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Evaluation of early ripening plum varieties at the Čačak region
No full textIako u svetu postoji više od 6000 sorti šljive koje vode poreklo od različitih divljih vrsta sa područja Evrope, Azije i Severne Amerike, postoji stalna potreba za stvaranjem novih sorti boljih proizvodnih osobina, tolerantnih/otpornih na nepovoljne činioce spoljne sredine i najznačajnije bolesti, na prvom mestu šarku šljive. Pored toga, jedan od najznačajnijih ciljeva oplemenjivanja šljive u svetu je i stvaranje sorti što ranijeg i što kasnijeg vremena sazrevanja ploda, da bi se sezona svežih plodova na tržištu što više produžila. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju najznačajnije pomološke i proizvodne osobine dve domaće i tri introdukovane sorte šljive ranog vremena sazrevanja ploda: ʻBorankaʼ, ʻČačanska ranaʼ, ʻOpalʼ, ʻKatinkaʼ i ʻTegeraʼ. Ispitivane su najznačajnije fenološke (fenofaza cvetanja i sazrevanja plodova) i morfometrijske osobine (masa ploda i koštice, randman mezokarpa ploda, dimenzije ploda i sferičnost ploda), kao i bujnost (površina poprečnog preseka debla) i rodnost (prinos po stablu i koeficijent rodnosti).Although there are more than 6000 plum varieties originated from different wild species from Europe, Asia and North America, there is a constant need to develop new varieties with better characteristics, tolerant/resistant to adverse environmental factors and the most important diseases, in the first place Sharka virus. In addition, one of the most important aims of plum breeding in the world is to create varieties of early and late ripening time in order to prolong the season of fresh fruits on the market as much as possible. The aim of this study was to examine the most significant pomological and productive characteristics of two domestic (ʻBorankaʼ and ʻČačanska ranaʼ) and three introduced (ʻOpalʼ, ʻKatinkaʼ and ʻTegeraʼ) early ripening plum varieties. The most important phenological (phenophase of flowering and fruit ripening) and morphometric characteristics (fruit and stone mass, flesh percentage ratio, fruit dimensions and sphericity), as well as tree vigour (trunk cross-sectional area) and yield (yield per tree and yield efficiency) were examined
Assessment of self-(in)compatibility in new plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak
No full textBreeding work at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak is predominantly focused on developing new European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars. Since its establishment until now, 18 plum cultivars have been named and released. Knowledge of self-(in)compatibility status of these cultivars is of great importance for growers to design orchards, and for breeders to choose parents in future breeding programmes. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of self-(in)compatibility of three new plum cultivars released in 2018 (‘Petra’ and ‘Divna’) and 2020 (‘Lana’). The investigation was conducted during two years (2018/19), and included pollen performance in vitro (germination on agarose-sucrose medium) and in vivo (the number of pollen tubes in the upper third of the style, at the base of the style and in the ovary; the percentage of pistils with the pollen tube penetrating the nucellus 10 days after pollination), as well as examination of fruit set under self- and open pollination modes. In vitro pollen germination had high values, ranging between 61.57% (‘Lana’) and 62.73% (‘Petra’). ‘Divna’ and ‘Petra’ were characterized by the high values of all parameters of pollen tube growth in vivo, as well as fruit set in both self-pollination (33.26 and 30.35%, resp.) and open pollination (53.18% and 48.74%, resp.) variants. In the pistils of ‘Lana’, pollen tubes growth inhibition was manifested in the upper parts of the style after self-pollination, so in the base of the style and in the ovary no tubes were noticed; fruit set was not observed as well. Somewhat lower values of all mentioned parameters (except the number of pollen tubes in the upper third of the style) were also found in ʻLanaʼ under open pollination mode. Based on the obtained results, ‘Lana’ can be characterized as self-incompatible, while ‘Petra’ and ‘Divna’ are self-compatible cultivars.dr Darko Jevremović, dr Nebojša Milošević, dr Ivana Glišić Editors; dr Ivana Glišić Technical editor; dr Darko Jevremović, Convener; dr Nebojša Milošević, dr Ivana Glišić, dr Olga Mitrović, dr Branko Popović, dr Milena Đorđević, dr Marijana Pešaković, dr Tatjana Vujović, dr Mira Milinković members of Scientific Committee; dr Sanja Radičević, dr Slađana Marić, dr Aleksandar Leposavić, dr Žaklina Karaklajić-Stajić, dr Jelena Tomić, dr Svetlana M. Paunović, Tatjana Marjanović,
Boris Rilak, Alesandra Korićanac members of Organizing Committee
Performance of 'Lana', a new plum cultivar developed at Fruit Research Institute, Cacak
