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Optimization of Primary Metabolites and Antimicrobial Activity in Aronia Berries as Affected by Soil Cultivation Systems
No full textThis study was aimed at optimizing primary metabolites (sugars, acids, vitamins, and minerals) and testing antimicrobial activity in the berries of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliott) cv. 'Nero' grown using black foil mulch and without mulch (bare soil). Soil cultivation systems showed significant effect on the tested parameters. Black foil mulch allowed early soil warming and caused an increase in soil temperature and moisture during the growing season, thus promoting the synthesis of soluble solids, sugars (total sugars and individual invert sugars), protein, microelement iron and vitamin A. In contrast, bare soil, with lower soil water regimen and temperature, directly led to an increase in acids (total acids, pH, organic acids), macroelements (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium) and vitamins C and B3 in aronia berries. Soil cultivation systems did not have a significant effect on the synthesis of vitamins B1 or B2 or of microelements copper, zinc, or molybdenum. Glucose was the dominant individual invert sugar in all berry extracts, followed by fructose, while the amount of sucrose was very low. In terms of organic acids, the main organic acid was malic acid, whereas lower quantities of citric acid were found. Antimicrobial activity varied from 19.31 to 143.23 mu g/ml depending on the soil cultivation system. The results indicate that aronia can be grown on foil-mulched soils and that foil mulch had a significant effect on the synthesis and accumulation of certain primary metabolites and antimicrobial activity in aronia berries
In vitro and in vivo performance of plum (Prunus domestica L.) pollen from the anthers stored at distinct temperatures for different periods
No full textA study was conducted to investigate the effect of different storage periods and temperatures on pollen viability in vitro and in vivo in plum genotypes 'Valerija', 'Cacanska Lepotica' and 'Valjevka'. In vitro pollen viability was tested at day 0 (fresh dry pollen) and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage at four different temperatures (4, -20, -80 and -196 degrees C), and in vivo after 12 months of storage at distinct temperatures. In vitro germination and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining methods were used to test pollen viability, while aniline blue staining was used for observing in vivo pollen tube growth. Fresh pollen germination and viability ranged from 42.35 to 63.79% ('Valjevka' and 'Cacanska Lepotica', respectively) and 54.58 to 62.15%, ('Valjevka' and 'Valerija', respectively). With storage at 4 degrees C, pollen viability and germination decreased over the period, with the lowest value after 12 months of storage. Pollen germination and viability for the other storage temperatures (-20, -80 and -196 degrees C) were higher than 30% by the end of the 12 months. Pollination using pollen stored at 4 degrees C showed that pollen tube growth mostly ended in the lower part of the style. With the other storage temperatures, pollen tube growth was similar, ranging between 50 and 100% of the pistils with pollen tubes penetrated into the nucellus of the ovule in the genotype 'Cacanska Lepotica'. The results of these findings will have implications for plum pollen breeding and conservation
Chemical Compounds and Biological Activity in Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Berries Depending on Soil Temperature and Moisture
No full textThis study examined the effect of soil temperature and moisture of different soil cultivation systems-unmulched soil, sawdust mulch, and black foil mulch-on the sugar and acid profiles, levels of bioactive phenolic compounds, and antioxidant and cytotoxic activity in black currant (cv. 'Titania') berries. The higher soil temperature under black foil mulch at 0-30 cm depth and on the foil surface during fruit set and fruit maturation, as well as the higher soil moisture content, directly led to an increase in the accumulation of total sugars, invert sugars, and sucrose compared with the other two cultivation systems. On the other hand, moderate soil temperature and low soil moisture, as recorded on unmulched soil, favoured the accumulation of total phenolics and flavonoids in berries, whereas no difference was observed in the levels of condensed tannins or gallotannins between unmulched soil and sawdust mulch treatment. Mulching with sawdust, which resulted in a stable soil water regime and steadily low soil temperatures, promoted the synthesis of all other chemical parameters tested (fructose, glucose, total acids, pH, organic acids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic activity). There was no difference in total anthocyanin content among soil cultivation systems. The present results suggest that soil temperature and moisture have an important effect on plant metabolism and promote the synthesis and accumulation of chemical compounds and biological activity in the fruit, thus positively affecting the quality and commercial value of the fruit
