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Изследване на вирулентността на изолати Eutypa lata с помощта на два метода
No full textIn a multi-year experiment set up in vitro, virulence testing was conducted on 14 isolates of Eutypa lata (EL17, EL27, EL29, EL30, EL150, EL151, EL152, EL153, EL154, EL155, EL156, EL157, EL158, EL199) and two reference isolates BX1.10 and 8F obtained from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, France, previously confirmend on morphological and molecular level. Namely, inoculation of unrootedand rooted grapevine plants of the Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar was performed in two separate experiments. After reading the results in both experiments, all studied isolates showed virulence to varying degrees towards inoculated cuttings of the Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar. All tested isolates showed pathogenicity to Cabernet Sauvignon to a high degree, also different isolates in both experiments showed different degrees of aggressiveness to the tested grapevine cultivar. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the final outcome of both experiments is identical. In both experiments the isolates EL150, EL152, BX1.10, EL156, EL27, EL151 EL154 and 8F proved to be the most aggressive. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that both methods are suitable and reliable for testing pathogenicity od different grapevine cultivars to the fungus E. lata.В многогодишен експеримент, заложен in vitro, е изследвана вирулентността на 14 изолата на Eutypa lata (EL17, EL27, EL29, EL30, EL150, EL151, EL152, EL153, EL154, EL155, EL159, EL159) и два референтни изолата BX1.10 и 8F, получени от Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Франция, предварително потвърдени на морфологично и молекулярно ниво. А именно, инокулацията на невкоренени и вкоренени лозови растения от сорта Каберне Совиньон е извършена в два отделни опита. След отчитане на резултатите и в двата експеримента, всички изследвани изолати показаха вирулентност в различна степен спрямо инокулираните резници от сорт Каберне Совиньон. Всички изследвани изолати показват висока степен на патогенност при сорт Каберне Совиньон. Освен това, различните изолати в двата експеримента показват различна степен на агресивност спрямо изследвания сорт лоза. Анализът на получените резултати показва, че крайният резултат и от двата експеримента е идентичен. И в двата експеримента, най-агресивни се оказват изолати EL150, EL152, BX1.10, EL156, EL27, EL151 EL154 и 8F. Въз основа на получените резултати, може да се направи заключение, че и двата метода са подходящи и надеждни за изследване на патогенността на различни лозови сортове спрямо гъбички E. lata
Detekcija i molekularna karakterizacija grapevine Pinot gris virus u vinogradima Srbije
No full textGrapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), član roda Trichovirus, familije Betaflexviridae je
otkriven 2012. godine na sorti grožđa Burgundac sivi (’Pinot Gris’) u Italiji, a nakon toga je
potvrđen u brojnim zemljama širom sveta. Kod osetljivih sorti vinove loze izaziva deformacije
i hlorotično šarenilo lišća, skraćenje internodija lastara i kržljavost. Kod čokota sa izraženim
simptomima prinos može biti umanjen i do 85%. Vektor virusa je eriofidna grinja Colomerus
vitis. Prisustvo GPGV u Srbiji je prvi put potvrđeno 2015. godine u samo jednom uzorku
vinove loze.
U cilju ispitivanja prisustva GPGV u vinogradima Rasinskog okruga u periodu
2020−2022. godine sakupljeno je i analizirano 65 uzoraka vinove loze. Detekcija je urađena
metodom reverzne transkripcije i lančane reakcije polimeraze (RT-PCR). Ekstrakcija ukupnih
nukleinskih kiselina iz uzoraka lišća urađena je sa 2% CTAB puferom. Za reverznu
transkripciju korišćeni su pd(N)6 random prajmeri, dok je PCR urađen sa dva seta GPGVspecifičnih
prajmera (GPGVRepF/GPGVRepR i GPGVDetF/GPGVDetR) koji umnožavaju
fragmente od 525 bp i 585 bp u okviru RdRp i MP/CP gena. Dobijeni PCR proizvodi su
analizirani elektroforezom u 1,5% agaroznom gelu i bojenjem etidijum-bromidom.
