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Influence of raspberry variety on the aromatic profile of raspberry Geist
No full textSerbia is the world's leading producer of raspberries which are mainly exported as frozen fruits. Changes in the world market’s demands resulted in new ways of use and processing of raspberries. As a consequence of these new trends, the production of raspberry spirit drinks has become more important. The quality of raspberry spirit drinks depends on the raw material (variety) and the processing way. Due to the specific and delicate aroma, raspberries are a very interesting raw material for the production of spirit drink obtained by maceration of unfermented berries (Geist). According to the EU Regulation, Raspberry Geist is obtained exclusively by maceration of unfermented fruits and distillation. Therefore, it does not contain volatiles formed during fermentation, but exclusively those originating from the fruits, and to a lesser extent those formed during distillation. By analysis of three monovarietal Raspberry Geists, produced from three raspberry varieties (Willamette, Meeker, Tulameen), 133 volatile compounds classified into 12 classes were identified and quantified. The highest concentrations had ingredients originating from fruits (C13-norisoprenoids, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones, lactones). Among them, α-ionone and β-ionone had the highest concentration in all varietal Geists. Varietal Geists of Willamette and Meeker contained more α-ionone than the Geist of Tulameen. The opposite trend was found in terms of the content of β-ionone. The Willamette Geist had the highest concentrations of nonanal, decanal, α-terpineol, 2-heptanone, and 2 lactones (δ-decalactone and γ-dodecalactone). Tulameen Geist had the highest shares of 2 sesquiterpens (β-caryophyllene and α-caryophyllene) in total aromatic substances. Various aromatic profiles of varietal Geists affected the existence of fine differences in sensory characteristics of the products. All varietal Geists had a characteristic raspberry flavor. However, Geist of Willamette had an extra creamy note, Geist of Meeker had piney, terpenic character, while Geist of Tulameen was very fruity and most resembled raspberries
Freezing as a pre-treatment in air drying of plums
No full textAccording to its composition, primarily for its high phenolic content and high antioxidant capacity, prune is among highly valuable nutritional foods. Because of using whole fresh fruit, drying of plums is considered a slow and time-consuming process. Thus, various pre-treatments are applied in order to reduce drying time with no effect on declining nutritional value. The most simple and commonly used pre-treatment is dipping – immersing fruit into boiling water before drying. Since drying plum season is timely restricted, we had come up with the idea to extend it by previously freezing the fruit intended for drying and then, after a few months of storage at -20°C, use them for drying. Considering the physical changes of fruit during freezing that could affect drying speed, freezing can be regarded as pre-treatment in the production of prune. Drying of fruit was carried out in an experimental dryer at an air temperature 90°C until reaching 75% of the total dry matter. Plum cultivars created at the Fruit Research Institute recommended for drying were used (‘Nada’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Valjevka’) and ‘Stanley’, which is the most frequently used for drying in Serbia. The aim of this work was to study the effect of pre-treatment (dipping and freezing) on quality of prune in comparison with non-treated dried fruit. The following quality parameters of prune: contents of sugars, acids, sugar/acid ratio, total phenols and antioxidant capacity as well as organoleptic properties (appearance, taste, aroma, consistence), were tested. Contents of total phenols, antioxidant capacity as well as total organoleptic evaluations in dried fruit obtained by pre-treatments (dipping and freezing) do not differ compared to non-treated fruit (control) in all tested cultivars.Jevremović Darko, Milošević Nebojša and Glišić Ivana are Editors of the Programme and Book of Abstracts of XII International Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics, Breeding and Pomolog
Health status assessment of the Serbian autochthonous plum cultivars for cryopreservation purposes
No full textThe conservation of genetic diversity and its sustainable use are essential to meet a number of challenges facing humanity. European plum (Prunus domestica L.), as the leading fruit species in Serbian agriculture, is facing with climate changes and long-term inoculum pressure of numerous pathogens. In order to identify the trees as a source for cryopreservation using vitrification-based techniques (V and D cryo-plate) we collected samples from nine autochthonous cultivars. A total of 140 samples of 'Belosljiva', 'Crvena Ranka', 'Crnosljiva', 'Cerovacki Piskavac', 'Dragacevka', 'Moravka', 'Požegaca', 'Sitnica' and 'Trnovaca' plums were collected from various geographical locations in Serbia that are considered as their origin. Samples were collected from symptomless trees showing typical pomological characteristics of the cultivars (true-to-type). All samples were tested for the presence of Plum pox virus (PPV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV), Myrobalan latent ringspot virus (MLRSV) and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum'. The analysis for the virus presence was performed by ELISA and RT-PCR test. Samples were additionally tested for PPV presence by Real-time PCR, whereas 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' was detected by nested-PCR. Of all analysed pathogens, only PPV was detected in 6 samples. The presented results showed that, even in the high virus inoculum pressure, it is possible to select virus-free trees from existing old orchards. After analysis, selected healthy trees were used as a source of explants for the establishment of aseptic culture of each genotype for the conservation purpose
