.63 t, respectively) grown under the rain-shield cultivation system and with applied chemical protection (2,675.54 g, 8.03 kg, 17.83 t, respectively), compared to the standard cultivation system
'Andelija' - a new red-skinned cultivar of European pear (Pyrus communis L.) released by the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak
No full textFruit skin colour in pears, which has become variable due to natural hybridization and positive selection, has received particular attention in new breeding programmes worldwide. Specifically, pear cultivars with a red blushed or completely red fruit skin are required. This paper presents the results of a two-year study focused on the phenological properties (flowering and ripening time), pomological (morphometric, chemical and organoleptic) characteristics and productivity of the newly released pear cultivar 'Andelija'. This dark red skinned pear cultivar is originated from the crossing combination 'Starkrimson' x 'Colouree de Juillet', and was bred at the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak. A standard cultivar used in this study was 'Starkrimson'. Regarding the beginning of flowering time, both cultivars were medium. The ripening time of 'Andelija' was mid-August, averagely five days before 'Starkrimson'. Compared to the standard, 'Andelija' had significantly higher average values for yield (5.90 kg tree(-1)), soluble solids (13.78%), total sugar (8.89%) and inverted sugar (7.90%). In contrast, significantly lower values for mean fruit weight (146.84 g), fruit height (78.32 mm), fruit width (56.52 mm), total acids (0.13%) and sucrose content (0.94%) were found in 'Andelija'. Based on the overall evaluation of organoleptic traits, 'Andelija' exhibited better fruit attractiveness and aroma. Owing to the high quality, attractiveness, excellent taste and exceptional aroma of the fruit, 'Andelija' is recommended for commercial production as a dessert cultivar, and can expand the list of cultivars which have the potential to be used as parents in pear breeding programmes
Pomological traits and fruit quality of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars as affected by soil management system
No full textThis experiment evaluated the pomological properties (bush volume, berry weight, cluster weight, yield per bush and yield per unit area) and fruit quality (soluble solids content, total sugars, invert sugars, titratable acidity, total anthocyanins and ascorbic acid) of black currant cultivars as affected by soil management systems. The trial included the following cultivars: 'Ben Lomond', 'Ben Sarek', 'Titania', 'Cacanska Crna', 'Tisel' and ' Tiben'. Three soil management systems were evaluated: treatment 1 - bare fallow i.e., continuous tillage; treatment 2 - sawdust mulch; and treatment 3 black foil mulch. Differences in tested parameters were observed among cultivars and treatments. Bush volume was largest in 'Cacanska Crna' and 'Ben Lomond'. Berry weight and cluster weight were greatest in 'Ben Sarek', but cluster weight was also high in 'Cacanska Crna' and 'Titania'. Highest yields during the three-year experimental period were recorded in 'Tiben' and 'Titania'. Soluble solids content was high in 'Tiben' and 'Tisel', and high values for the other fruit quality parameters were recorded in 'Cacanska Crna'. Bare fallow and sawdust mulch treatments showed no differences in bush volume, berry weight, cluster weight and soluble solids content. Total sugars, invert sugars and total anthocyanins were highest in bare fallow treatment, whereas the highest yields and ascorbic acid content were recorded in sawdust mulch treatment