No full text'Lana' was recognized as a new plum cultivar developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak in 2020. It is the 18th plum cultivar created at the Institute. 'Lana' was developed by planned hybridization of 'California Blue' × 'Ruth Gershtetter' and aimed selection of obtained plum hybrids of early fruit ripening time, good fruit quality, positive pomological properties, regular and optimal yield, and resistance or tolerance to the main plum pathogens. The new cultivar is characterized by a moderately vigorous to vigorous tree, a rare canopy with narrow-pyramidal shape. The branches are well garnished with fruiting wood. Flowering time is medium early similar to standard plum cultivar 'Cacanska Rana' with which it was evaluated in parallel. It is a self-incompatible cultivar. The ripening season is early, occurring in the second decade of July, about 4-10 days after 'Cacanska Rana'. It crops regularly and moderately. In field conditions, under natural pathogen infections pressure, 'Lana' shows no susceptibility to the Polistigma rubrum (Pers.) DC, Puccinia pruni-spinosae (Pers.: Pers.) and Taphrina pruni (Fuck.) Tul, while sporadic symptoms of brown rot can be observed pointing at moderate susceptibility to Monilinia laxa (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey. 'Lana' is tolerant to Sharka, it could exhibit sporadic symptoms on individual leaves but not on the fruits. The fruit is large, with average weight of 86.34 g, roundish, with very pronounced suture line. The skin is purple-blue with mildly expressed bloom. The flesh is yellow-greenish, moderately firm, juicy and aromatic with sweet-subacidic flavor, having 97.08% of share in the fruit weight. It contains an average of 14.5% soluble solids, 9.95% total sugar and 1.34% total acids. The stone is large and partially separated from the flesh. 'Lana' is a plum cultivar intended primarily for fresh consumption. It is recommended for growing in suitable agro-ecological conditions of vineyard areas
Morphological and pathogenic characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. pathogen of hazelnut in Serbia
No full textLeska (Corylus avellana L.) je ekonomski veoma značajna voćna vrsta koja se gaji u velikom broju zemalja. Najveći svetski proizvođač i izvoznik plodova lešnika je Turska. U Srbiji se leska, u odnosu na druge vrste voćaka, gaji na značajno manjim površinama. U poslednjoj deceniji leska sve više dobija na značaju i prisutan je trend rasta površina pod ovom kulturom. Leska je domaćin brojnih patogena i štetočina koji mogu da izazovu značajne ekonomske štete u zasadima. U Srbiji do danas nije bilo sveobuhvatnih istraživanja prouzrokovača bolesti leske i cilj našeg rada je bio determinacija uzročnika nekih od gljivičnih bolesti. U periodu od 2017. do 2020. godine sa većeg broja plantaža u Srbiji prikupljeni su uzorci listova i grana leske sa simptomima nekrotične pegavosti. Iz sakupljenih uzoraka izolovan je veliki broj izolata gljive za dalju determinaciju. Na osnovu morfoloških i patogenih osobina izdvojenih izolata utvrđeno je prisustvo fitopatogenih gljiva iz roda Pestalotiopsis.Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically very important fruit species cultivated in many countries. The world's largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts is Turkey. In Serbia, compared to other types of fruit, hazelnuts are grown on significantly smaller areas. In the last decade, hazelnut has become more interesting for the producers and there is a growing trend of increase of areas under this crop. Hazelnut is the host of numerous pathogens and pests that can cause significant economic damage in orchards. To date, there has been no comprehensive research on the causes of hazelnut diseases in Serbia, and the goal of our work was to determine the causes of some fungal diseases. In the period from 2017 to 2020, samples of hazelnut leaves and branches with symptoms of necrotic spotting were collected from a large number of plantations in Serbia. A large number of isolates were isolated from the collected samples for further determination. Based on the morphological and pathogenic properties of the isolates, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Pestalotiopsis was determined
Investigation of S-incompatibility breakdown in 'Karina' sweet cherry
No full textThe paper presents results of a two-year study of self-(in)compatibility in 'Karina', previously reported as a self-incompatible sweet cherry cultivar. After emasculation and bagging, pistils of 'Karina' were selfed and pollinated with the nominally cross-incompatible cultivars 'Germersdorfer 1' and 'Lambert' at the beginning of full flowering. In the same way, the pollen of 'Karina' was used to pollinate 'Germersdorfer 1' and 'Lambert'. PCR analysis to determine S-genotypes of 'Karina', 'Germersdorfer 1' and 'Lambert' using consensus and allele-specific primers for S-RNase resulted in patterns consistent with S3S4 genotype. After selfing, 'Karina' behaved as self-compatible, since its pollen tubes reached the base of the style and ovary, penetrating the nucellus and fruit set was recorded in both years. Pollen tubes penetrating the nucellus and fruit set were also recorded after pollination with 'Germersdorfer 1' and 'Lambert'. In contrast, 'Germersdorfer 1' and 'Lambert' did not set any fruit when pollinated with 'Karina'. Microscopic observation showed pollen tubes ending the growth in the upper and middle third of the style. The behaviour of 'Karina' after selfing, as well as its behaviour as the pollen donor/recipient in pollination with cultivars of the same S-allele constitution requires further molecular and genetic analysis