U 14 ispitivanih uzoraka vinove loze sorti ’Red Globe’, ’Victoria’ i ’Preobraženje’, sa
simptomima kržljavih lastara sa skraćenim internodijama, deformisanih i hlorotičnih listova
potvrđeno je prisustvo GPGV. Virus nije potvrđen u uzorcima bez simptoma. Umnoženi PCR
fragmenti osam odabranih izolata su prečišćeni i sekvencirani (Macrogen, Holandija).
Dobijene sekvence su pokazale 97,3−100% nukleotidne identičnosti (RdRp gen), odnosno
97,6−100% (MP/CP gen). Sekvence su deponovane u GenBank (Acc. No.
OP279698−OP279713). BLAST analiza sekvenci RdRp gena je pokazala najviši stepen
nukleotidne identičnosti (99,62%) srpskih izolata GPGV sa izolatima iz Španije, Švajcarske i
Slovačke (KY404083, ON237610 i KF134125), dok su sekvence MP/CP gena pokazale najviši
stepen identičnosti 99,49% sa izolatima iz Italije (BK011064, BK011089 i BK011101).
Dobijeni rezultati prisustva GPGV u Rasinskom okrugu, jednom od najznačajnijih u
zemlji po proizvodnji grožđa, ukazuju na potrebu primene mera kontrole sa ciljem
sprečavanja i usporavanja širenja ovog virusa koji potencijalno može ugroziti proizvodnju
vinove loze
Floral biology and S-incompatibility research in cherries at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak – an overview
No full textIn addition to conventional breeding which has been resulted in release of two sweet cherry (P. avium) and five sour cherry (P. cerasus) cultivars, different aspects of reproductive biology in cherries are among the main research activities at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (FRI). The most important results were obtained in the field of pollination and fertilization of cherries – flowering phenology, pollen quality, monitoring the pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo (pollen tube number and growth rate through certain pistil parts, pollen-pistil interaction in the style, unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary), cytoembryology (stage of ovule development, viability of ovule and embryo sac, early embryogenesis). Investigations were also focused to specifities of cherry genotypes in their reproductive behaviour as polleniser/pollinated cultivar, and to the adequate choice of domestic and foreign cultivars' combinations that exhibit the best performance in terms of fruit set and yields. In the last decade, research work on self- and cross-(in)compatibility in sweet cherry has been considerably advanced by S-genotype identification of cultivars, landraces and hybrids using the consensus and specific primers to amplify the S-RNase alleles. Nowdays, pollen-pistil interactions have been considered in the context of temperature conditions, bearing in mind incidence of seasons with higher temperatures during the flowering in the main cherry-growing regions. Within the national CherrySeRB project whose FRI is the leading institution, characterisation of the indigenous genotype potential for desirable reproductive properties and defining ʻgood reproductive behaviour cherry modelʼ that can face warmer temperature conditions during the flowering are in focus. The main idea of CherrySeRB is connection of production challenges arising from climate change and the richness of Serbian and Balkan cherry germplasm that is still unused enough, which represents a novelty in breeding approach, applicable to other fruit specie
Viability of Embryo Sacs and Fruit Set in Different Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars Grown under Norwegian Climatic Conditions
No full textCompatibility and synchrony between specialized tissues of the pistil, female gametophytes and male gametophytes, are necessary for successful pollination, fertilization, and fruit set in angiosperms. The aim of the present work was to study the development and viability of embryo sacs, as well as fertilization success, in relation to the fruit set of the cultivars 'Mallard', 'Edda', 'Jubileum', and 'Reeves', under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. Emasculated, unpollinated, and open-pollinated flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th days after flowering, from all four plum cultivars over two years (2018/2019). Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under a light microscope. Results showed the existence of synchronization between successive phases in the development of the embryo sac and individual phases of flowering. All plum cultivars had higher percentages of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set in 2018 than in 2019. These differences may be related to the very low temperatures during the post-full-flowering period in 2019, and to the low adaptation of some studied cultivars to unfavorable conditions. In our study, the cultivar 'Jubileum' showed the highest percentage of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set compared to other cultivars, i.e., the best low-temperature adaptation
