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Viruses and viroids infecting pears
No full textKruška je jedna od najrasprostranjenijih vrsta voćaka u svetu. U odnosu
na koštičave i jagodaste vrste voćaka, krušku i ostale jabučaste vrste, zaražava manji broj virusa i viroida. Virusi kod većine komercijalnih sorti kruške ne izazivaju simptome na lišću, plodovima i drugim biljnim organima. Kod osetljivih sorti, simptomi se javljaju samo na listovima i plodovima. Široko rasprostanjeni i ekonomski značajni virusi kruške su: virus jamičavosti stabla jabuke (apple stem pitting virus, ASPV), virus brazdavosti stabla jabuke (apple stem grooving virus, ASGV), virus hlorotične lisne pegavosti jabuke (apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV) i virus mozaika jabuke (apple mosaic virus, ApMV). Od viroida, po štetnosti se izdvajaju viroid mehuravih rak rana kruške (pear blister canker viroid, PBCVd) i viroid plutavosti pokožice ploda jabuke (apple scar skin viroid, ASSVd).One of the most common fruit species in the world is the pears. Compared
to stone and small fruit trees, pears and other pome fruits are infected by a lesser number of viruses and viroids. The majority of commercial pear cultivars do not exhibit symptoms on their leaves, fruits, or other plant parts due to viruses. Only foliage and fruits show symptoms in susceptible cultivars. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are widespread and economically significant pear viruses. Pear blister canker viroid (PBCVd) and apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) are the most dangerous viroids infecting pears
Black currant propagation by softwood cuttings
No full textVegetative propagation of black currants by stem cuttings is mostly used by nurseries, as such method is quick and the newly propagated plants are genetically identical to parent plants. However, rooting in some genotypes is slow and results in a small number of rooted cuttings. In this study, softwood cuttings from three selected black currant cultivars (ʻBen Lomondʼ, ʻČačanska Crnaʼ and ʻTitaniaʼ) were subjected to different concentrations (250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) of rooting stimulators – indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) before planting in rooting soil substrate. Cuttings without treatment were considered as control. Rooting performance of stated cultivars in tap water, without any previous treatment of cuttings, was examined as well. The following parameters were monitored: percentage of rooting, average number of roots per cutting, average root length and average height of newly formed shoots. All monitored parameters were significantly affected by the interaction cultivar × auxin treatment/ water rooting period. Rootingability of ʻBen Lomondʼ and ʻTitaniaʼ cuttings was improved after treatments with both IBA and NAA compared to non-treated cuttings. In both cultivars, IBA treatments gave better results than NAA. However, inhibition was observed in the case of ʻČačanska Crnaʼ cuttings treated with auxins compared with control (untreated) ones. Rooting ability of all cultivars, especially considering percentage of rooting and mean number of roots per cutting, was significantly improved by using a tap water as rooting medium without any previous treatment of cuttings
(Black Currant) تغییراتفصلیدرکیفیتمیوهکشمشسیاه
No full textAn experiment was conducted during eight years (2012–2019) to examine the effect of climatic variations (air temperature and precipitation) on the nutritional quality of berries of three black currant cultivars (‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Titania’ and ‘Čačanska Crna’). HPLC was used for the determination of sugars and organic acids extracted from berries, while ascorbic acid and minerals were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results indicated that the chemical profile of black currants varied among cultivars. ‘Ben Lomond’ and ‘Čačanska Crna’ exhibited excellent chemical characteristics of the berries, primarily in terms of their high sugars and organic acids content, but ‘Čačanska Crna’ stood out for its highest values of ascorbic acid. Also, seasonal variations caused by temperatures and precipitation affected the biosynthesis of primary metabolites in berries. The heavier precipitation and lower temperatures during berry formation and ripening promoted the accumulation of organic acids and ascorbic acid, as well as minerals P and Fe. Conversely, moderate temperatures and rainfall amounts promoted the synthesis of soluble solids, sugars and proteins, whereas higher temperatures and lower precipitation amount enhanced accumulation of the other tested minerals. PCA analysis showed the correlations among the cultivar/year interactions and identified group patterns. The results showed that the chemical properties of black currant not only depend on the genetic predisposition of the cultivar but also on climatic conditions like air temperature and precipitation, which have an important effect on nutrient metabolism in plants and promote biosynthesis and accumulation of primary metabolites in berries