In vitro culture establishment and shoot multiplication of eight autochthonous plum genotypes
No full textAutochthonous plum genotypes have immeasurable genetic and cultural value in Serbia. The paper deals with initial steps for establishment of an efficient protocol for micropropagation of selected eight autochthonous plum genotypes. The clonal selection has been carried out within cultivars 'Crvena Ranka' (six genotypes), 'Crnošljiva' (one genotype) and 'Metlaš' (one genotype) originated from heterogeneous local populations in western Serbia. Two surface-sterilizing procedures containing sodium hypochlorite or mercuric chloride as the main sterilizing agents, were tested for establishment of aseptic cultures. Single-node cuttings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg L-1 BA, 0.5 mg L-1 IBA and 0.1 mg L-1 GA3 for rosette initiation. After four weeks of culture, frequency of explants with and without developed leaf rosettes and as well as contaminated and necrotic explants after each sterilization procedure were recorded. Significantly better results for contamination control and rosette initiation were achieved when surface sterilization was done with mercuric chloride in comparison to sodium hypochlorite in all genotypes, except 'Metlaš'. All genotypes can be successfully multiplied for at least five subcultures on MS medium with 1 mg L-1 BA, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 0.1 mg L-1 GA3. For most of the genotypes, constant increase in shoot formation capacity was observed over repeated subculturing. Further research is necessary to evaluate rooting and acclimatization stages in the micropropagation protocol of selected genotypes
Cryopreservation of Serbian autochthonous plum 'Crvena ranka' using aluminium cryo-plates
No full textVujovic T., D. Jevremovic, T. Marjanovic, D. Ruzic (2021). Cryopreservation of Serbian autochthonous plum 'Crvena Ranka' using aluminium cryo-plates. - Genetika, Vol 53, No.1, 283 -294. 'Crvena Ranka' is one of the oldest autochthonous plum cultivars in Serbia. However, it is endangered due to the long-term pathogen pressure and continuous suppression by commercially important cultivars and therefore faced with genetic erosion. This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of two efficient and simple cryopreservation methods using aluminium cryo-plates for its conservation. Precultured shoot tips of this genotype were embedded in alginate gel into cryo-plates wells. Osmoprotection was performed using loading solution with 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose (30 min at room temperature). In the V cryo-plate protocol, explants were dehydrated at room temperature for 20 or 40 min with PVS A3 (37.5% glycerol, 15% dimethylsulfoxide, 15% ethylene glycol and 22.5% sucrose) or with PVS3 (50% glycerol and 50% sucrose) for 60 min. In the D cryo-plate protocol, desiccation for 2, 2.5 or 3 h was performed over silica gel. Then, the cryo-plates were directly immersed into liquid nitrogen. Unloading was done in MS medium containing 0.8 M sucrose (30 min at room temperature). In the V cryo-plate procedure regrowth of cryopreserved explants dehydrated with PVS A3 was between 50% and 51.9%, while in those dehydrated with PVS3 it was 66.7%. As for the D cryo-plate method, regrowth of cryopreserved explants ranged between 30-40%. After regrowth, shoots were successfully multiplied and rooted. Results prove the feasibility of these new cryogenic methods for a long-term storage of this valuable Prunus genotype
Identification of mycopopulation on American highbush blueberry in Serbia
No full textIn recent decades, the American highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) has gained an
increasingly important place in the fruit production of several countries around the world,
especially in the highly developed ones. Also, there is a growing interest of berry fruit producers
from Serbia in growing highbush blueberry plantations. Currently, in Serbia, highbush
blueberries are grown on an area of about 2,500 ha with a tendency to increase production.
Blueberries are attacked by numerous diseases that can cause greater economic damage, and in
exceptional cases lead to the decline of entire orchards. There have been no systematic studies of
blueberry mycopopulation in Serbia so far. In this study, we present the results of preliminary
research on the mycopopulation of blueberries originating from Serbia. Samples were collected
in the period June-August 2020. A total of 18 samples from five sites were analyzed (Ivanjica 3,
Čačak 3, Sopot 3, Bačka Topola 6 and Zlatibor 3). The developed mycelium was placed on a
new PDA medium and, after the initial growth, the top part of the mycelium was placed again on
PDA. Microscopic examination was performed using an Olympus CX31 microscope.