Influence of D and Rec strains of plum pox virus on phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of fresh plum fruits of 'Cacanska Lepotica' cultivar
No full textAim of study: To investigate the changes in chemical composition of fresh plum fruits cv. 'Cacanska Lepotica' prompted by the presence of various strains of plum pox virus (PPV). Area of study: Serbia. Material and methods: In an experimental orchard of 'Cacanska Lepotica' plum cultivar, fruits were picked from virus-free and PPV-infected trees (PPV-D and PPV-Rec strains) in four harvest stages in 2017 and 2018. Fruits were further analyzed on total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity and selected phenolics. Main results: The results indicate that virus infection causes chemical changes to a certain extent, but mostly in initial harvest stages, while the values are equal in later stages. In the last harvest stage, as the most utilizable in commercial purposes, only chlorogenic acid content was affected in 2017, while in 2018 contents of neochlorogenic acid and chrysanthemin were altered by the PPV infection. Total contents of flavonoids and phenolics revealed no influence of virus infection during both 2017 and 2018, while PPV-Rec infected samples were richer in anthocyanins under heavy rainfall during summer months of 2018. Given the number of identified compounds (10) and the vast experimental data, it might be concluded that influence of PPV infection on chemical composition of 'Cacanska Lepotica' plum fruits was quite limited. Research highlights: Plum cultivar 'Cacanska Lepotica' should be considered as highly tolerant cultivar to PPV, and can be grown in heavily infected environment with no risk. Therefore, it might be a great replacement for sensitive plum cultivars, such as 'Pozegaca' and 'Cacanska Rodna'
Phytochemical and antimicrobial profile of black currant berries and leaves
No full textCilj istraživanja je bio da se identifikuju polifenolna jedinjenja i antimikrobna svojstva u bobicama i listovima crne ribizle (Ribes nigrum L.). Bobice i listovi crne ribizle su pokazali različite karakteristike. Bobice su se odlikovale većim sadržajem ispitivanih parametara u poređenju sa listovima. Ekstrakti bobica su sadržali od 2,90 do 5,90 puta više ukupnih fenola, flavonoida, kondenzovanih tanina i galotanina u odnosu na ekstrakte listova, dok je antioksidativna aktivnost u bobicama bila 5,82 puta veća u poređenju sa listovima. Glavni flavonol utvrđen u uzorku bobica i listova crne ribizle bio je kvercetin, sledio je miricetin, dok je kamferol bio prisutan u veoma malim količinama. Najzastupljenija fenolna kiselina u bobicama bila je kafeinska kiselina, dok je u listovima dominirala ferulna kiselina. Mikrobna svojstva ispitivana su pomoću osam odabranih sojeva indikatora. Ispitivani ekstrakti su pokazali snažnu antimikrobnu aktivnost, u rasponu od 55,82 do 199,21 mg mL-1. Rezultati ukazuju da su bobice i listovi crne ribizle dobar izvor polifenolnih jedinjenja i imaju snažnu antimikrobnu aktivnost.The purpose of study was to identify polyphenolic compounds and antimicrobial properties in berries and leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). Black currant berries and leaves showed different characteristics. Berries had a higher levels of the studied parameters compared to leaves. Berry extracts contained 2.90 to 5.90 times more total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins and gallotannins compared to leaf extracts, and total antioxidant activity was 5.82 times higher in berries than in leaves. The main flavonol found in our sample of black currant berries and leaves was quercetin, followed by myricetin, while kaempferol was present in very small amounts. The most abundant phenolic acid in berry extract was caffeic acid, while leaf extract was dominated by ferulic acid. Microbial properties of extracts were examined using eight selected indicator strains. The tested extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity, ranging from 55.82 to 199.21 mg mL-1. The results suggest that berries and leaves of black currant are a good source of polyphenolic compounds and have strong antimicrobial activity
