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Morphological characteristics of Eutypa lata isolates from grapevine in Serbia
No full textIn an in vitro experiment, the morphological characteristics of three Eutypa lata isolates (EL129,
EL153 and EL199), previously determined at the molecular level, and two reference isolates
BX1.10 and 8F obtained from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA,
France were observed. The following morphological features of the studied isolates were studied
on the nutrient medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA): macroscopic (appearance, color and
zoning of the front and back of the culture) and microscopic (vegetative organs of mycelium,
reproductive organs of anamorphs - conidia, pycnidia, conidiophores and reproductive organs of
teleomorphs - perithecium, ascus with ascospore). On potato dextrose medium (PDA) 24 h after
placing, the studied E. lata isolates formed at the beginning a white mycelium. After 10 days, the
mycelium had a cottony appearance, white color with a weak air growth. The entire colony
developed evenly and had a fine diffuse edge. After 30 days, the face of the colony was white
with a thick cotton aerial mycelium and a pale yellow conidial mass, which was excreted from
the pycnidia. The studied E. lata isolates formed pycnidia, which were formed in culture. The
pycnidia of the studied E. lata isolates were spherical or irregular in shape, from dark brown to
black in color. The dimensions of the pycnidia were from 0.5 to 1 mm. Conidial mass was a
cream to pale orange color on a PDA base. All studied isolates formed conidia in culture. None
of the studied E. lata isolates, originating from the stem and branches of the grapevine from
Serbia, as well as the control isolates, formed perithecia in culture
Winter savory (Satureja montana) essential oil as a natural antimicrobial for meet preservation
No full textMicrobial contamination is considered one of the most important causes of food spoilage [1]. In order to
control pathogens, numerous preservatives and procedures are used. However, due to possible side effects
of the artificial food additives, the natural ones, including essential oils (EOs), are enthusiastically
accepted [2]. In addition, marinating process that is commonly used in food preparation could also
contribute to better conservation [3]. Assessing different foods, fresh meat could be considered as an
extremelly subjected to microbial contamination. Among its contaminants, Listeria monocytogenes, a
well-known foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, is listed as one of dominant [4]. Taking into
account all abovementioned, the aim of this study was to chemically characterized and examine
antibacterial effect of winter savory (Satureja montana) EO, both in vitro and in situ in wine-marinated
beef meat. In vitro antibacterial effect was screened in microdilution and time kill assays, both performed
on L. monocytogenes strains (reference ATCC 19111 and three isolates originated from meat industry:
LMB, LMS and LMT). In situ analysis involved monitoring of antilisterial effect, as well as activity
against meat spoilage bacteria: aerobic heterotrophic mesophyll bacteria (AHMB), Enterobacteriaceae
(ENT) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
GC-MS analysis revealed carvacrol (30.7%) and thymol (18.0%) as the most abundant among identified
constituents. In microdilution assay EO induced antilisterial effect against all tested strains, with MIC
values determined at 0.5% for referent strain and 1% for isolates, and MBC values determined at 1% for
all the strains. In vitro time kill assay was performed on selected listerial strians (ATCC 19111 and LMB)
and pointed out the dynamics of growth inhibition. Additinally, it enabled us to estimate curve MIC
values, which indicated a higher bacterial sensitivity under aerobic than hypoxic conditions. Considering
in situ analysis, red wine-marination of a beef reduced the growth of previously inoculated listeria (ATCC
19111 and LMB isolate), as well as pre-existing meat spoiling contaminants AHMB, ENT and LAB.
Furthermore, addition of winter savory EO notably enhanced antimicrobial effect of marinade.