The effects of drying temperature and dipping on prune quality
No full textModern production of prunes is determined by the requirements of the market, demanding well-dried fruits of uniform size and colour, possessing a harmonious flavour and a noticeable pleasant aroma. Drying of plums is a slow and time-consuming process, since the whole fruits are being dried. Optimisation of the process aimed at reducing the drying time without compromising the quality of the prunes is performed by applying different drying temperatures and preparation treatments, most typically dipping. The testing was performed in three replications using plum fruits of the 'Cacanska Lepotica', 'Mildora', 'Cacanska Rodna' and 'Stanley' cultivars, at the optimum ripening stage required for dry-processing based on the content of soluble solids. Drying was performed at the experimental dryer using the convective (flow-through) drying process, at two constant air temperatures, 90 and 70 degrees C, until obtaining 75% of total dry matter in the prunes. In addition to the control, the fruits were subjected to a pre-treatment consisting of dipping in boiling water. The quality parameters tested in the dried fruits were the content of sugars, content of acids, sugar/acid ratio and the visual appearance in terms of rejecting fruits of uneven colour. Results indicated the fact that the intensity of drying temperature and dipping have no impact on the chemical composition of the prunes, with the exception of the sucrose content, which is primarily determined by the genotype. In drying at a lower temperature (70 degrees C), dipping reduced the number of fruits not meeting the required colour, in 'Cacanska Lepotica'. At the same time, no impact was observed in the fruits subjected to dipping at 90 degrees C
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of field-grown and in vitro leaves, and calluses in blackberry and blueberry
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the content and profile of the phenolic compounds (PCs) and antioxidant properties of field-grown leaves, in vitro leaves and in vitro callus cultures of the blackberry 'Cacanska Bestrna' and blueberry 'Toro'. In vitro shoots of the selected genotypes were grown either on original Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg/L BA, 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L GA(3) ('Cacanska Bestrna') or on MS medium with macroelements reduced to 1/2, 2 mg/L zeatin and 0.2 mg/L IAA ('Toro'). Callus cultures were induced from in vitro leaves and established on MS medium with 2 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2,4-D ('Cacanska Bestrna') or MS medium with half strength macroelements, 2 mg/L BA, 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L NAA ('Toro'). Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) were the highest in blueberry leaves, whereas low TPC and TFC values were obtained in callus cultures of both cultivars. A higher content of PCs in blueberry leaves compared to blackberry leaves was determined by the UHPLC-DAD MS/MS technique. Quercetin derivatives and phenolic acids were the dominant PCs in the leaves of both berries, whereas gallocatechin was present in a significant amount in blueberry leaves. Callus cultures of both berries had a specific PC profile, with none detected in the leaves except quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. Blackberry leaves showed the best antioxidant properties as estimated by ferric reducing power (FRP), ABTS(& BULL;+) and DPPH & BULL; scavenging activity assays. Callus cultures of both berries exhibited three to five times lower ABTS(& BULL;+) and ten to seventeen times lower DPPH & BULL; scavenging activity compared to corresponding leaves. The analyzed leaves and callus cultures can be a good source of PCs with good antioxidant properties and specific phenolics, respectively, for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Fertilization biology of 'Reka' highbush blueberry