Recent trends in research and technology of different berry species
No full textBerry production is a very important branch of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia. Fruit production accounts for about 11% of agriculture production value (Development Strategy of Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024). Natural conditions of our country, especially some of the regions, are very favorable for the cultivation of fruit, including berry fruit. It is known that Republic of Serbia belongs to the group of the world's leading producers of raspberries and blackberries, while the level of strawberry production is an economically extremely important factor. Because of the biological properties associated with berry fruits,
the identification of their phenolics content is necessary for the evaluation of berries consumption on human health. They are globally known and consumed, and berries’ phytochemical are used as functional food ingredients. Several studies have shown that the amount of phytochemicals depends on the species (genetic factors), one of the key factors, and environmental factors, agronomic factors as well as agricultural practices, that is organic versus conventional agricultural practices. In this regard, organic (fruit) production has become very popular due to the ‘sustainable intensification’ of the production with less pesticide and heavy metal residues, pronounced aroma, better soil health and higher biodiversity. The rhizosphere inoculation with foliar spraying by biofertilizer could be useful tool in organic berry growing technology contributingat the same time to the production of healthy fruits with good quality and providing the reduction of environmental pollution.Therefore, the objective of this study was to show evaluate the effects of biofertilizer (Biovermix) which designed at the Fruit Research Institute Čačak, on the phytochemical profile of blackberry, blueberry, and strawberry fruit, as well as effect of rain-shield cultivation blackberry on biological properties
Nutritional value of wild berry species from mountain Kopaonik (Serbia)
No full textA large number of wild relatives of cultivated fruits in Serbia indicates a significant biological
and primarily genetic diversity of wild berry species. Wild berry species are rich in phenols that
are usually associated with health benefits due to their antioxidant capacity. The purpose of this
work was to investigate the content of total anthocyanins and total phenols of wild berry species
fruit extracts originating from an area of mountain Kopaonik (South Serbia): strawberry
(Fragaria vesca L. and Fragaria viridis L.), raspberry (Rubus ideaeus L. and Rubus sahatilis L.),
blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.), red currant (Ribes petraeum L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus L.) as well as their antioxidant capacity. Blueberry and blackberry were characterized
by the highest presence of anthocyanins (3.71 and 1.33 g C3G/kg FW). The blueberry extract
(Vaccinium myrtillus L.) was also the richest in the content of total phenols (4.94 g GAE/kg FW)
followed by an extract of strawberry (Fragaria viridis L.) and blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.).
The antioxidant effects of the sample extracts were evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl) antiradical assay which is shown that raspberry species Rubus sahatilis L. had
significantly higher antioxidative activity (244.87 mM TE/mL) compared to other examined wild
berry species. However, despite the very high content of anthocyanins and phenols, the
antioxidant capacity of blueberry extract was the lowest (211.78 mM TE/mL). In conclusion, the
present research increased the knowledge about the nutritive properties of Serbian wild berry
species in order to support their conservation and use in the breeding programs of small fruits for
choosing berry fruits with a high content of health-promoting properties
State and prospects of fruit production in the Republic of Serbia
No full textProizvodnja voća čini oko 11% vrednosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Republici Srbiji. Na osnovu podataka Republičkog zavoda za statistiku iz 2017. godine ukupna površina pod zasadima voćaka na teritoriji Republike Srbije iznosila je 183.602 ha. U ukupnoj korišćenoj poljoprivrednoj površini u 2018. godini voćnjaci su učestvovali sa 5,3%.