In conclusion, obtained results suggest possible application of winter savory EO in the form of a natural
preservative in beef and recommend further research directed to other foodstuffs
Defining the most suitable model of glass for consuming plum brandy
No full textThis research examined and defined the most suitable form of glass for consuming plum brandy. Three types of spirit glasses were used from Riedel company, which are different in shape and intended for consumption of stone fruit brandies, cognac and whiskey. These types of glasses were chosen as typical representatives of different forms of glasses from which spirits are consumed. Sensory evaluation of 51 samples from five most commonly used plum varieties in Serbia, Čačanska Rodna (12 samples), Čačanska Lepotica (5 samples), Crvena Ranka (11 samples), Požegača (9 samples) and Stanley (14 samples) was performed. Special attention is dedicated to odor as an important parameter of quality, so the odor of each analyzed plum brandy was evaluated using all three glasses. After analyzing all the results, it was determined that the most suitable glass for consuming plum brandy is a tulip-shaped glass for Cognac VSOP
Health status assessment of the Serbian autochthonous plum cultivars for cryopreservation purposes
No full textThe conservation of genetic diversity and its sustainable use are essential to meet a number of challenges facing humanity. European plum (Prunus domestica L.), as the leading fruit species in Serbian agriculture, is facing with climate changes and longterm inoculum pressure of numerous pathogens. In order to identify the trees as a source for cryopreservation using vitrification-based techniques (V and D cryoplate), we collected samples from nine autochthonous cultivars. A total of 140 samples of plums ‘Belošljiva’, ‘Crvena Ranka’, ‘Crnošljiva’, ‘Cerovački Piskavac’,
‘Dragačevka’, ‘Moravka’, ‘Požegača’, ‘Sitnica’ and ‘Trnovača’ were collected from various geographical locations in Serbia that are considered as their origin. Samples were collected from the symptomless trees showing typical pomological characteristics of the cultivars (true-to-type). All samples were tested for the presence of plum pox virus (PPV), prune dwarf virus (PDV), prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple mosaic virus (ApMV), plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV), myrobalan latent ringspot virus (MLRSV) and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’. The analysis for the virus presence was performed by ELISA and RT-PCR test. Samples were additionally tested for PPV presence by Real-time PCR, whereas ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ was detected by nested-PCR. Of all analyzed pathogens, only PPV was detected in six samples. The presented results showed that, even in the high virus inoculum pressure, it is possible to select virus-free trees from the existing old orchards. After analysis, selected healthy trees were used as a source of explants for the establishment of aseptic culture of each genotype for the conservation purpose
GV-6 – нов перспективен генотип вишна (Prunus cerasus L.), селектиран в Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак
No full textThe work on sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) breeding and selection from natural population at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak resulted in realization of five cultivars, as well as in numerous promising genotypes which are under different phases of the evaluation process. Special attention has been paid to sour cherry germplasm from the West Serbia region, whose variability is an abundant source of diversity. GV-6 is one of the autochthonous genotypes, which, after many years of testing in experimental and commercial orchards, was selected as elite, and is in the process of being recognized and realized as a new cultivar. The paper presents results of a three-year (2016-2018) investigation of ripening time, pomological properties(morphometric and chemical), and field resistance to cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) and brown rot (Monilinia laxa) of the selected genotype, compared to the properties of Heimanns Konserven Weichsel. The research also included self-(in)compatibility assessment-pollination experiment, monitoring pollen tubes growth in vivo (fluorescence microscopy) and fruit set under self- and open pollination modes. GV-6 is an early ripening (first decade of June) sour cherry genotype with large and good quality fruits, and pronounced field resistance to causal agents of cherry diseases. It is partially self-fertile, and is recommended for commercial growing with an adequate polleniser of overlapping flowering time. Due to its positive pomological and biological properties, GV-6 is used as male/female parent within current sour cherry breeding programme at FRI.Работата по селекция на вишни (Prunus cerasus L.) от естествена популация в Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак (FRI) доведе до реализация на пет сорта, както и многобройни обещаващи генотипове, които са в различни фази на процес на оценка. Специално внимание е обърнато на вишневата зародишна плазма от региона на Западна Сърбия, чиято променливост е богат източник на разнообразие. GV-6 е един от автохтонните генотипове, който след дълги години изпитания в експериментални и промишлени овощни градини е избран за елитен и ев процес на признаване и реализация като нов сорт. В статията са представени резултати от тригодишно (2016-2018г.) изследване за срока наузряване, помологични характеристики (морфометрични и химични) и полска устойчивост спрямо бяла ръжда по черешите (Blumeriella jaapii) и кафяво гниене (Monilinia laxa) на избраните обещаващи генотипове, в сравнение с характеристиките на сорт Хейманова консервна (Heimanns Konserven Weichsel). Изследването също така включва оценка на само-(не)съвместимостта-експеримент за опрашване, наблюдение на растежа на поленовите тръби in vivo (флуоресцентна микроскопия) и плодния завръз при режими на самоопрашване и свободно опрашване. GV-6 е ранно узряващ (първа декада на юни) генотип на вишна с едри плодове с отлично качество и изразена полска устойчивост към причинители на болести по черешите. Той е частично самооплождащ се, като се препоръчва за промишлено отглеждане с подходящ опрашител, покриващ същия период на цъфтеж. Поради своите положителни помологични и биологични свойства, GV-6 се използва като родители от мъжки/женски пол в рамките на настоящата програма за селекция на вишни във FRI
Evaluation of promising plum (Prunus domestica L.) genotypes for resistance to causal agents of the most important diseases