Behaviour of Japanese Plums in Atypical Environmental Conditions of Serbia: Tree Growth, Productivity and Fruit Quality Attributes
No full textVegetative growth, yield, fruit quality attributes and antioxidant activity of 'Angeleno', 'T.C. Sun' and 'Black Amber' Japanese plum cultivars were studied over a 7-year period after planting. The experiment was performed in the Prislonica village (Cacak, Serbia), on a sandy-loam and acidic soil and moderate climate. The cultivars were grafted on Myrobalan rootstock and grown under a high density planting system with 1250 trees ha(-1). Significant differences in parameters evaluated such as tree vigour, productivity, fruit physical traits, chemical composition and antioxidant activity were examined between cultivars. The highest tree vigour (TCSA) was observed in 'Angeleno', final yield per tree in 'Black Amber' and cumulative yield and yield efficiency in 'T.C. Sun'. In general, the best physical properties were found in 'Black Amber' and 'T.C. Sun'. 'Angeleno' showed the highest soluble solids content (SSC), whereas 'Black Amber' had the highest titratable acidity (TA). 'Angeleno' and 'T.C. Sun' had similar and better ripening index than 'Black Amber'. However, 'Black Amber' was the cultivar with the statistically higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (TAC) compared to the other two plums. The flesh rate (FRa) significantly and positively correlated with TA and TAC, whereas negative correlation was observed between SSC and TFC. The most important variables integrated in the first principal component (PC1) were yield per tree, FRa, flesh firmness, SSC, TA, ripening index, TPC, TFC and TAC, whereas PC2 explains TCSA, fruit weight and fruit shape index (sphericity)
Вирусни заболявания по ягодоплодните култури в Сърбия
No full textThe most important berry fruits produced in Serbia are raspberries, blackberries, strawberries and blueberries, while currants and others are of less importance. Berry fruits are propagated in a vegetative manner and are prone to attack by numerous fungi, bacteria and viruses. Diseases caused by viruses are the most difficult to control. Viruses may cause great crop losses in sensitive cultivars, resulting in low yields and poor fruit quality. In single infections, numerous viruses cause latent infections and no damages, but in mixed infections can lead to significant disease severity. Extensive research of viruses infecting berry fruits in Serbia has started during 2000s in the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak. The development of molecular techniques and their application for detection and characterization of pathogens have led to the identifications of many new viruses in the country. Raspberry leaf blotch virus, black raspberry necrosis virus, Rubus yellow net virus, raspberry vein chlorosis virus, raspberry mottle virus and raspberry latent virus were identified in raspberry orchards. In blueberries, blueberry red ringspot virus, blueberry mosaicassociated virus and blueberry latent virus were reported in the last decade. No new viruses in blackberries have been found, and the research of the strawberry viruses is still negligible. In this paper, the detailed synthesis of the results obtained on berry fruit viral diseases in Serbia achieved over the past two decades is presented.Най-важните ягодоплодни видове, произвеждани в Сърбия, са малини, къпини, ягоди и боровинки, докато касисът и други са с по-малко значение. Ягодоплодните култури се размножават по вегетативен начин и са податливи на нападение от множество гъби, бактерии и вируси. Болестите, причинени от вируси, са най-трудни за контролиране. Вирусите могат да причинят големи загуби за реколтата при чувствителни сортове, което води до ниски добиви и лошо качество на плодовете. При единични инфекции, множество вируси причиняват латентни инфекции без вреда, но при смесени инфекции могат да доведат до значителна тежест на заболяването. Обширните изследвания, на вируси по ягодоплодните култури в Сърбия, започнаха в началото на 2000 та година в Изследователски институт по овощарство в Чачак. Развитието на молекулярните технологии и тяхното
приложение за откриване и характеризиране на патогени доведе до установяването на много нови вируси в страната. В малиновите градини са открити следните вируси: листни петна по малината, върхова некроза на черна малина, жълтеница, жилкова хлороза, мозаечен вирус и латентни петна. При боровинките през последното десетилетие са посочени следните вируси: червени пръстеновидни петна, мозаечен вирус и латентни петна. Не са открити нови вируси в къпините, а изследванията на вирусите на ягодите са все още незначителни.
