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Innovations in fruit growing enabled by ir4 technologies
No full textNove tehnologije putem različitih rešenja i aplikacija donose značajne promene u naš svakodnevni život, čineći ga jednostavnijim i udobnijim. Nјihova primena za razvoj i unapređenje polјoprivrede uklјučuje preciznu polјoprivredu (PP) koja se oslanja na softver, specijalizovanu opremu i IT usluge što sve zajedno omogućava pristup podacima u realnom vremenu o stanju useva, zemlјišta i vazduha. Obradom dobijenih podataka omogućuje se kvalitetnija proizvodnja uz smanjenje upotreblјenih resursa i hemikalija, racionalnije korišćenje vode i pobolјšanje ekoloških uslova u kojima se polјoprivredna proizvodnja sprovodi.New technologies, through various solutions and applications, bring significant changes to our daily lives, making it simpler and more comfortable. Their application for the development and improvement of agriculture includes precision agriculture (PP) which relies on software, specialized equipment, and IT services that together provide access to real-time data on the condition of crops, soil, and air. The processing of the obtained data enables better production with a decreased use of resources and chemicals, a more rational use of water, and an improvement of the ecological conditions of agricultural production
Ispitivanje uticaja primene zeolita, stajnjaka i mikrobioloških đubriva na sadržaj mineralnog azota u zasadu malina
No full textThe paper presents the test results of the application of zeolite, manure and microbiological fertilizers on pH value and the content of mineral nitrogen in soil in the first year after raspberry planting establishment. The experiment included different treatments and the obtained results point to the optimal effect of combined application of these on stability and utilization of mineral nitrogen in soil, as well as on stabilization of the pH value.U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja primene zeolita, stajnjaka i mikrobioloških đubriva na pH vrednost i sadržaj mineralnog azota u zemljištu u prvoj godini nakon zasnivanja zasada maline. Ogled se sastojao od različitih tretmana a dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na najbolji efekat zajedničke primene ovih sredstava na stabilnost i iskoristivost mineralnog azota u zemljištu, kao i na stabilizaciju pH vrednosti zemljišta
Biological characteristics of new European plum genotypes developed in Serbia
No full textThe paper presents results of three-year investigations of the most relevant biological characteristics (flowering and ripening time, morphometric, chemical and organoleptic properties of fruit) and field resistance to causal agents of economically most important viral (plum pox virus) and fungal (red leaf spot, rust and fruit rot) diseases of new plum genotypes ‘Lana’ and ‘G’. ‘Lana’ was bred at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak and released in 2020. Elite genotype ‘G’ was singled out at Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad and currently is under recognition. The experiment was conducted at Čačak's agroecological conditions, whilst ‘Čačanska Rana’ and ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ used as standard cultivars for ‘Lana’ and ‘G’, respectively. In comparison with appropriate standard, average flowering onset of ‘Lana’ and ‘G’ was one and two days later. The ripening time of ‘Lana’ was July 20th, nine days later than in ‘Čačanska Rana’, while for ‘G’, it was July 29th, ten days after ‘Čačanska Lepotica’. Compared to ‘Čačanska Rana’, cultivar ‘Lana’ had significantly higher fruit weight (85.04 g) and dimensions, similar content of soluble solids (14.54%), higher total acids (1.20%) and lower ratio of the soluble solids and total acids (12.55). The fruit weight (41.87 g) and dimensions of genotype ‘G’ were similar to those of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, but significantly higher soluble solids (17.65%), total sugars (10.23%), sucrose (3.95%) and ratio of the soluble solids and total acids (17.49) were found. The fruit organoleptic properties of new plum genotypes were in line with standards. In addition, both genotypes demonstrated the same level of field resistance to Plum pox virus as standards and better results regarding the field resistance to causal agents of fungal diseases
