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Success rate of individual pollinizers to European plums
No full textFruit set and yield optimization in orchards depend on the success of pollination and fertilization. There is a wide variation in the self-fertility among European plum genotypes from self-fertile to completely self-incompatible requiring compatible pollinizers with overlapping flowering times. Thus, for the successful cultivation it is necessary to determine the best pollinizers in order to obtain high yields. The aim of this investigation was to find the most suitable pollinizers for the cultivars ‘Edda’, ‘Mallard’, ‘Reeves’ and ‘Jubileum’, which are well adapted to the production in the Nordic climate, and in order to recommend to the producers which cultivars should be planted within the same orchard to provide large and stable, annual yields. The phenology of flowering of these plum cultivars was monitored during the springs 2018 and 2019 at different plum growing regions. Pollen viability, cross pollination with different pollinizers included open- and self-pollination, pollen tube growth and pollen–pistil incompatibility reactions were investigated. The dynamics of pollen tube growth (third, sixth and ninth day after anthesis) in the style (upper, middle and lower third) and parts of ovary in different crossing combination were observed by fluorescent microscopy over the same two years in relation to fruit set. Overview and preliminary results from the different experiments will be presented.Jevremović Darko, Milošević Nebojša, Glišić Ivana S. – editors of the publicatio
Morphological and pathogenic characteristics of Alternaria alternata isolates from plum (Prunus domestica L.)
No full textDuring June and July 2020, numerous ‘Stanley’ plants were observed with small, brown spots on leaves in the plum orchard in locality Bačka Topola. Later on, leaf lesions became dark brown and irregular, resulting in necrosis that was followed by defoliation. Collected samples were analyzed using standard mycological procedures. Ten fungal isolates from leaves and branches were obtained from infected plums. Two isolates originating from branches (ŠG) and leaves (ŠL), were selected for further studies. The pathogenicity test was performed on five plum
cultivars: ‘Stenley’, ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Požegača’. Morphological characteristics of two selected isolates were studied on three nutrient media: cornmeal agar (CMA), carnation leaf agar (CLA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Both tested isolates formed airy, dark olive-green colonies on PDA medium. The colonies were light olive-green in all tested isolates on CMA. On CLA, all studied isolates formed olive-green substrate mycelium. Conidia size for tested isolate ŠG on PDA medium ranged from 19.20−46.24 × 7.95−12.88 μm (mean 25.85 × 10.42 μm), and for isolate ŠL from 18.17−36.16 × 8.09−12.59 μm, (mean 24.98 × 11.10 μm). Both studied isolates on all tested plant organs (leaf, branch and fruit) in all plum cultivars caused symptoms typical for fungi of the genus Alternaria, the appearance of dark brown necrotic lesions on leaves, branches and fruits. Based on preliminary research of morphological characteristics and pathogenic tests, analyzed isolates were identified as belonging to the species Alternaria alternata.Jevremović Darko, Milošević Nebojša and Glišić Ivana - editors of the publicatio
Определяне на S-алелна конституция и група за несъвместимост в някои местни генотипове череши отглеждани в Западна Сърбия
No full textSweet cherry is a self-incompatible fruit species and shows a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system, which is genetically determined by a polymorphic locus (S), encoding at least two linked genes that determine the pistil and pollen phenotypes. Therefore, most sweet cherry genotypes are self-incompatible and many are cross-incompatible. The aim of this work was to identify the S-allelic constitutions and incompatibility groups in eight indigenous sweet cherry genotypes collected in orchards of individual growers in the region of Čačak, i.e. villages Jezdina (GТ-3), Prislonica (GТ-17, GТ-18, GТ-19, GТ-20 and GТ-21) and Ljubić (GТ-22 and GТ-23). The allelic constitution of S-RNase gene in each genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus and allele-specific primers. Eight alleles (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S9 and S13) that generated seven S-genotypes [S1S2 (GТ-18), S1S4 (GТ-20 and GТ-22), S3S5 (GТ-3), S3S6 (GТ-21), S3S9 (GТ-17), S4S5 (GТ-23) and S4S13 (GТ-19)] were detected. Among the revealed alleles, S4 was the most frequent (25%), followed by S1 and S3 (18.75% to each allele). Based on the S-allelic constitution, the indigenous sweet cherry genotypes were assigned to the following incompatibility groups: I, V, VI, VII, IX, XVI and XLV. The obtained results represent crucial information on cross-compatibility of these Serbian accessions that is very important for both cherry breeders and growers.