В настоящата статия е представен и обсъден подробен синтез на резултати, получени за вирусните заболявания на ягодоплодните култури в Сърбия, постигнати през последните две десетилетия
Neopestalotiopsis clavispora - prouzrokovač sušenja borovnice u Srbiji
No full textBorovnica (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) predstavlja značajnu jagodastu vrstu voćaka čija
se proizvodnja u Srbiji poslednjih godina sve više povećava. Problem u proizvodnji borovnice
predstavljaju brojne bolesti o kojima u našoj zemlji ima još uvek malo podataka.
Neopestalotiopsis clavispora je u svetu opisana kao značajan prouzrokovač sušenja drveta
borovnice.
Tokom 2011, 2016, 2017. i 2020. godine pregledani su trogodišnji i četvorogodišnji
proizvodni zasadi borovnice na četiri lokaliteta u Srbiji (Belanovica, Slatina, Šid i Bačka
Topola). Uočeni su simptomi žutila i nekroze listova i sušenja biljaka. Incidenca pojave
simptoma bila je od 5 do 10%. Prikupljeni su uzorci, iz kojih je primenom konvencionalnih
metoda dobijeno više od 40 izolata koji su na PDA podlozi formirali uniformne bele kolonije
sa porastom tipa cveta ruže i prisustvom brojnih crnih acervula. Konidije su bile petoćelijske
sa središnjim ćelijama tamnije boje dimenzija 16,77–29,70 × 5,33–8,80 μm (N=30) i dva
izraštaja na vrhu,. Na osnovu morfoloških osobina preliminarno je utvrđeno da radi o vrsti
roda Neopestalotiopsis. Sa svakog lokaliteta i iz svake godine odabran je po jedan izolat za
dalja istraživanja. Patogenost odabranih izolata potvrđena je veštačkim inokulacijama sadnica
borovnice. Identifikacija odabranih izolata (728-11, 328-16, 422-17, RS-PC-67, RS-PC-69, RSPC-
74) potvrđena je sekvenciranjem ITS regiona rDNA (Internal transcribed spacer),
korišćenjem para prajmera ITS1F/ITS4, ispitivanih izolata. Blast analiza dobijenih sekvenci
(Genbank Acc. Nos. OK169617, OK166668, OK165500, MZ090098, MZ090099, MZ090100)
pokazala je 99–100% sličnosti sa vrstom N. clavispora poreklom iz različitih biljaka domaćina
i različitih delova sveta deponovanih u GenBank bazi podataka. Identifikacija odbranih izolata
potvrđena je sekvenciranjem tef1α regiona (Translation elongation factor 1-alpha) (prajmeri
EF1-728F/EF-2) (Acc. Nos. OK302926, OK302924, OK302925, MZ097377, MZ097378,
MZ097379) i dela gena za β-tublin (prajmeri T1/Bt2b) (Acc. Nos. OK148438, OK148436,
OK148437, MZ097380, MZ097381, MZ097382).