Effectiveness of the biodegradable product FitoBotryfun in improving the fruit quality of 'Čačanska Bestrna' blackberry
No full textBlackberry (Rubus subgen. Rubus Watson) cultivar 'Čačanska Bestrna' has long been the most commonly grown blackberry cultivar in the Republic of Serbia, owing to its high adaptability to respective agro-environmental conditions. In recent years, in order to increase the production of biologically valuable food, the fruit growing technology has been directed towards the concepts of integral and organic production. Blackberry grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) is an economically significant agent of the disease, which during the ripening phase reduces fruit yield by about 30% each year. In this regard, the efficacy of the preventive and curative influence of foliar applied FitoBotryfun was examined for two consecutive years. Incidence of grey mould (degree of infection), morphometric traits (fruit weight and dimensions), chemical traits (soluble solids content, total and inverted sugars, and sucrose content) and fruit mineral nutrient content [macro-(Ca, Mg) and microelements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn)] were recorded. A high variability was found in the degree of infection between the different disease management practices (organic and conventional) and significant differences were found in the contents of sugars, Ca, Mg and Fe in the fruit. The variations over the years were observed for the same quality traits, except for fruit height. The results obtained suggest that the foliar application of FitoBotryfun during the growing season can be effective in reducing losses in the quality of blackberry fruit during ripening as well as negative effects of conventional control methods on human health and the environment.Najviše gajena sorta kupine u Republici Srbiji je Čačanska bestrna zbog svoje visoke prilagođenosti agroekološkim uslovima. Poslednjih godina, u cilju povećanja proizvodnje biološki vredne hrane neophodno je i tehnologiju gajenja voćaka usmeravati prema konceptima integralne i organske proizvodnje. Siva trulež ploda (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) kupine predstavlja ekonomski značajnog prouzrokovača bolesti, koji godišnje, tokom fenofaze zrenja, smanjuje prinose za oko 30%. S tim u vezi, tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda ispitana je efikasnost preventivnog i kurativnog delovanja folijarno primenjenog proizvoda FitoBotryfun. Ispitivani su pojava sive truleži ploda (stepen zaraze), fizičke osobine (masa i dimenzije ploda), hemijske osobine (sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija, sadržaj ukupnih i invertnih šećera i sadržaj saharoze), kao i sadržaj mineralnih elemenata [makro (Ca, Mg) i mikroelemenata (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn)] u plodu. U različitim tretmanima zaštite (konvencionalni i organski) utvrđene su značajne razlike u stepenu zaraze, ali i sadržaju šećera i Ca, Mg i Fe u plodu. Značajnost razlika po godinama proučavanja evidentirana je u pogledu istih osobina, izuzev dužine ploda. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da folijarna primena FitoBotryfun-a tokom vegetacije može biti efikasna mera kojom će se smanjiti gubici u kvalitetu ploda tokom zrenja, kao i štetan uticaj konvencionalnog programa zaštite na ljudsko zdravlje i životnu sredinu
Preferences in sweet cherry fruits among consumers in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textThe introduction of new varieties in fruit production should consider consumer attitudes regarding the appearance and taste of the fruits. In order to evaluate the consumer attitudes in Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina (B& H), on the most important characteristics of cherry fruits, an online survey was conducted with 402 respondents. Participation in the survey was taken by 53.23% of respondents from Serbia and 46.77% from B&H, most of which were women (54.23%). Consumers expressed their views on the most important external (fruit colour, fruit shape, fruit size, presence of a stalk on the fruit, length of the stalk and the presence of damage to the fruit) and internal ( fruit taste, fruit firmness) characteristics of the fruit. According to the results, the attitude toward the fruit size, the presence of a stalk and the stalk length, as well as fruit firmness was dependent upon respondents' residence. Both male and female respondents had similar attitudes toward the cherry characteristics except for the fruit taste and the most important cherry characteristics. The age of a respondent influenced the attitude toward the fruit size and the presence of a stalk, as well as the fruit firmness