Changes in soil characteristics and properties of black currant using different cultivation systems
No full textMulching is an important agricultural technique that is not widely used in perennial fruit orchards, especially not in black currant plantings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare two mulched (sawdust and black foil) and un-mulched soils (bare fallow) in black currant orchard. The research determined soil physical and chemical characteristics and some properties of black currant (bush volume, yield per unit area, berry weight, soluble solids content). During five-year research, it was found that in all cultivation systems, there were changes in soil characteristics, as well as in the tested properties of black currant. Mulching with sawdust had a stimulating effect on nutrient content (humus, N, P2O5 and K2O) in soil and resulted in a stable soil water regime and steadily low soil temperatures throughout the growing season compared to the other two cultivation systems, which directly led to an increase in the bush volume and yield per unit area. On the other hand, moderate soil temperature and low soil moisture during the growing season, as recorded on bare fallow, promoted the increase in berry weight. In contrast, the soil covered with foil had a positive effect on improved soil mechanical properties, especially an increase in silt fractions and contributed to higher soil temperature and moisture, which caused higher accumulation and synthesis of soluble solids in berries. Generally, the present results suggested that cultivation systems significantly influenced soil characteristics and certain properties of black currant, which should be considered when choosing an appropriate location for establishing black currant orchards
Occurrence of two little cherry viruses in stone fruits in Serbia
No full textLittle cherry virus 1 (LChV-1, genus Velarivirus) and little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2, genus
Ampelovirus), members of the family Closteroviridae, are considered important cherry pathogens
worldwide. In susceptible sweet and sour cherry cultivars, LChV-1 and LChV-2 can cause severe
yield losses and reduce fruit quality. Beside cherries, both viruses were found in other stone fruit
species: plums, apricots, peaches, and almonds. The aim of our study was to access the
presence of LChV-1 and LChV-2 in major Prunus species cultivated in Serbia.
During 2017−2020 202 stone fruit samples (67 sweet cherries, 17 sour cherries, 53 apricots, 38
plums, and 27 peaches) were collected from several regions of Serbia. All samples were analyzed
with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TNA was extracted from fresh
leaves with a 2% CTAB buffer. Reverse transcription was performed using random hexamer
primers. PCR reactions were performed using the LCV1U/LCV1L primer pair that amplify a 419 bp
fragment of the LChV-1 3' non-translated region and LCV2UP2/LCV2LO2 for the amplification of
the 438-bp fragment of the LChV-2 methyltransferase gene, respectively. PCR products were
analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Selected isolates of both viruses (10 LChV-1, and one
LChV-2) were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed.
The presence of LChV-1 was confirmed in 18 analyzed samples (8.9%), and LChV-2 in only one
sweet cherry sample (0.5%). LChV-1 was detected in 10 sweet cherries, five apricots, and three
plums. Analyzed viruses were not detected in any of the tested sour cherry and peach samples.
Serbian LChV-1 isolates showed 76.10–100% nucleotide (nt) identity. A phylogenetic analysis
identified Serbian LChV-1 isolates from plums and sweet cherries as members of the G5
phylogenetic group. Two apricot isolates belong to the G3 phylogenetic group and one isolate to
the G5 group.
This report describes the first report of little cherry virus 1 infecting plums in Serbia and confirms
the presence of isolates from G3 and G5 phylogroups in Serbian stone fruit orchards. Out of all
tested isolates, little cherry virus 2 was confirmed in only one sweet cherry tree
Comparative study of productivity and fruit quality of strawberry cultivar ‘Senga Sengana’ grown in the open field and plastic-greenhouse