No full textThe paper presents results of the three-year study of fertilization biology of 'Reka' highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) under the cross-, open and self-pollination variants. Cross-pollination was performed using the pollen of 'Bluecrop', 'Duke', 'Nui' and 'Ozarkblue'. Pollen tube growth in vivo was monitored using fluorescent microscopy method. The folowing parameters were observed: the average number of pollen tubes in the upper part and base of the style, number of ovary locules with the penetration of pollen tubes, and polen tubes' growth dynamics through certain pistil parts. The highest number of pollen tubes in the upper part and base of the style, as well as the fastest penetration into the ovary locules were found in the open pollination variant. Significant decrease of pollen tubes number from the upper third to the base of the style has been recorded in all pollination variants, whereas in the self-pollination variant it was to the greatest extent. The results also indicated that pollen tube growth dynamics in the progamic phase of fertilization was significantly influenced by pollenizer genotype and environmental factors, temperature in particular. On the second day after pollination, pollen tubes penetrated the ovary locules in all pollination variants, implying that favourable period for fertilization in this cultivar was one to two days after flower opening. In self- and cross-pollination variants, dynamics of pollen tubes growth was similar, indicating that cultivar 'Reka', commonly grown in multi-varietal, could also be grown in mono-varietal plantations (without pollenizers)
Molecular detection, geographical distribution and genetic diversity of blueberry latent virus in highbush blueberries in Serbia
No full textThis study describes molecular detection, high prevalence and geographical distribution of blueberry latent virus (BlLV) in Serbia. BlLV was discovered in the USA and the main signature of the virus is latent infection. A number of 110 samples from 14 highbush blueberry cultivars collected from different locations in 9 municipalities of Serbia were tested by RT-PCR with BlLV-specific primers. The presence of BlLV was confirmed in 69 samples (62.7%) in all surveyed locations. BlLV was confirmed in single infections, but also in a mixed infection with blueberry mosaic-associated virus and blueberry red ringspot virus. To access the genetic diversity, direct sequencing of the fragment from the fusion protein gene of 14 Serbian isolates was done. Serbian isolates showed 99.64-100% nucleotide (nt) and 98.94-100% amino acid (aa) identity. In comparison with the available BlLV sequences of the isolates from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Japan, South Korea and the USA, our isolates showed 99.29-100 nt and 97.87-100% aa similarity
Влияние на приложението на 1-метилциклопропен върху съхранението на крушови плодове
No full textThe paper presents the influence of the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the shelf-life quality of pear fruits of the cultivars Williams, Santa Maria and Carmen. The fruits of all three cultivars were stored together in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and kept at 0° C after treatment. The tests were performed before the treatment of fruits, and then 1 day, 30 days and 60 days after treatment and storage +7 days of aging at room temperature (20°C), in the first two cultivars, and in Carmen without the last measurement date. The application of 1-MCP significantly affected the fruit firmness of all pear cultivars in relation to untreated fruits. Measurement intervals showed the difference in fruit firmness, weight, pH value, total acid content and total soluble solids depending on the tested cultivar. Based on the examined factors, the optimal storage period of fruits treated with 1-MCP was 30 days. The shelf-life quality of the fruit was influenced by the length of the chamber filling due to the different harvest times of the fruits of three different cultivars, the content of macroelements in the fruit and the level of ethylene release.В статията е представено влиянието от приложение на 1-метилциклопропен (1-MCP) върху срока на годност при съхранение на крушови плодове от сортове Williams, Santa Maria и Carmen. Плодовете и на трите сорта са съхранени заедно в контролирана атмосфера (КА) при температура 0°С след обработка. Изследванията са проведени преди третирането на плодовете, а след това на 1-и, 30-и и 60-и ден след третиране и съхранение. Последваха още 7 дни зреене при стайна температура (20°C), за първите два сорта, а при сорт Carmen не е извършено измерване на последната дата. Приложението на 1-MCP значително повлия върху твърдостта на плодовете на всички сортове круши в сравнение с нетретираните плодове. Интервалите на измерване показват разлика в твърдостта на плодовете, теглото, стойността на pH, общото съдържание на киселини и общите разтворими сухи вещества в зависимост от изпитвания сорт. Въз основа на изследваните фактори, оптималният период за съхранение на плодове, третирани с 1-MCP е 30 дни. Срокът на годност на плодовете се влияе от продължителността на запълването на камерата поради различния беритбен период за трите различни сорта, съдържание на макроелементи в плодовете и ниво на отделения етилен