U ovom radu prvi put je na morfološkom i molekularnom nivou okarakterisan
Neopestalotiopsis clavispora kao prouzrokovač sušenja drveta borovnice u Srbiji
Mikrobna formulacija za pobolјšanje efekata kalcizacije zemlјišta
No full textPovećanje polјoprivrednih površina, čija je pH<5, utiče na povećanje potrebe za kalcizacijom zemlјišta. Sa druge strane, nedostatak stajnjaka i smanjenje biodiverziteta zemlјišta stvorili su potrebu za proizvodima koji će pobolјšati efekte kalcizacije uz istovremeno povećanje prinosa i kvaliteta useva. Primena ovog inovativnog rešenja je kompatibilna sa kalcizacijom kao već prihvaćenom agronomskom praksom. Predloženo tehničko rešenje je ekološki opravdano, zasnovano na mikrobnoj biotehnologiji. Aktivnu komponentu proizvoda čini jedinstven konzorcijum acidotolerantnih bakterija (Bacullus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum, Streptomyces sp., Leclercia adecarboxylata, Arthrobacter), koje su aktivne u kiselim zemlјištima sa povećanim sadržajem Cr, Ni, Mn i Pb. Ove bakterijske populacije pokazuju svojstva stimulacije rasta bilјaka. Selekcionisan mikrobni konzorcijum utiče na povećanje mikrobnog biodiverziteta u kiselim zemlјištima, stvaranjem uslova za druge neutrofilne bakterije, koje dodatno stimulišu rast bilјaka. Treba imati u vidu da biodiverzitet zemlјišnih mikroorganizama ima vitalnu ulogu u kruženju nutrijenata, regulaciji sadržaja organske materije u zemlјištu, ali i kontroli emisije gasova sa efektom staklene bašte
How the types of planting material affect strawberry productivity and fruit quality?
No full textDominantan sistem gajenja jagode u Srbiji je gajenje na otvorenom polju na gredicama prekrivenim folijom i sa sistemom za navodnjavanje "kap po kap". Prosečni prinosi po površini su niski u poređenju sa zemljama sa razvijenom proizvodnjom jagode. Niski prinosi su posledica česte pojave poznih prolećnih mrazeva tokom cvetanja i kišnih perioda u vreme sazrevanja plodova, kao i zasnivanja zasada sa živićima poreklom iz rodnih zasada. U cilju ispitivanja i poređenja produktivnosti i kvaliteta ploda sorte jagode “Alba” u zavisnosti od tipa sadnica tokom leta 2020. godine zasnovan je zasad u jednoredom sistemu gajenja sa dve vrste biljaka: “frigo” sadnice B kategorije (FP) i zelene sadnice (FR) koje su ožiljene u saksijama a poreklom su iz rodnih zasada. Analizirani su vegetativni, generativni potencijal, masa i dimenzije ploda, indeks oblika ploda i sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije tokom osam termina berbe. Utvrđene su značajno više vrednosti vegetativnog potencijala (broj krunica i listova u lisnoj rozeti) u FR (4,2 i 23,8, po redosledu) u odnosu na FP (1,6 i 9,8, po redosledu). I pored značajno viših vrednosti parametara generativnog potencijala (broj rodnih stabljika i cvetova po bokoru) kod FR, FP su imale 50% veći prinos po bokoru (427,3 g) u odnosu na FR (283,8 g). FP su tokom svih berbi imale konstantno visoku masu i dimenzije ploda, dok je kod FR pzabeležen trend smanjenja mase ploda u drugoj polovini berbe. Visok sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije evidentiran je tokom svih termina berbe kod FP. Imajući u vidu dobijene rezultate, za zasnivanje intenzivnih zasada jagode treba koristiti “frigo” živiće u cilju uspostavljanje ravnoteže između vegetativnog i generativnog porasta jagode kao i sprečavanja gubitaka u pogledu komercijalnih prinosa i kvaliteta plodova.The most common growing system of strawberries in Serbia is open field cultivation on beds covered with foils and a drip irrigation system. Average yields per area are low compared to countries with developed strawberry production. Low yields are a consequence of the frequent occurrence of late spring frosts during flowering and rainy periods during fruit ripening, as well as the establishment of plantations with runners originating from native orchards. In order to investigate and compare the productivity and fruit quality of strawberry cultivar ‘Alba’ depending on plant types, a field trial was carried out during 2020 with two types of planting material: ‘frigo’ plants - B category (FP) and fresh runners (FR) rooted in pots originating from native plantations. The vegetative, generative potential, fruit weight, dimensions, shape index and content of soluble solids during eight harvests were analyzed. Significantly higher values of vegetative potential (the number of crowns and leaves per rosette) were determined in FR (4.2 and 23.8, respectively) compare to FP (1.6 and 9.8, respectively). Despite significantly higher values parameters of generative potential (number of fruiting stalks and flowers per plant) in FR, FP showed 50% higher yield per plant (427.3 g) related to FR (283.8 g). FP had a constantly high fruit weight and dimensions during all harvests, while in FR there was a trend of decreasing fruit weight in the second half of the harvest period. The high soluble solids content was recorded during harvest time in FP. Bearing in mind the obtained results, ‘frigo’ plants should be used to establish an intensive strawberry plantation in order to achieve and maintain an optimal balance between growth and yield and prevent the reduction of commercial yields and fruit quality
