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Virus šarke šljive: 15 godina praćenja širenja PPV-Rec i PPV-D sojeva u zasadu šljive
No full textTri glavna (PPV-M, PPV-D i PPV-Rec), od deset poznatih sojeva virusa šarke šlјive
(plum pox virus, PPV) prisutno je u zasadima koštičavih vrsta voćaka u Srbiji. U zasadima šljive u našoj zemlji dominantno je prisutan PPV-Rec soj. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje vremenske i prostorne brzine širenja izolata PPV-Rec i PPV-D sojeva u zasadu šljive. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u oglednom zasadu šljive sorte Čačanska lepotica (400
stabala posađenih na rastojanju 4x3,5 m) koji je podignut 2008. godine. Po četiri stabla koja se nalaze u sredini zasada su veštački inokulisana sa odabranim PPV-D i PPV-Rec izolatima. Inokulisana stabla su predstavljala interni izvor infekcije. Sva stabla Prunus vrsta koja se nalaze u bližoj okolini voćnjaka su precizno mapirana, testirana na PPV i sva zaražena stabla su smatrana eksternim izvorom infekcije. Izolati PPV (interni i eksterni izvori zaraze) su delimično sekvencirani (n-ter CP region genoma) u cilju praćenja izvora zaraze u početnim godinama istraživanja. U periodu 2008−2023. godine sva stabla u voćnjaku su redovno vizuelno pregledana na
prisustvo simptoma i testirana IC-RT-PCR metodom na prisustvo PPV. Za detekciju i karakterizaciju izolata korišćeni su PPV-soj specifični prajmeri kojima je kroz četiri odvojene PCR reakcije omogućena karakterizacija izolata. Na početku eksperimenta relativni odnos stabala zaraženih PPV-D/PPV-Rec (uklјučujući interne i eksterne izvore) bio je 1:3. Prvi slučajevi zaraze u voćnjaku utvrđeni su 2009. godine (3 stabla), a rezultati sekvenciranja su potvrdili da zaraza potiče iz eksternih izvora. Sa intenzivnim porastom stabala, zaražena stabla u zasadu su postala primaran izvor novih infekcija koje su detektovane u narednim godinama. U 2023. godini potvrđeno je ukupno 326 zaraženih stabala: 29 PPV-D, 275 PPV-Rec i 22 stabla sa mešanom infekcijom (PPV-D+PPV-Rec). U 2023. godini relativni odnos zaraženih stabala u zasadu PPV-D/PPV-Rec je 1:9,4. Rezultati petnaestogodišnjih istraživanja su potvrdili da se PPV-Rec soj u zasadu šljive
značajno brže prenosi lisnim vašima od PPV-D soja. PPV-Rec izolati su se pokazali konkurentnijim i predstavljaju potencijalno veću opasnost za pojavu epidemija u zasadima šlјive u odnosu na PPV-D izolate
Quality characterization of blackberry fruits (Rubus subg. Rubus Watson) in different maturity stages
No full textThe European blackberry (Rubus subg. Rubus Watson) is an important berry in Serbia and is positioned immediately after the raspberry and strawberry in terms of economic significance. The two most grown cultivars of blackberry in Serbia are ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Čačanska Bestrna,’ each with their own unique characteristics and benefits. The choice of cultivar depends on the specific needs and preferences of the grower, as well as the growing conditions and market demand in their region. The aim of this study was to compare the fruit quality of the ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Čačanska Bestrna’ blackberry cultivars during different maturity stages (fully ripe and overripe). The study found that both cultivars had higher values of soluble solids content (10.80° Brix), total anthocyanins (118.09 mg cyn-3-glu 100 g-1 FW), weight (7.64 g), length (26.57 mm), and fruit shape index (1.48) when sampled at the overripe maturity stage. On the other hand, an increase in total phenolic content (601.56 mg 100 g-1 FW), antioxidant capacity (3.81 µmol Trolox 100 g-1 FW), and fruit width (18.30 mm) was determined in fully ripe blackberry fruits. Considering that blackberry fruits produced in Serbia are mainly sold on domestic and foreign markets in a frozen state due to the low level of processing capacity, these research findings will be useful in modern food technology. The trend in food technology is directed towards extending the shelf life and increasing the content of nutrients in blackberry fruits
Tree growth, productivity, and fruit quality attributes of pear grown under a high-density planting system on heavy soil. A case study
No full textDuring two consecutive years (2014 and 2015) we investigated tree vigour, productivity, and the main physicochemical attributes of Carmen, Kieffer, Santa Maria, and Williams pears grafted on quince BA.29. Results showed that trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), yield per tree (Y), yield efficiency (YE), and number of fruits per tree (NFT) were significantly affected by cultivar and years, whereas the interaction of cultivar x year influenced only Y and YE. Carmen and Kieffer had the largest trees and Williams the smallest. Santa Maria and Williams had the best productivity attributes (Y, YE, and NFT). In 2015, TCSA and Y were better, whereas YE was higher in 2014. Kieffer had superior fruit weight, fruit width, and surface area, whereas Carmen had the highest fruit length and flesh firmness. Year-by-year variations of physical properties were not significant, with the exception of length/diameter (L/D) ratio and flesh firmness, whereas the interaction of cultivar x year significantly influenced fruit physical properties, except for L/D ratio. Soluble solids content was not influenced by cultivar, year, or their interaction. Titratable acidity and maturity index were highest in fruits of Santa Maria and lowest in Carmen and Kieffer, respectively. Mean acidity content was higher in 2015, whereas maturity index was higher in 2014. The interaction of cultivar x year affected only acidity content. Significant correlations were found among some pear tree, yield, and fruit quality properties. Principal components analysis showed that there are large variations among varieties in terms of agronomic and fruit quality attributes. It can be said that in terms of positive traits of the tree, productivity, and fruit, Williams and Santa Maria can be singled out, while Carmen and, especially, Kieffer are recommended for growing on a small scale in similar conditions
Variation in Phytochemical Composition of Black Currant Berries in Response to Climatic Factors
No full textThis research evaluated the effect of climatic factors (air temperature and precipitation) on the polyphenol profile and potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in the berries of three black currant cultivars over 8 years. During berry formation and ripening, low air temperatures and high precipitation amounts had a stimulating effect on the biosynthesis of phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids and total antioxidant capacity. Conversely, moderate temperatures and low precipitation amounts promoted the accumulation of flavonoids, gallotannins, condensed tannins and antioxidative activity. Antimicrobial activity varied from 21.70 to 203.99 mu g mL(-1), depending on the year. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the biochemical profile of the berry was determined not only by the genetic predisposition of the cultivar but also by climatic factors. A significant correlation was observed among polyphenolic compounds in the berries. This study demonstrates that climate factors have an important effect on the nutrient content in berries, which should be considered when choosing the location for black currant planting
Effect of D and V cryo-plate methods for plum pox virus eradication from two plum cultivars
No full textConservation of plant species, particularly of those important for agriculture, has now reached a very high importance in order to ensure sustainable utilization of biological resources by preventing further losses of plant diversity. The most advanced method for plant conservation is cryopreservation. Cryotherapy that relies on cryopreservation procedure, alone or in combination with other techniques, can be used for pathogen elimination from infected plants. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to the agriculture, decreasing yields and crop quality. In this work, two cryotherapy methods (D and V cryo-plate) were evaluated for plum pox virus (PPV) eradication from autochthonous plums (Prunus domestica L.) 'Crvena Ranka' and 'Belosljiva', widely present under different local names on the Balkan peninsula. Nine different cryo-plate treatments were performed per genotype. Cryopreservation was effective in PPV elimination from variety 'Crvena Ranka' in three cryo-treatments. PPV elimination was, however, not achieved in variety 'Belosljiva' by any of the two methods (D and V-cryoplate) and treatments applied
Odnos završetka vegetacije i osobina ploda u populaciji oraha u istočnoj Srbiji
No full textThe main objective of the study was to examine the walnut population from the region of eastern Serbia for determining the relationship between the end of the vegetation period and fruit properties (fruit weight, kernel percentage, oil and crude protein contents). The walnut trees showed highly significant differences in the tested parameters. The walnut population was dominated by trees with a medium end of the vegetation period, moderate resistance to low temperatures (39.5%) and very small fruits (23.5%). The fruits of these trees had а high kernel percentage (15.8%) and moderate oil and crude protein contents (25.8% and 38.3%, respectively). Contrary, the walnut population comprised the fewest trees of late ending of the vegetation period, with extremely large fruits (0.1%), exceptional kernel percentage (0.2%) and pronouncedly high oil and crude protein contents (0.07% and 0.5%, respectively). The studied walnut trees show great variability in the date of the end of vegetation and fruit properties, which indicates a high potential of the population in the selection of new genotypes, and the necessity for their conservation for further breeding, propagation and commercial cultivation.Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je proučavnje populacije oraha sa područja istočne Srbije radi utvrđivanja odnosa između završetka vegetacionog perioda i osobina ploda (masa ploda, sadržaj jezgre, sadržaj ulja i sirovih proteina). Stabla oraha su pokazala značajne razlike u ispitivanim parametrima. U populaciji oraha dominirala su stabla srednjeg vremena završetka vegetacije, umerene otpornosti prema niskim zimskim temperaturama (39,5%) i veoma sitnih plodova (23,5%). Plodovi ovih stabala imali su veliki randman jezgre (15,8%), i srednji sadržaj ulja (25,8%) i sirovih proteina (38,3%). Nasuprot tome, u populaciji je bilo najmanje stabala oraha poznog vremena završetka vegetacije, sa ekstremno krupnim plodovima (0,1%), visokim randmanom jezgre (0,2%) i izrazito visokim sadržajem ulja (0,07%) i sirovih proteina (0,5%). Proučavana stabla oraha pokazuju veliku varijabilnost u pogledu vremena završetka vegetacije i osobina ploda, što ukazuje na visok potencijal populacije u selekciji novih genotipova, kao i na neophodnost njihovog očuvanja u cilju daljeg oplemenjivanja, razmnožavanja i komercijalnog gajenja