Morphological identification of fungi by genus was performed using standard keys. A total of
350 plant parts were examined from which 8 genera of fungi were isolated: Fusarium,
Phomopsis (Diaporthe), Alternaria, Epicoccum, Penicillium, Ulocladium, Trichoderma and
Pestalotiopsis. Macroscopic symptoms of infection were clearly visible on the plants from which
the fungi were isolated. Given the growing importance of blueberries as a berry fruit species, the
aim of this study is to determine fungi, potential pathogens of blueberries, in order to better
understand the problems (plant dieback, yield reduction, etc.) that arise as a result of fungal
presence on blueberries
Detailed GC-MS analyses of the Myrtus communis L., essential oil and the antifungal activity assessment
No full textMyrtus communis L., Myrtaceae, known as true myrtle, is a widely distributed evergreen shrub native
to Mediterranean regions. This medicinal plant, used worldwide, possess a broad spectrum of
phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic effects, mostly due to a large number of up to now
detected, or isolated, essential oil components, considered the main biologically active ones.
Multifarious secondary metabolite content, dependent on a geographic region, season of harvest and
the length of distillation, depicts the variability of the essential oil composition obtained in general from
its leaves, branches, fruits and flowers. Herein, we present the results of meticulous analyses of the
essential oil (2.2%, w/w) constituents obtained from M. communis leaves, collected during the summer
period from the coastal regions of peninsula Luštica, Montenegro. Detailed GC-MS analyses enabled
the identification of 66 constituents, among which 1,8-cineole (28.4%), linalool (18.4%), α-pinene
(16.6%), geranyl acetate (6.6%), α-terpineol (6.3%) and linalyl acetate (4.2%) were the major ones.
Together with the secondary metabolite profile, determination of the Montenegro true myrtle essential
oil agricultural plant protection potential is also estimated, by assessing mycelia growth of
Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds C.A.2 isolates, causative of strawberry antrachnose, in vitro
Встъпване във фенологични фази на облагородена и необлагородена арония (Aronia melanocarpa) в зависимост от вида на почвената обработка
No full textAn experiment was conducted over a period of three years to systematic monitoring and examination of patterns of occurrence of periodic life-cycle events or phenological stages (beginning of leaf unfolding, full leaf unfolding, inflorescence emergence, beginning of flowering, full flowering, beginning of berry set and berry ripening) in aronia cultivar Nero. The research was conducted in the experimental orchard of the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, West Serbia, during 2017-2019. The experiment included grafted aronia grown under bare fallow and non-grafted aronia grown under bare fallow and black foil mulch treatments. Foil mulch treatment had a large effect on the growth stages in the tested aronia. Also, significant differences were observed between grafted and non-grafted aronia. In all experimental years, the earliest onset dates of all phenological stages were in non-grafted aronia grown under foil mulch, and the latest in grafted aronia under bare fallow. The results indicated that climatic factors (air temperature and precipitation) have a significant effect in the timing of the occurrence of phenological stages.Проведен е експеримент за период от три години, включващ систематично наблюдение и изследване на моделите на възникване на периодични събития от жизнения цикъл или фенологични етапи (начало на разлистване, пълно разлистване, поява на съцветия, начало на цъфтеж, пълен цъфтеж, поява на плоден завръз и узряване) на сорт арония Nero. Изследването е проведено в експерименталната овощна градина на Изследователски институт по овощарство, Чачак, Западна Сърбия, през 2017-2019г. Експериментът включва присадена арония, отглеждана под гола угар и необлагородена арония, отглеждана върху гола угар и под черно фолио. Отглеждането под черно фолио има голямо въздействие върху етапите на растеж на изследваната арония. Също така се наблюдават значителни разлики между присадената и необлагородената арония. През всички експериментални години, най-ранните дати на начало на всички фенологични етапи са установени при необлагородената арония, отглеждана под фолио, а най-късни при присадена арония върху гола угар. Резултатите показват, че климатичните фактори (температура на въздуха и валежи) оказват значително влияние върху периода на настъпване на фенологичните етапи