Черешата е самостерилен овощен вид с гаметофитна система за несъвместимост (GSI), която се определя генетично от полиморфен локус (S), кодиращ поне два свързани гена, които определят фенотипите на плодника и полените. Следователно повечето генотипове на череша са самонесъвместими и много от тях са кръстосано несъвместими. Целта на настоящия труд бе да се определят S-алелните конституции и групите за несъвместимост в осем местни генотипове на череша, събрани в овощни градини на отделни производители в района на Чачак, т.е. селата Йездина (GТ-3), Прислоница (GТ-17, GТ -18, GТ-19, GТ-20 и GТ-21) и Любич (GТ-22 и GТ-23). Алелната конституция на ген S-RNase във всеки генотип се определя чрез полимеразна верижна реакция (PCR) с консенсус и специфични за алела праймери. Открити са осем алела (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S9 и S13), които създават седем S-генотипа [S1S2 (GТ-18), S1S4 (GТ-20 и GТ-22), S3S5 (GТ-3), S3S6 (GТ-21), S3S9 (GТ-17), S4S5 (GТ-23) и S4S13 (GТ-19)]. Сред разкритите алели, S4 енай-често срещания (25%), следван от S1 и S3 (18.75% за всеки алел). Въз основа на S-алелните конституции, местните черешови сортове са разпределени в следните групи на несъвместимост: I, V, VI, VII, IX, XVI и XLV. Получените резултати представляват важна информация за кръстосаната съвместимост на тези сръбски образци, която е много важна както за селекционерите на череши, така и за производителите
Variation in productivity and fruit quality of the plum depending on rootstock
No full textDespite Serbia being among the world's largest producers of plums with about 5% of world production, seedlings of Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), characterized by a number of disadvantages, represent the most commonly used plum rootstock. Considering the intensification of plum production in the orchards of Serbia and other European countries, this study was aimed to assess the productivity and fruit quality of two plum cultivars ('Cacanska Lepotica' and 'Cacanska Najbolja') grafted on four different rootstocks (Myrobalan seedling, 'Fereley', 'St. Julien A' and 'Pixy') for two consecutive years (2017-2018). Cultivars 'Cacanska Lepotica' and 'Cacanska Najbolja' produced a similar average yield tree-1 (10.9 and 10.8 kg tree-1, respectively), while fruit weight, content of total phenols and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in 'Cacanska Najbolja' samples compared to 'Cacanska Lepotica', regardless rootstock. Yield tree-1 in plum grafted on Myrobalan seedling was higher compared to other rootstocks in both years, except in cultivar 'Cacanska Najbolja' in 2017, when the yield tree-1 was low in all studied rootstocks. Dwarf rootstock 'Pixy' showed the lowest yield tree-1 and induced high total phenols and antioxidant activity in fruit of cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica' in both year of testing. However, in cultivar 'Cacanska Najbolja' there was no general trend in yield and fruit quality depending on rootstock. The medium vigor rootstocks 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A' induced high values of yield tree-1 and content of total phenols in cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica', although no significant differences were found with Myrobalan seedling as a rootstock. Owing to the high amounts of beneficial phytochemicals cultivar, 'Cacanska Najbolja' can be recommended for expansion in plum growing regions. Using semi-dwarf rootstocks 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A', planting density can be increased, as well as yield and fruit quality, and facilitate application agricultural practices, such as pruning and harvesting
Chemical composition of organically and conventionally grown fruits of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cv. Willamette
No full textU radu su prikazani dvogodišnji rezultati hemijskih ispitivanja plodova maline u organskom i konvencionalnom sistemu gajenja. Zasadi maline zasnovani su na obroncima planine Jelice, na zemljištu jako kisele reakcije (pH/KCl 3,67-3,76) i optimalnog sadržaja humusa i ukupnog N. U konvencionalnom sistemu gajenja, zemljište je visoko obezbeđeno lakopristupačnim P2O5, K2O i mikroelementima, sa prekomernim sadržajem Ni i Cr, a u organskom sistemu gajenja, povećan je sadržaj Ni i Zn. Biohemijske osobine plodova organskog i konvencionalnog sistema gajenja ne pokazuju značajne razlike, dok uticaj godine istraživanja i interakcijski odnosi sistema gajenja pokazuju značajne razlike u sadržaju TA i IS. Ipak, više vrednosti sadržaja rastvorljive suve materije, ukupnih kiselina i šećera utiču na prijemčiviji ukus i aromu organskih plodova maline. Sadržaj mikroelemenata i teških metala u plodovima oba sistema gajenja izmeren je prema sledećem redosledu Mn GT Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Co. Utvrđeno je da ne postoji značajna razlika u sadržaju ispitivanih elemenata u plodovima organskog i konvencionalnog sistema gajenja, osim statistički višeg