Effect of calcium chloride and duration of storage on the quality of the apple cultivar ‘Gloster’
No full textApple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) is one of the most represented and economically most important fruit species. There are a number of calcium-containing products on the market that
can be applied before or after harvest to delay fruit maturation with no negative effects on consumers. The paper also presents the results of a study on the effects of a foliar application of calcium chloride (ʻStopitʼ) on the physical and basic fruit quality properties of the apple cultivar ʻGlosterʼ. The study was conducted for two consecutive years, and the changes in fruit weight, firmness, dimensions, soluble solids, total sugars, and organic acids content were studied during harvest and storage periods of 60 and 120 days in a regular cold chamber. Fruits treated with calcium chloride had higher fruit weight, height, width, firmness, total sugars, and ratio between total sugars and organic acids (206.0 g, 70.6 mm, 77.8 mm, 7.6 kg cm-2, 10.4%, and 21.4, respectively). The storage period had a significant effect on all fruit parameters studied, except for the content of total acids. The highest values of physical properties were mesured at the moment of storage, soluble solids content after 60 days (13.2° Brix), and total sugars (10.9%) and sugar/acid ratio (22.3) after 120 days of storage. Foliar application of CaCl2 during vegetation can be an effective measure to avoid losses in apple fruit quality during storage in the regular cold chamber
Effectiveness of organic and synthetic products on the occurrence of gray mould and strawberry fruit quality
No full textIn recent years, the demand for strawberries on the world market is constantly increasing, primarily due to their unique taste and health benefits. Fruits produced without the use of agrochemicals, which are at the same time safer, more nutritious and healthier, are in particular demand. These forced researchers to identify ecologically safe techniques that can satisfy consumer preferences. Although many aspects of environmental methodologies in strawberry cultivation have already been investigated, the application of biosafe fertilizers and/or pesticides which greatly contribute to healthy food is still rare. Based on this background, a new formula of the liquid vermicompost-based product (VCMo), consisting of microbes from Trichoderma, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter genera, suitable for both nutrition and protection, has been developed at the Fruit Research Institute Čačak (Republic of Serbia). Its effectiveness was assessed by measuring the degree of gray mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) infection and changes in quality (fruit weight and dimensions, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity) of strawberry fruits. In addition, its efficacy has been compared to the biodegradable product (FitoBotryfun) and a combination of synthetic fungicides (Switch+ Signum). As regards the control of gray mould, the highest efficacy was achieved by the Switch+ Signum application, followed by VCMo, while the efficacy of FitoBotryfun was less satisfactory. On the other hand, the highest quality of the strawberry fruits was observed in VCMo treatment followed by FitoBotryfun and Switch+ Signum. The obtained results suggest that VCMo can be an alternative to chemical-based fungicides in B. cinerea control programme of strawberries. All this together qualifies VCMo as a promising biological treatment that meets the needs of both growers and consumers
Celery (Apium graveolens L.) as a source of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antibacterial effects
No full textThe aim of this work was to investigate the content of phytochemicals in celery root and its antioxidant and antibacterial potential. The content of total phenols in celery root was 2.99 mg GAE g-1, total flavonoids 1.38 mg RE g-1, total tannins 1.87 mg GAE g-1 and vitamin C 12.7 mg 100 g-1. Antioxidant activity measured by the DPPH method and expressed in % inhibition were 42.26 % or 2.38 μmol TE g-1. Antibacterial activity was tested on pure cultures of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, E. Coli and Serratia marcescens. Listeria monocytogenes showed the highest sensitivity while the Salmonella enteritidis and E. coli were the most resistant