Voćarstvo ostvaruje napredak u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija i udruživanju proizvođača, usled čega kao rezultat beleži povećanje proizvodnje, veći regionalni razvoj i zadržavanje mladih na selu. Voće i prerađevine od voća se u Srbiji u poslednjih nekoliko godina nalaze na prvom mestu u strukturi spoljnotrgovinske razmene poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda. Među prvih 10 izvoznih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda nalaze se smrznuta malina, sveža jabuka i smrznuta višnja. U poslednjih pet godina najveći porast ostvaren je u izvozu jabuke i borovnice. U Srbiji i dalje nije dovoljno iskorišćen potencijal za razvoj voćarstva te u narednom periodu, u merama agrarne politike, proizvodnja i prerada voća treba da zauzmu još značajnije mesto.
Razvoj voćarstva se ne ogleda samo u povećanju površina pod voćnjacima, već prvenstveno u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija gajenja po ugledu na razvijene regione u Evropi i svetu. Savremeni koncept gajenja voćaka podrazumeva, kvalitetan sadni materijal, veliku gustinu sadnje, ostvarivanje redovnih i visokih prinosa plodova vrhunskog kvaliteta, odnosno primenu tehnologija prilagođenih klimatskim promenama. Ulaganja u zasnivanje zasada voćaka su velika tako da se očekuje rano stupanje na plodonošenje i brz povraćaj uloženih investicija. S obzirom na visoke troškove zasnivanja zasada, ni najmanji segment proizvodnje se ne prepušta slučaju. I pored toga, savremena proizvodnja voća u velikoj meri zavisi od uslova sredine. Ograničavajući faktori za postizanje visokog prinosa i kvaliteta plodova u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije su sledeći: zimski i prolećni mrazevi, grad, nagla promena temperature u zimskom periodu, visoke letnje temperature, suša, bolesti i štetočine, ožegotine na listovima, mladarima i plodovima, alternativna rodnost i u poslednje vreme pojava olujnih vetrova. Niske temperature tokom i posle perioda zimskog mirovanja su u našim uslovima ključni faktor smanjenja obima voćarske proizvodnje iz godine u godinu. Najsigurnija mera za sprečavanje nastanka šteta od mraza je preventivna – izbor vrste i sorte u zavisnosti od konkretnih agroekoloških uslova kao i izbor lokaliteta pri čemu osetljive vrste voćaka ne treba gajiti u regionima sa učestalom pojavom niskih zimskih temperatura i prolećnih mrazeva. Povećanjem intenzivnosti proizvodnje putem instaliranja sistema za navodnjavanje, protivgradnih mreža, anti-frost sistema i dr. rizici se značajno smanjuju. Međutim, radi se o skupim investicijama koje su rentabilne jedino u agroekološkim uslovima koji odgovaraju odabranoj vrsti, posebno ako je ona visokoprofitabilna za gajenje (jabuka, malina, borovnica, trešnja). U Srbiji postoji veliki broj zasada voćaka koji su podignuti u neodgovarajućim lokalitetima, te neredovno rađaju, daju niske prinose ili lošiji kvalitet plodova. Primer za to su zasadi kajsije, breskve ili trešnje u ravnici ili voćnjaci posađeni na zemljištima sa visokim nivoom podzemnih voda usled čega dolazi do asfiksije korena i sušenja delova ili celih zasada.
U periodu od 2000. do 2020. godine dolazilo je do promena u obimu proizvodnje voća najvećim delom usled delovanja nepovoljnih agro-klimatskih činilaca. Najmanja proizvodnja ostvarena je 2002. godine (592.966 t) i 2005. (874.954 t), a najveća 2013. godine kada je ostvaren rekordni obim proizvodnje od 1.639.236 t. Povećanje obima proizvodnje voća potvrđuje i prosečna ukupna proizvodnja u poslednjih pet godina od 1.401.713 t. U 2020. godini obim proizvodnje iznosio je 1.589.753 t što je za 45% više u odnosu na 2005. ili za 63% više u odnosu na 2002. godinu.