No full textPlum breeding at the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak, Republic of Serbia, has a decades-long tradition and significant results achieved. So far, 15 new plum cultivars have been recognized. Positive selection of promising hybrids obtained in continuous breeding programmes is based not only on biological, pomological and productive properties but also on their resistance or tolerance to the causal agents of economically the most important diseases. Reaction of promising plum hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87, and the cultivar 'Nada' to Plum pox virus - PPV and causal agents of red leaf spot [Polystigma rubrum (Pers.) DC], rust [Puccinia prunispinosae (Pers.: Pers.)] and blossom blight and brown rot [Monilinia laxa (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey] were evaluated in the field under natural high infection pressure condition during a three-year period (2009-2011). Resistance to PPV was also examined by artificial inoculation with characterized PPV-M, PPV-D and PPV-Rec isolates in controlled conditions. The hybrids 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 exhibited high levels of resistance to natural infections by PPV and causal agents of red leaf spot and rust. No typical symptoms of blossom blight and brown rot were found on the hybrids IV/63/81 and 32/21/87. The hybrids 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 showed also resistance or high degree of tolerance to infection with certain PPV strains by artificial inoculation
Identification of ACS1, ACO1 and ETR1 alleles in some indigenous apple genotypes
No full textEthylene is the gaseous phytohormone, which regulates a broad spectrum of developmental and physiological processes in apple, including fruit ripening. The level of ethylene in climacteric apple fruit is determined by the activity of two enzymes that are directly involved in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway: ACC synthase (the ACS gene) and ACC oxidase (the ACO gene). In apple, ACS1 and ACO1 are predominantly expressed in the ripening fruit tissue. Ethylene is perceived through the family of receptors, among which ETR1 receptor (the ETR1 gene) is one of the receptors of Subfamily I. This work is aimed at identifying the ACS1, ACO1 and ETR1 alleles in six indigenous apple genotypes from the ex situ collection of the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak, Republic of Serbia. The alleles were revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and additional restriction analysis of PCR products for ACO1 (with BamH1 and RsaI) and ETR1 genes (with RsaI, AluI and HinfI). Two alleles of ACS1 gene (ACS1-1 and ACS1-2), three alleles of ACO1 gene (a, b and c) and four alleles of ETR1 gene (a, b, c and d) were identified. The polymorphisms observed upon PCRs and subsequently digestion with restriction enzymes were generated in two genotypes for ACS1 (ACS1-1/1 and ACS1-1/2), three genotypes for ACO1 (aa, ab and ac) and three allelic constitutions for ETR1 gene (aa, b,a/c and d, a/d)
The effects of pollinizers on pollen tube growth and fruit set of European plum (Prunus domestica L.) in a Nordic climate
No full textNorwegian plum production is characterized by climatic limitations, different flowering time, deficiently of wholly-adapted cultivars and appropriate pollen donors for cultivars that can be grown in this region. This study evaluated the progamic phase of fertilization and fruit set in four European plum cultivars (Mallard, Edda, Jubileum, and Reeves) after crossing with different pollinizers over two years (2018/2019). Reproductive parameters, in vitro pollen germination, number of pollen tubes in the upper part of the style and locule of the ovary, number of pistils with ovule penetrated by pollen tube, fruit set in all crossing combinations, and fruit set in open pollination of pollen recipient cultivars showed different adaptability of both recipient and donor cultivars to the specific ecological conditions prevailing in Western Norway. The pollinizers Victoria, Opal and C. Lepotica proved to be a very good pollinizers for cultivar Jubileum, while pollinizers R. C. Souffriau and Valor for the cultivar Reeves. Cultivars Opal, R. E. Prolific and Mallard are excellent pollinizers for Edda in conditions of higher temperatures during flowering period and post-flowering period. Cultivar. C. Lepotica proved to be the best pollinizer for Edda in conditions when the temperatures were lower. Cultivars Opal and R. E. Prolific can be considered as good pollinizers for Mallar
Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of promising plum (prunus domestica l.) Genotypes bred at fruit research institute, Čačak
No full textFive plum hybrids (38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87) and newly released cultivar 'Nada', obtained by planned hybridisation and singled out within breeding programme at Fruit Research Institute, Cacak, were assessed for the main physical (fruit and stone weight and flesh percentage), chemical (soluble solids content, total and inverted sugars content, sucrose content, total acids content, pH value of fruit juice, ratio of soluble solids and total acids content and ratio of total sugars and total acids content) and sensorial (attractiveness, taste, aroma and consistency) traits compared with the standard cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica'. Results showed that the studied plum genotypes differed significantly in all of the assessed traits. Regarding the physical features, the best results were shown by hybrid 38/62/70, which had the highest fruit weight (56.92 g) and flesh percentage (96.91%), as well as by the new cultivar 'Nada', for which a larger fruit was observed in comparison to the standard (45.54 g and 42.24 g, respectively). Also, 'Nada' had better sensorial properties such as attractiveness, taste, aroma and consistency in relation to the other promising hybrids and the standard cultivar. From the aspect of all the studied sensorial characteristics, in addition to 'Nada', only hybrid 38/62/70 was aligned with the standard cultivar. Out of the studied genotypes, late ripening hybrid 22/17/87 had the best values of parameters of fruit chemical composition such as the soluble solids content (17.01%), total and inverted sugars contents (12.31% and 8.96%, respectively). The highest sucrose content (3.39%), pH value of fruit juice (3.51), as well as the highest ratio between soluble solids and total acids content (43.72) and ratio between total sugars and total acids content (32.58) were found in cultivar 'Nada'. The highest total acids content (1.42%) was recorded in hybrid 32/21/87. Compared to 'Cacanska Lepotica', the same or better results in terms of the fruit chemical composition were determined in cultivar 'Nada' and hybrids 34/41/87 and 22/17/87. The study revealed existence of significant correlations between individual studied parameters of the fruit physical, chemical and sensorial properties