sadržaja Fe u organskim plodovima maline. Visok udeo pojedinih elemenata (posebno Ni) u oba sistema gajenja ukazuje na potrebu kontinuiranog hemijskog ispitivanja zemljišta i plodova, a na osnovu rezultata je neophodno sagledati dnevni unos pojedinačnog elementa u odnosu na telesnu težinu i/ili maksimalan dnevni unos.The paper presents two-year results of chemical tests of raspberry fruits in organic and conventional cultivation systems. Raspberry plantations were established on the slopes of Jelica Mountain, on soil having very acidic reaction (pH/KCl 3.67-3.76) and optimal contents of humus and total N. In the conventional cultivation system, the soil had a high supply of readily available P2O5 and K2O and microelements, with excessive levels of Ni, and Cr. In the organic system, the content of Ni and Zn increased. The biochemical properties of organic and conventional fruits showed no significant differences, while the influence of the research year and the interaction of the cultivation system showed significant differences in the content of TA and IS. However, higher values of the levels of soluble solids, total acids and sugars contributed to the more appealing taste and aroma of organic raspberry fruits. The contents of microelements and heavy metals in the fruits of both cultivation systems were measured in the following order Mn GT Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Co. No significant difference was found in the contents of the examined elements between organic and conventional fruits, except for the statistically higher content of Fe in organic raspberries. The high share of individual elements (especially Ni) in both cultivation systems indicates the need for continuous chemical testing of soil and fruits. Based on the results, it is important to consider the daily intake of each element in relation to body weight and/or maximum daily intake
Quality assessment of strawberry cultivars grown in western Serbia
No full textThe large heterogeneity of strawberry cultivars used in production plantings in the Republic of Serbia necessitates the need for testing of newly introduced cultivars that offer both high yields and high sensory and nutritive properties. To identify and compare the differences in the fruit quality, four economically important ('Clery', 'Alba', 'Joly' and 'Senga Sengana'), and two promising ('Garda' and 'Leatitia') June-bearing strawberry cultivars were picked during three harvests (beginning, middle and end) in 2017 in the region of western Serbia. Strawberries were grown in double rows on beds covered with black polyethylene mulch. The physical (fruit weight, dimensions, firmness) and chemical properties (soluble solids (SS), total (TS) and invert sugars (IS), sucrose (SUC), titrable acids (TA), pH, sweetness index (TS/TA)) and nutritive values (total phenols (TPC) and total antioxidative capacity (TAC)) of the fruits were analysed. Significantly higher fruit weight, dimensions, firmness and content of SUC were recorded in the cultivar 'Alba', while the cultivar 'Leatitia' showed promising results in terms of fruit weight, firmness and SS and TS. The high content of TS and IS (8.9 and 8.1%) as well as the low content of TA (0.8%) were registered in the samples of 'Clery', with greatest TS/TA ratio in this cultivar (10.9). A high sweetness index was also observed in the cultivars 'Joly' and 'Leatitia' (8.6 and 8.5). These cultivars had a significantly higher content of TPC (461.7 and 415.4 mg GA eq 100-1 g FW), which was manifested through high TAC (29.8 and 30.5 mg AA eq 100-1 g FW) compared to other tested cultivars. The comparative study of fruit quality suggests that 'Leatitia' can be recommended for further promotion and expansion in strawberry growing regions of Serbia. Also, the cultivar 'Joly' can be recommended as a complementary cultivar with 'Leatitia' in order to expand the production cycle
The effect of genotype and temperature interaction on pollen performance in the pistils of autochthonous sour cherry cultivar 'Feketicka'
No full textThe study of pollen performance in vivo in the pistils of autochthonous sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivar 'Feketicka' under different pollination modes was conducted. The experiment included self-and cross-pollination with sour cherry cultivars 'Cigancica', 'Cacanski Rubin', 'erdi Botermo' and 'Majurka', sweet cherry cultivars 'Early Star' and 'Newstar' as well as open pollination variant. The results were considered in the context of agroecological conditions of Vojvodina Province of the Republic of Serbia, which is typical of 'Feketicka' sour cherry growing. The impact of variability factors on pollen tube growth efficiency manifested as an overlapping effect of polliniser genotype, its requirement for flowering temperatures, the influence of female genotype on pollen performance and the response of male-female relations to air temperature. With less than 6% of fruit set after selfing, 'Feketicka' can be classified as a partially self-compatible. Among the investigated pollinisers for 'Feketicka', the best performance was shown by 'Cigancica', whereas 'Cacanski Rubin' and 'erdi Botermo' showed the lowest parameters of pollen tubes growth in vivo, so they are not recommended as pollinisers. Considering the air temperature during the flowering, 'Feketicka' displayed the opposite behaviour, preferring higher/lower temperatures as polliniser/pollinated cultivar, respectively