Najveći rast obima proizvodnje zabeležen je kod jabuke. U poslednjih 20 godina, najmanja proizvodnja jabuke ostvarena je 2002. (95.584 t), a najveća 2013. godine (516.411 t). Prosečna proizvodnja jabuke u periodu 2016-2020. iznosila je 445.705 t. Kod kruške je najmanji obim proizvodnje ostvaren 2002. (33.645 t), a najveći 2013. godine (88.224 t). Od 2013. proizvodnja beleži trend opadanja tako da je i prosek za poslednjih pet godina je iznosio 57.792 t. Kada je u pitanju dunja, najmanja proizvodnja ostvarena je 2002. (7.100 t), a najveća 2013. godine (15.754 t), pri čemu je je prosek za poslednjih pet godina iznosio 11.412 t.
Vodeća voćna vrsta u Srbiji je šljiva kod koje je najmanja proizvodnja zabeležena 2002. (197.486 t), a najveća 2013. godine (606.594 t), što je u proseku za poslednjih pet godina 474.740 t. Višnja je u 2002. godini zabeležila najnižu proizvodnju od 48.919 t, a najveću 2020. godine od 165.738 t. U poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je u proseku 115.830 t. Do najvećeg intenziviranja tehnologije, posle jabuke i borovnice, došlo je u proizvodnji trešnje, ali su napravljeni i propusti kod izbora sortimenta. Najmanji obim proizvodnje trešnje ostvaren je 2020. (14.961 t, a najveći 2004. godine (30.823 t). U poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je u proseku 19.854 t trešnje. Kod kajsije je karakteristično variranje obima proizvodnje iz godine u godinu usled šteta od zimskih i prolećnih mrazeva. Najmanji obim proizvodnje zabeležen je 2020. (12.747 t), a najveći 2011. godine (44.077 t). U proseku, u poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je 32.755 t kajsije. Najmanja proizvodnja plodova breskve i nektarine ostvarena je 2000. (38.700 t), najveća 2011. godine (91.366 t), Prosečna proizvodnja ovog voća je u poslednjih pet godina iznosila 73.180 t, od čega oko jednu trećinu čine nektarine. Kada su u pitanju jezgraste voćne vrste, do povećanja površina i proizvodnje, kao i napretka u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija došlo je kod leske nakon investicija kompanije „Ferero“ i formiranja kompanije „Agriser“ u Srbiji. Od 2013. godine od kako se vodi evidencija o proizvodnji lešnika, površine pod ovom vrstom povećane su sa 2.369 na 4.922 ha, a obim proizvodnje sa 3.366 t na 6.689 t u 2020. godini. Nasuprot tome, proizvodnja oraha beleži pad, sa najvećeg obima u 2009. (27.554 t) do najmanjeg u 2020. godini, koji je iznosio 8.455 t. Među jagodastim vrstama, malina je na prvom mestu među sa prosečnom proizvodnjom u poslednjih pet godina od 117.731 t prema zvaničnim podacima, najmanjom u 2000. od 55.999 t i najvećom u 2018. godini od 127.010 t. Kupina zauzima značajno mesto u izvozu, pri čemu je njena prosečna proizvodnja u poslednjih pet godina iznosila 30.265,6 t. Proizvodnja jagode je oscilirala u poslednjih pet godina, sa najnižim ukupnim prinosom ostvarenim u 2019. godini od 19.608 t, i najvišim od 30.483 t u 2020. godini. Ipak, kod borovnice se zapaža najintenzivniji trend rasta proizvodnih površina u poslednjih pet godina zahvaljujući visokoj rentabilnosti gajenja sa mogućnošću primene savremene tehnologije gajenja u zemljištu i u kontejnerima, pod protivgradnim sistemima i drugim oblicima zaštićenih prostora.