No full textTo identify and compare the differences in productivity and fruit quality of strawberry cultivar ‘Senga Sengana’ grown in open field and protected area fruits were harvested in 2021 in the region of Western Serbia. The yield, physical (fruit weight, dimensions, firmness), chemical (total soluble solids (TSS), total (TS) and invert sugars (IS), sucrose (SUC), titrable acids (TA), pH, sweetness index (TS/TA)) and nutritive traits (vitamin C, total phenols, total anthocyanins and antioxidative activity) of the fruits were analysed. Significantly higher yield per area unit, fruit weight and length, TSS, sugars, organic acids, sweetness index and nutritive quality were recorded in the fruits from protected area. Growing strawberries in a protected area, in addition to ensuring a safe yield, also has a positive effect on both the sensory and nutritional composition of the fruit
Influence of different pre-distillation steps on aromatic profile of plum spirits produced by traditional and modified methods
No full textThe aim of this study was to compare aromatic profile of plum spirits, obtained from Požegača and Stanley varieties, as affected by different combinations of pre-distillation steps used in traditional and six modified production methods that are common in Serbian distilleries. Traditional plum spirits (produced from spontaneously fermented mashes of crushed plums with stones distilled after two-month storage) had the highest contents of ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde and total acids, which resulted in the occurrence of unpleasant solvent-like and stone-like odour and acidic taste. These sensory defects were overcome by distillation of fermented mashes immediately after completion of alcoholic fermentation. Depending on the combination of the pre-distillation steps, plum spirits from mashes distilled immediately after alcoholic fermentation were characterized by different aromatic profiles: closer to traditional (from a spontaneously fermented crushed plums with/without stones) or with more pronounced fruity character (from pulped plums without stones regardless of the way of fermentation). These differences in aroma profiles have arisen mostly because of the significantly different contents and OAVs of ethyl esters and volatile fatty acids. The appropriate combination of pre-distillation steps, which is adapted to the variety, can significantly improve the quality of plum spirit compared to the traditionally produced spirit
In situ characterization of plum landraces originated from the region of western Serbia
No full textEleven plum landraces (‘G-1’ to ‘G-11’) of unknown origin were sampled and analyzed as single trees on their own roots in orchards of the western Serbia region during 2020/21. The investigation included the most important agronomic traits such as harvest date, fruit and stone weight, fruit dimensions, surface area, soluble solids, and total acids as well as the ratio between them, total phenols and total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and field resistance to ‘Sharka’ disease (Plum pox virus). The collected material showed a wide range of variability in the studied properties. The investigated plum genotypes ripened between the 30th of July (‘G-1’) and the 15th of September (‘G-11’). The ‘G-3’ was characterized by the largest fruit (37.12 g), while the smallest fruit was found in ‘G-4’ and ‘G-5’ (11.76 g; 13.39 g). In terms of the fruit's chemical composition, the best results were obtained in ‘G-5’ and ‘G-11’ characterized by the highest content of soluble solids (20.45%; 21.10%) and the ratio between soluble solids and total acids (21.73; 30.14). The smallest content of soluble solids (14.25%) was found in ‘G-9’, while ‘G-3’ and ‘G-4’ had the smallest ratio between soluble solids and total acids (8.53; 9.59) due to the high value of total acids content (1.94%; 2.09%). The genotype ‘G-2’ was characterized by the highest content of total phenols (197.50 mg GAE 100 g-1 FW) and antioxidant activity (63.26%), while the value for total anthocyanins was highest in ‘G-5’ and ‘G-8’ (17.32 and 18.93 mg C3G 100 g-1 FW, respectively). The lowest level of bioactive compounds was found in ‘G-3’. Regarding the field resistance to ‘Sharka’ disease, the assessed genotypes can be divided into three groups, without symptoms (‘G-2’ to ‘G-4’, ‘G-6’ and ‘G-7’), with minor symptoms (‘G-1’, ‘G-8’ and ‘G-9’) and with moderate symptoms (‘G-5’, ‘G-10’ and ‘G-11’).Sanja Radičević, Nebojša Milošević i Milena Đorđević su bili članovi Scientific Committee simpozijuma
Proizvodnja trosortnih šlјivovica vrhunskog kvaliteta sа оčuvаnim trаdiciоnаlnim kаrаktеristikаmа
No full textОčuvаnjе trаdiciоnаlnih kаrаktеristikа srpskе šlјivоvicе pоčivа nа kоrišćеnju stаrih sоrаtа šlјivе i trаdiciоnаlnоg tеhnоlоškоg pоstupkа prоizvоdnjе. Sоrtа šlјivе Crvеnа rаnkа је nајrаširеniја аutоhtоnа sоrtа šlјivе u Srbiјi, i kоristi sе zа prоizvоdnju visоkоkvаlitеtnе rаkiје. S оbzirоm nа vеlikе pоtrеbе prоizvоđаčа rаkiје, оvа sоrtа је nеdоvоlјnо zаstuplјеnа u sоrtimеntu šlјivе u Srbiјi i trеbа је širiti.