Poseban nadzor nad virusima koštičavih voćaka u Srbiji
No full textThe results of the survey on the presence of seven viruses (cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, cherry leaf roll virus, cherry rasp leaf virus, tomato black ring virus, tomato ringspot virus, prunus necrotic ringspot virus and apple mosaic virus) infecting stone fruits are presented in this paper. A total number of 107 samples from mother blocks and nurseries in 30 locations were collected and analyzed. Samples were analyzed with ELISA and RT-PCR methods. Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus was detected in six samples (one sweet and one sour cherry, two plums and two apricots). No other viruses were detected in analyzed samples.U ovom radu predstavljeni su rezultati istraživanja prisustva sedam virusa (virus nekrotičnog rđastog šarenila trešnje/cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, virus uvijenosti lišća trešnje/cherry leaf roll virus, virus nazubljenosti lišća trešnje/cherry rasp leaf virus, virus crne prstenaste pegavosti paradajza/tomato black ring virus, virus prstenaste pegavosti paradajza/tomato ringspot virus, virus nekrotične prstenaste pegavosti prunusa/prunus necrotic ringspot virus i virus mozaika jabuke/apple mosaic virus) koji zaražavaju koštičave vrste voćaka. Prikupljeno je i analizirano ukupno 107 uzoraka iz matičnih zasada i rastila iz 30 lokaliteta. Uzorci su analizirani ELISA i RT-PCR metodom. Prisustvo virusa nekrotičnog rđastog šarenila trešnje potvrđeno je u šest uzoraka (po jedan trešnje i višnje, i po dva šljive i kajsije). Prisustvo drugih virusa nije potvrđeno ni u jednom od analiziranih uzoraka
The effect of foliar sprays containing calcium on quality and storability of ʻStanleyʼ plum fruit
No full textLoss of firmness is one of the major restraints for postharvest handling and adequate storage of plum fruits. In order to improve the fruit quality various pre- and postharvest treatments could be applied. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar sprays containing calcium on postharvest quality of ‘Stanley’ fruits during two consecutive years. Three commercial sprays containing calcium were used in the experiment. The first spray contained calcium and boron, the second one calcium and phosphorus, whilst the third one contained calcium. The treatments involved four foliar applications, ten days after petal fall at twenty-day intervals. Unsprayed trees represented the control. All treatments significantly increased fruit firmness at harvest. However, no such effect was observed after four weeks of cold storage although fruits from treated trees had higher content of calcium. At harvest, fruits from the trees sprayed with calcium and phosphorus had significantly higher content of soluble solids, total acids and protopectin in comparison with two other treatments and control fruits. Neither fruit weight nor dimensions were affected by any of preharvest foliar treatments. The lowest weight loss after storage was recorded in fruits treated with the spray containing only calcium. The content of total acids, potassium and soluble solids depended on treatment, year and their interaction, both at harvest and after storage. There was a significant positive correlation between the fruit firmness at harvest and content of potassium and protopectin. However, firmness of fruits after storage was significantly positively correlated not only with the content of potassium, but also with the content of calcium
Morphological and molecular identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi on poet's daffodil (Narcissus poeticus L.) in Serbia
No full textIn autumn 2018, daffodil (narcissus) plants with basal bulb rot were noticed in a plantation in locality Jasika, Serbia. Morphological characterization identified Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi as the causal agent of bulb rot in daffodil. Three selected isolates were tested for their ability to produce symptoms on daffodil bulbs. Two weeks after artificial inoculation typical symptoms of basal rot developed on inoculated bulbs from which the pathogen was re-isolated fulfilling Koch's postulates. To further identify the pathogen, a molecular characterization with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and TEF1 genomic regions was performed. Molecular characterization confirmed the obtained results in morphological identification. The detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, a causal agent of basal rot on daffodil in Serbia, is the first report of this pathogen in the country