Za dalje unapređenje voćarstva u Republici Srbiji potrebno je: podizanje zasada vrsta i sorti u odgovarajućim agroekološkim uslovima, investiranje u tehnologije prilagođene klimatskim promenama (protivgradne mreže, fertigacija, anti–frost i sistemi za orošavanje), primenjivati biostimulatore i biljne regulatore rasta, proizvodnju u zaštićenom prostoru, proizvodnju kvalitetnog zdravstveno i sortno ispravnog sadnog materijala, testiranje i uvođenje u proizvodnju novih sorti i podloga, vršiti nabavku savremene mehanizacije, posebno one namenjene berbi (platforme, tresači, kombajni), udruživanje i uvođenje integralnog i organskog koncepta proizvodnje voća. Merama ekonomske i agrarne politike treba još više stimulisati voćarsku proizvodnju, jer se pokazala kao dobar model rešavanja ekonomskih, socijalnih i demografskih problema.Fruit production accounts for about 11% of the value of agricultural production in the Republic of Serbia. Based on the data of the Statistical Office from 2017, the total area under orchards on the territory of the Republic of Serbia amounted to 183,602 ha. In the total used agricultural area in 2018, orchards participated with 5.3%. Fruit growing is making progress in the implementation of modern technologies and the association of producers, as a result of which it has recorded an increase in production, greater regional development and keeping young people in the villages. In the last few years, fruits and fruit products have been in the first place in Serbia in the structure of foreign trade of agricultural and food products. Among the top 10 exports agricultural and food products are frozen raspberries, fresh apples and frozen cherries. In the last five years, the largest increase was recorded in the export of apples and blueberries. The potential for the development of fruit growing is still not sufficiently used in Serbia, and in the following period, in the agricultural policy measures, fruit production and processing should take an even more important place.
The development of fruit growing is reflected not only in the increase of areas under orchards, but primarily in the introduction of modern cultivation technologies modeled on developed regions in Europe and the world. The modern concept of fruit growing includes quality planting material, high planting density, achieving regular and high yields of top quality fruits, and the use of technologies adapted to climate change. Investments in the establishment of fruit orchards are high, so that early fruiting and a quick return on investment are expected. Given the high costs of establishing orchards, not even the smallest segment of production is left to chance. Nevertheless, modern fruit production largely depends on environmental conditions. Limiting factors for achieving high yields and fruit quality in agroecological conditions of Serbia are as follows: winter and spring frosts, hail, sudden changes in winter temperatures, high summer temperatures, drought, diseases and pests, occurrence of sunburns on leaves, shoots and fruits, alternative bearing and in recent times the stormy winds. Low temperatures during and after the period of winter dormancy are a key factor in reducing of fruit production from year to year. The most reliable measure to prevent frost damage is preventive – the choice of species and cultivars depending on given agro-ecological conditions as well as the choice of growing location which implies that sensitive fruit species should not be grown in regions with frequent occurrence of low winter temperatures and spring frosts. Intensification of production by establishing irrigation systems, anti-hail nets, anti-frost systems, etc. significantly reduces risks. However, these are high investments that are profitable only in agro-ecological conditions suitable for the selected species, especially highly profitable ones (apple, raspberry, blueberry, cherry). In Serbia, there are numerous orchards that have been raised under unsuitable climatic conditions, thus fruiting irregularly with low yields or poor fruit quality. Such are, for example, apricot, peach or cherry plantations grown in the plain or orchards planted on soils with high level of groundwater which leads to root asphyxia and decay of parts or whole plantations.
In the period from 2000 to 2020, the fruit production quantity recorded changes, mostly due to the unfavorable agro-climatic factors. The lowest production was recorded in 2002 (592,966 t) and 2005 (874,954 t), and the highest in 2013, when the record production quantity of 1,639,236 t was achieved. The increase tendency in the fruit production is confirmed by the average production quantity in the last five years of 1,401,713 t. In 2020, the production quantity amounted to 1,589,753 t, which is 45% more than in 2005 or 63% more than in 2002.