In situ characterisation of Serbian autochthonous pear (Pyrus communis L.) genotypes
No full textPear is an important pome fruit species in the Republic of Serbia, with average production of 57,793 tonnes (2016‒2020). Regardless of a wide range of new cultivars, world pear production relies on a small number of mostly old released cultivars. So far, the work at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (FRI) has been mainly focused on developing new pear cultivars and evaluation of ex situ genotypes. In recent years, the FRI work on assessing genetic variability in autochthonous pear material has been intensified. To avoid the loss and aiming to document, preserve and encourage the use of autochthonous material, seventeen genotypes corresponding to old cultivars or landraces were sampled in individual growers' orchards in central/southwestern Serbia. This study presents the results of in situ characterisation of main biological properties ‒ flowering phenophase, harvest maturity, pomological properties (morphometric, chemical, organoleptic) and field resistance to causal agents of diseases (pear scab and fire blight) in the assessed genotypes. The earliest onset of flowering was recorded in ‘Vodenjaja’ (April 02nd) and the latest in ‘Kantaruša’ (April 21st). Regarding harvest maturity, the genotypes were divided into the groups from early [‘Beli Mednjak’ (July 23rd)] to very late [‘Kantaruša’ and ‘Takiša’ (October 05th)]. The highest fruit weight was determined in ‘Kantaruša’ (364.86 g), while the lowest was in ‘Takiša’ (20.49 g). The best fruit quality was found in ‘Takiša’ [soluble solids (14.85%); total sugar (10.33%)], whilst ‘Kantaruša’ was characterised by the highest total phenols (174.50 mg GAE/100 g FW) and free radical scavenging activity (70.97%). The highest total anthocyanins were found in ‘Lubeničarka’ (2.71 mg/100 g FW). All of the studied genotypes showed field resistance to fire blight and most of them to pear scab. Therefore, Serbian pear genotypes appear to carry useful traits that provide substantial potential for their use in future breeding programmes and production with reduced chemical inputs
Viruses and viroids infecting peaches in Serbia
No full textPeach and nectarine trees were surveyed from 2005 to 2021 to investigate the presence of virus and viroid diseases in Serbia. Samples were collected from commercial orchards in the main peach-growing areas and from nurseries and mother blocks. A total of 482 samples were tested on the presence of 11 viruses (plum pox virus, prune dwarf virus, prunus necrotic ringspot virus, apple mosaic virus, cherry leaf roll virus, cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, cherry rasp leaf virus, little cherry virus-1, little cherry virus-2, tomato black ring virus and tomato ringspot virus) and peach latent mosaic viroid. Molecular RT-PCR test was used for the detection of each pathogen with virus/viroid-specific primers. Analysis confirmed the presence of plum pox virus in 16.2% of tested samples from commercial orchards. Further molecular characterization revealed the presence of PPV-M and PPV-D strains in positive samples. The incidence of peach latent mosaic viroid infection was 5.9%. No other viruses were detected in collected samples
Fruit Size and Main Chemical Properties of European Plums (Prunus domestica L.) as Influenced by Grafting on Seedlings of Commercial Cultivars
No full textDuring three consecutive years we investigated the influence of seedlings of Myrobalan, Stanley and Green Gage as rootstocks on main fruit physical and chemical properties of four European plums ('Cacanska Rana', 'Cacanska Lepotica', 'Cacanski Secer' and 'Stanley') grown under ecological conditions of Cacak (Serbia). Results showed that significant differences in most properties such as fruit weight (FW) and its size and shape, stone weight (SW), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS), ripening index (RI) and sweetness index (IS) were examined among rootstocks. Influence of these rootstock on flesh rate (FRa) or flesh/stone ratio in cultivars evaluated was not significant. In the case of 'Cacanska Lepotica', rootstocks had not capacity to change