Uz pоzitivnе оdgајivаčkе kаrаktеristikе kоје su vаžnе zа širеnjе Crvеnе rаnkе, kао štо је nа primеr tоlеrаntnоst nа šаrku šlјivе, rаkiја dоbiјеnа оd оvе sоrtе mоžе dа pоsluži kао оsnоv zа fоrmirаnjе trоsоrtnih kupаžа (blendova) zајеdnо sа kоmpаtibilnim sоrtаmа, čimе sе оmоgućаvа zаmеnа јеdnоg dеlа оvе sоrtе nоviјim, širоkо rаsprоstrаnjеnim, sоrtаmа, uz istоvrеmеnо dоbiјаnjе vrhunskih šlјivоvih prеpеčеnicа sа оčuvаnim trаdiciоnаlnim kаrаktеristikаmа.
Suštinа tеhničkоg rеšеnjа je sledeća. Оdrеđivаnjе kоmpаtibilnоsti dеstilаtа аutоhtоnе sоrtе Crvеnа rаnkа i kоmbinаciје dvа dеstilаtа prоizvеdеnа оd drugе dvе, u vоćnjаcimа znаčајnо zаstuplјеnе, sоrtе šlјivе (Čаčаnskа rоdnа ili Čаčаnskа lеpоticа ili Stеnlеј), pri fоrmirаnju trоsоrtnih šlјivоvicа vrhunskоg sеnzоrnоg kvаlitеtа sа оčuvаnim trаdiciоnаlnim kаrаktеristikаmа, uz dеfinisаnjе nајpоgоdniјеg nаčinа zа dоbiјаnjе trоsоrtnih kupаžа. Utvrđivаnjе prеdlоgа sоrtnе kоmbinаciје pri pоdizаnju trоsоrtnih kоmbinоvаnih zаsаdа šlјivе, kојi bi sе sаstојаli оd sоrtе Crvеnа rаnkа i kоmbinаciје nеkе drugе dvе sоrtе (Stеnlеја i Čаčаnskе rоdnе; ili Stеnlеја i Čаčаnskе lеpоticе; ili Čаčаnskе lеpоticе i Čаčаnskе rоdnе) dоk sе dugоrоčnо nе rеši prоblеm prоizvоdnjе sаdnоg mаtеriјаlа аutоhtоnih sоrаtа šlјivе i pоdizаnjа zаsаdа isklјučivо оvih sоrаtа. Dеfinisаnjе оbrаscа zа ispitivаnjе kоmpаtibilnоsti sоrtnih dеstilаtа pri fоrmirаnju trоsоrtnih šlјivоvicа u drugim šlјivаrskim rејоnimа Srbiје u kојimа dоminаntnа sоrtа, kоја је nоsilаc trаdiciоnаlnih sеnzоrnih kаrаktеristikа šlјivоvicе, niје Crvеnа rаnkа vеć nеkа drugа аutоhtоnа sоrtа šlјivе. Kupаžirаnjе dеstilаtа isklјučivо аutоhtоnih sоrаtа šlјivе niје uvеk gаrаnciја pоstizаnjа visоkоg kvаlitеtа dоbiјеnоg kupаžа. Pri fоrmirаnju trоsоrtnih kupаžа, bоlје su оcеnjеni kupаži dоbiјеni pо pоbоlјšаnоm pоstupku – mеšаnjеm mеkih rаkiја i njihоvоm zајеdničkоm rеdеstilаciјоm, nеgо kupаži dоbiјеni nа klаsičаn nаčin, mеšаnjеm sоrtnih prеpеkа.
Nа оsnоvu kоmpаtibilnоsti mоnоsоrtnih dеstilаtа u pоglеdu dоbiјаnjа rаkiја sа trаdiciоnаlnim prоfilоm аrоmе, mоgućе је prеdlоžiti sоrtnu kоmpоziciјu zа nоvе zаsаdе šlјivе kојi su sirоvinskа bаzа zа prоizvоdnju rаkiје. Pоrеd vеćinskоg udеlа Crvеnе rаnkе, u nоvim vоćnjаcimа bi trеbаlо dа budе zаstuplјеnа јеdnа оd kоmbinаciја slеdеćih sоrаtа: Čаčаnskа rоdnа/Stеnlеј ili Čаčаnskа rоdnа/Čаčаnskа lеpоticа ili Čаčаnskа lеpоticа/Stеnlеј. Оvim sе rеšаvа prоblеm nеdоvоlјnih kоličinа Crvеnе rаnkе nа tržištu, а istоvrеmеnо zаdržаvа trаdiciоnаlni kаrаktеr nаšе šlјivоvе prеpеčеnicе.Bitnо pоbоlјšаnо tеhničkо rеšеnjе nа nаciоnаlnоm nivоu (М84