The largest increase in the production quantity was recorded in apples. In the last 20 years, the lowest apple production was in 2002 (95,584 t), and the highest in 2013 (516,411 t). The average apple production in the period 2016-2020 amounted to 445,705 t. The lowest production quantity of pears was in 2002 (33,645 t), and the highest in 2013 (88,224 t). Since 2013, production has been declining, so that the average for the last five years was 57,792 t. When it comes to quince, the lowest production was recorded in 2002 (7,100 t), and the highest in 2013 (15,754 t), while the average for the last five years was 11,412 t.
The dominant fruit species in Serbia is the plum, with the lowest production recorded in 2002 (197,486 t), and the highest in 2013 (606,594 t), which is an average of 474,740 t for the last five years. In 2002, cherry recorded the lowest production of 48,919 t, and the highest in 2020 of 165,738 t. In the last five years, an average of 115,830 tons was produced in cherry. Following apples and blueberries, the reatest intensification of technology occurred in the production of sweet cherries, but mistakes were often ade in the selection of cultivars. The lowest sweet cherry production quantity was achieved in 2020 (14,961 t), and the highest in 2004 (30,823 t). In the last five years, an average of 19,854 t of sweet cherries was produced. Apricot production is characterized by variable production quantities due to damages from winter and spring frosts. The lowest production quantity in apricot was recorded in 2020 (12,747 t), and the highest in 2011 (44,077 t). In the past five years, on average 32,755 t of apricots have been produced annually. The lowest production of peaches and nectarines was recorded in 2000 (38,700 t), while the highest in 2011 (91,366 t). The average production of this fruit in the last five years was 73,180 t, of which about one third are nectarines. When it comes to nuts, the increase in growing area and production quantity, as well as progress in the introduction of modern technologies came in hazelnut after the investments of the company "Ferrero" and the foundation of the company "Agriser" in Serbia. Since 2013, since the production of hazelnut has been recorded, the areas under this species have increased from 2,369 to 4,922 ha, and the production quantity from 3,366 t to 6,689 t in 2020. In contrast, walnut production declined, from the highest quantity in 2009 (27,554 t) to the lowest in 2020 (8,455 t). Among berry species, raspberry is on the first place with the average production in the last five years of 117,731 t according to official data, the lowest in 2000 (55,999 t) and the highest in 2018 (127,010 t). Blackberry makes a significant export product; with its average production in the last five years being 30,266 t. Strawberry production was variable in the last five years, with the lowest production quantity recorded in 2019 of 19,608 t, and the highest of 30,483 t in 2020. However, blueberries have the most intensive growth trend in the last five years due to the high profitability of cultivation with the prospects of applying modern cultivation technologies in the soil and in containers, under hail systems and other forms of protected cultivation.
For further improvement of fruit growing in the Republic of Serbia the following is necessary: raising plantations of species and cultivars in suitable agro-ecological conditions, investing in technologies adapted to climate change (hail nets, fertigation, anti-frost and sprinkler irrigation systems), apply biostimulants and plant growth regulators, production in protected area, production of high quality, virus-free clonal planting material, testing and introduction of new cultivars and rootstocks, the use of modern mechanization, especially those intended for harvesting (platforms, shakers, combines), association of producers and implementation of integrated and organic methods of fruit production. Agricultural policy measures should further stimulate fruit production, as it has proven to be a good model for solving economic, social and demographic problems
Neopestalotiopsis clavispora: a causal agent of twig dieback on highbush blueberries in Serbia
No full textHighbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is becoming an important berry fruit in Serbian agriculture, and the areas under blueberries are rapidly expanding. Since 2011, blueberry bushes with the symptoms of twig dieback and shoot canker were noticed in four important producing regions in the country. To identify the causal agent, 40 symptomatic bushes from four districts were sampled and analyzed. Based on morphological characteristics, all analyzed isolates were preliminary identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora. Selected isolates were further characterized by sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and beta-tubulin (TUB). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all isolates belong to N. clavispora. The pathogenicity tests on blueberry 'Elliot' confirmed that tested isolates were pathogenic. The detection of N. clavispora, a causal agent of twig dieback on blueberries in Serbia, is the first report of this pathogen in the country