Determination of fruit chemical contents of two plum cultivars grafted on four rootstocks
No full textThe study was aimed at assessing chemical composition of fruits of plum cultivars 'Cacanska Lepotica' and 'Jojo' grafted on four rootstocks with different mechanisms of resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV): sensitivity, 'Wavit' and 'Weiwa' and hypersensitivity, 'Docera 6' and 'Dospina 235'. The cultivar significantly influenced on content of sugars and organic acids, with the highest values in cultivar.Jojo'. The highest content of sucrose, sorbitol and total sugars were found in.Weiwa', and all individual and total acids were higher in fruits from trees grafted on 'Wavit'. On the one hand 'Cacanska Lepotica' had a high content of malic acid, but on the other hand a low content of citric and fumaric acids, regardless of the rootstock. The most abundant phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavanols, were shown to be at the highest level in the combinations. 'Cacanska Lepotica'/'Docera 6' and 'Jojo '/'Wavit ', whereas less abundant phenolic compounds, flavonols and anthocyanins, were the highest in the combinations. 'Cacanska Lepotica'/'Wavit' and 'Jojo'/'Weiwa'. In order to improve nutritive fruit quality and the technology of growing, as well as to delay the spread of PPV, rootstocks.Wavit' and.Weiwa' can be recommended for further promotion in modern plum plantations
Impact of raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus on red raspberry 'Willamette' fruits
No full textUticaj virusa mrljavosti lista maline na plodove maline sorte 'Willamette' REZIME Virus mrljavosti lista maline (raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus, RLBV) je prisutan u velikom broju zasada maline u Srbiji i najrasprostranjeniji je virus maline u zemlji. Cilj ovog rada je bio ispitivanje uticaja RLBV na plodove maline sorte 'Willamette'. Ogledi su sprovedeni u četiri zasada maline u lokalitetima zapadne Srbije. Analizirani su plodovi sa RLBV zaraženih i nezaraženih izdanaka: dužina, širina i visina ploda, indeks oblika ploda, težina ploda, sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, pH vrednost voćnog soka, titraciona kiselost, ukupni šećeri, sadržaj ukupnih fenola i antocijana. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je virus mrljavosti lista maline imao značajan uticaj na smanjenje veličine i težine (9,15-27,49%) ploda maline. Sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije je bio viši kod zaraženih plodova (1,55-7,39%), ali ovo povećanje nije bilo od statističkog značaja. RLBV nije imao uticaj na titracionu kiselost voćnog soka, pH vrednost i sadržaj ukupnih šećera. Sadržaj ukupnih fenola i antocijana je bio viši kod plodova sa zaraženih izdanaka u dva od četiri ispitivana lokaliteta.Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus (RLBV) has become established in many Serbian raspberry orchards as the most prevalent virus of raspberries in the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of RLBV on the red raspberry 'Willamette' variety. A trial was conducted in four raspberry orchards located in Western Serbia. Fruits from RLBV-infected and uninfected canes were analyzed for fruit size (fruit length, width, height, shape, and weight), soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, total sugars, and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. The results of the study confirmed that RLBV significantly decreases fruit size and weight (9.15-27.49%) of 'Willamette' fruits. Soluble solids content was higher in infected fruits (1.55-7.39%), but the increase was not significant. RLBV did not cause significant changes in titratable acidity of raspberry juice, pH or total sugars content. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents were higher in fruits of RLBV-infected plants in two out of four locations