sphericity (phi) and TA. Seedlings of Myrobalan improved only SW in 'Cacanski Secer' and TA in all cultivars. In all other cases this rootstock decreased values of evaluated traits. The best fruit physical and chemical properties of plums were achieved by seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley alone or alongside. Despite the higher TA contents in fruits on Myrobalan and its tendency to induce higher SW in some cultivars, the smaller sized fruits together with the less attractive fruit shape resulted in a non-interesting rootstock for plums in our growing conditions. Interesting and positive behavior of cultivars were found for quality parameters when grafted on seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley, respectively
Comparative analysis of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of three different types of honey
No full textHoney is a natural product which has high nutritional value. Also, it has health benefits, which is the reason for its been used for the prevention of diseases caused by oxidative stress for centuries in many countries. Honey has antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which are the result of the presence of enzymes and chemical and phytochemical components, where phenolic acids and flavonoids play a significant role. The aim of this study was to examine the physico-chemical parameters, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of forest-meadow, acacia and sunflower honey from the Gruža and Požega areas (Republic of Serbia). The tested physico-chemical parameters were found to be within the values prescribed by the Legislation and the Codex Alimentarius Standard. The presence of HMF was not detected in the sample of forest-meadow honey, while the content in other samples (1.09 and 1.79 mg HMF kg-1) was significantly below the value laid down by regulations (40 mg HMF kg-1). Forest-meadow honey had the highest antioxidant activity (35.2%, 26.32%-ABTS and DPPH method, respectively) and the highest content of total phenolics (90.96±5.18 g GAE 100 g-1), while acacia honey exhibited the lowest values for antioxidant activity (11.76%-ABTS; 7.28%-DPPH) and total phenolics (15.75±0,66 g GAE 100 g-1). Forest-meadow honey showed the best antibacterial activity, followed by sunflower and acacia honey.Med ima antibakterijska i antioksidativna svojstva koja su posledica prisustva enzima, hemijskih i fitohemijskih komponenti, pri čemu fenolne kiseline i flavonoidi imaju najvažniju ulogu. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje nekih fizičko-hemijskih parametara, antioksidativnih svojstava i antimikrobne aktivnosti tri uzorka meda (šumsko-livadski, bagremov i suncokretov) iz okoline Gruže i Požege (Republika Srbija). Utvrđeno je da su ispitivani fizičko-hemijski parametri u okviru vrednosti propisanih Pravilnikom i Codex Alimentarius standardom. U uzorku šumsko-livadskog meda nije detektovano prisustvo HMF, dok je sadržaj u ostalim uzorcima (1,09 i 1,79 mg HMFkg-1) bio značajno ispod vrednosti propisane regulativama (40 mg HMFkg-1). Šumsko-livadski med je pokazao najveću antioksidativnu aktivnost (35,2% - ABTS; 26,32% - DPPH) i najveći sadržaj ukupnih fenola (90,96±5,18 g GAE 100 g-1), dok je bagremov med pokazao najnižu antioksidativnu aktivnost (11,76% - ABTS; 7,28% - DPPH) i najmanji sadržaj ukupnih fenola (15,75±0,66 g GAE 100 g-1). Najbolju antibakterijsku aktivnost pokazao je šumsko-livadski, zatim suncokretov, a najslabiju bagremov med
Detection of peach latent mosaic viroid by RT-PCR and real-time PCR
No full textPeach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is economically the most important viroid
infecting stone fruits. In sensitive peach cultivars PLMVd induces mosaic and
calico on the leaves and deformed fruits with cracked suture. Early and accurate
detection of PLMVd is one of the main measures for its control. In our study we
have evaluated the efficiency of RT-PCR and quantitative Real-time PCR methods
for the detection of PLMVd isolates collected from peach and nectarine orchards
in Serbia. RT-PCR assay proved to be efficient for PLMVd detection, but some of
the isolates were on the limit of detection. Real-time RCR was characterized by
higher sensitivity in the detection of all tested isolates. Both assays can be
recommended for use, but for testing the material within the certification of peach
planting material Real-time PCR should be used