Preliminarni rezultati proučavanja trajašnosti plodova sorte Timočanka
No full text‘Timočanka’ is a dessert plum cultivar created in Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. Although it has excellent fruit’s physical attributes, its storage potential has not been investigated so far. Commercial quality demands of plum cultivars aimed for fresh consumption mainly refer to physical properties, but nowadays an increased trend in society is healthy consumerism, particularly referring to bioactive compounds. For this reason, the presented study included evaluation of, not only physical properties of plum fruit, but also determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. No significant changes of fruit weight and soluble solids content after 21 days of cold storage were observed. Fruit firmness’ values were high on both analysis dates, notwithstanding fruit softening occurred during storage. Although ‘Timočanka’ is characterized by relatively low content of total phenols, the values of antioxidant capacity indicate that its consumption can increase the daily antioxidants intake.U cilju zadovoljavanja zahteva trgovaca i kupaca, neophodno je obezbediti kontinuirano snabdevanje tržišta visokokvalitetnim plodovima šljive u što dužem vremenskom periodu, što se može postići gajenjem sorti različitog vremena zrenja i primenom adekvatne tehnologije berbe, čuvanja i pakovanja. Iako se komercijalni zahtevi tržišta prevashodno odnose na fizičke osobine plodova šljive (veličinu, čvrstinu, boju), kupci sve češće obraćaju pažnju na ukus, aromu, nutritivnu vrednost, ali i sadržaj bioaktivnih jedinjenja, koja blagotvorno deluju na zdravlje. Kako bi se očuvao kvalitet plodova, neophodno je ispitati trajašnost tj. promene koje se u plodovima određene sorte dešavaju tokom čuvanja.
Timočanka je stona sorta šljive stvorena u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak. Iako se odlikuje dobrim proizvodnim osobinama (rano stupanje u rod, tolerantnost na virus šarke šljive prouzrokovače rđe i plamenjače) i krupnim plodom, nema podataka o trajašnosti plodova ove sorte. Stoga je cilj istraživanja bilo ispitivanje fizičkih i hemijskih osobina ploda u berbi i nakon 21dana čuvanja u hladnjači, na temperaturi od 0‡2 °C i relativnoj vlažnosti vazduha od 90-95%. Ubrani plodovi su bili vrlo atraktivnog izgleda: krupni, tamnoplave boje sa obilno prisutnim pepeljkom. Plodovi su sadržali 14,11% rastvorljive suve materije (RSM), a odnos RSM i ukupnih kiselina takođe je bio visok. Gubitak mase plodova tokom čuvanja je bio zanemarljiv, a iako su plodovi omekšali njihova čvrstina nakon iskladištenja bila je zadovoljavajuća. Sadržaj ukupnih fenola bio je nizak (31,43 mg GAE 100 g-1 FW) i opao je tokom čuvanja (14,52 mg GAE 100 g-1 FW), dok je antioksidativni kapacitet ubranih plodova bio relativno visok (0,63 mmol TE 100 g-1 FW) i stabilan.
Na osnovu dobijenih preliminarnih rezultata može se zaključiti da sorta Timočanka ima plodove koji se odlikuju dobrom trajašnošću pa se na tržište mogu plasirati nakon čuvanja, a zahvaljujući izraženoj čvrstini mogu podneti transport i do udaljenijih tržišta.Ivana Glišić, editor in chief (glavni i odgovorni urednik); Tatjana Vujović, technical editor and proof reader (tehnički urednik i korektor
Fuctionality of embryo sac and fruit sets in plum cultivar ‘Čačanska Rana’
No full text‘Čačanska Rana’ is a dessert plum cultivar of excellent quality that can reach good price in the market. It is self-incompatible cultivar which has irregular yielding with year-to-year variation. For achieving good fruit set and high yields, it is necessary to conduct successful pollination and fertilization where many cyto-embryological processes must take place at the right time. In this study, functionality of embryo sac − their viability and fruit set, were used to evaluate fruit set in open pollination and emasculated unpollinated flowers as control (onset of full bloom on the third, sixth, tenth, fourteenth and twenty-first day after onset of full bloom) in ‘Čačanska Rana’ during the two years period (2015/2017). Considering the results of functionality of embryo sacs (8-, 5- and 4- nucleate stages), their viability was slightly longer in 2015 compared to 2017. In both years, fast degeneration of one out of two synergids and presence of 3- nucleate stage (with normal egg cell) up to fourteenth days of full flowering were observed. The embryo development recorded after fourteenth day after onset of full bloom. On the other hand, fruit set (24%) was higher in 2015, compared to fruit set (5.3%) in 2017. These results indicated that functionality of embryo sac as one of the factors that may be responsible for irregular yield of ‘Čačanska Rana’