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Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits of two European plum cultivars: effect on physical, chemical and sensory properties
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja je bio ispitivanje uticaja pakovanja u modifikovanoj atmosferi (MAP) na očuvanje kvaliteta plodova dve sorte šljive, Prezident i Stenli, tokom četiri nedelje čuvanja u hladnjači. Modifikovana atmosfera u MAP kesama stvorena je pasivno, sinergističkim delovanjem disanja plodova i propustljivosti filma za gasove. Sa druge strane, plodovi čuvani u hladnoj komori sa normalnom atmosferom predstavljali su kontrolu. Analize fizičkih, hemijskih i antioksidativnih svojstava šljive, kao i senzorna ocena, vršene su u berbi i nakon iskladištenja. Kod obe sorte je utvrđeno da kontrolni i MAP plodovi nakon iskladištenja imaju slične vrednosti čvrstine ploda, sadržaja rastvorljive suve materije i ukupnih kiselina. Međutim, gubitak mase je bio značajno manji kod MAP plodova. Gubitak mase kod kontrolnih plodova sorte Prezident bio je 2,55 puta veći od gubitka mase plodova čuvanih u MAP kesama, dok je kod sorte Stenli gubitak mase kod kontrolnih plodova bio 3,72 puta veći u poređenju sa tretmanom. Uočene su velike razlike među sortama u pogledu sadržaja ukupnih fenola i ukupnih antocijana, kao i antioksidativnog kapaciteta. Međutim, nije utvrđen jasan uticaj MAP-a na sadržaj bioaktivnih jedinjenja. Prema rezultatima senzorne evaluacije, MAP nije značajno poboljšao senzorne osobine plodova šljive.The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on preserving fruit quality of two plum cultivars, ‘President’ and ‘Stanley’, during four weeks of cold storage was evaluated. Modified atmosphere in MAP bags was created passively through synergistic action of the fruits’ respiration and permeability of the film to the gases. On the other hand, fruits stored in cold chamber under normal atmosphere conditions represented the control. Analyses of physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of plums and sensory evaluation as well, were performed at harvest and after cold storage. It was observed in both cultivars that control and MAP fruits after cold storage had similar values for the fruit firmness, soluble solids content and total acids content. However, weight loss was significantly lower in MAP fruits in ‘President’ control fruits had more than two-fold higher weight loss in comparison to the MAP fruits, whilst in ‘Stanley’ weight loss was more than three-fold higher in control fruits. The great differences were observed among cultivars in terms of total phenolics content, total anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity. No clear effect of MAP on the content of bioactive compounds was determined, though. According to the results of the sensory evaluation, MAP did not significantly improve sensory attributes of plums
Response of soil characteristics and biochemical composition of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) fruits to two cultivation systems
No full textCultivation systems, especially mulching, play an important role in modifying soil
properties and have a significant effect on the chemical composition of fruits. Therefore,
the purpose of this study was to compare two cultivation systems (black plastic mulch and
bare soil) and determine the associated response of soil characteristics and biochemical
composition of chokeberry (cv. ‘Nero’) fruits. Soil properties and fruit phytochemical
profile were analyzed using established procedures. Antioxidant activity was determined
by several methods and cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-
2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results indicated that both cultivation
systems caused changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Black plastic
mulch led to a greater decrease in clay fractions and most of the agrochemical properties
analyzed, and an increase in the numbers of fungi, compared to bare soil. Moreover,
mulch was effective in increasing soil temperature and conserving soil moisture by
preventing evaporation. This relationship of soil parameters, especially temperature and
moisture, under plastic mulch increased the content of certain bioactive phenolic
compounds (condensed tannins, gallotannins, and flavonols) and contributed to the strong
antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of chokeberry fruits. In contrast, bare soil favored
synthesis of other phenolic compounds (total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavan-3-
ols and phenolic acids). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the effect of
cultivation systems on the biochemical composition of fruits. Results showed that
cultivation systems had a significant influence on soil characteristics in the chokeberry
orchard as well as on the biochemical composition of chokeberry fruits, which indicates
different pathways of metabolite synthesis under various cultivation practices
Quality of dried sour cherries from different Serbian cultivars
No full textDried fruit is classified as a nutritionally highly valued food due to its high content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, due to a high content of natural sugars giving the body the necessary energy, dried fruit is an essential part of a balanced meal. Therefore, the aim of our paper is to examine the quality of dried sour cherry from newly developed and indigenous cultivars originating from Serbia. Sour cherry cultivars and promising genotypes developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak ('Šumadinka', 'Sofija', 'Nevena' and 'GV-10') and autochthonous cultivars 'Oblačinska' and 'Feketićka' were used for testing. Drying of pitted fruit was performed in an experimental drier at an air temperature of 70 °C until reaching 75% of the total dry matter. Contents of total dry matter, sugars, total acids, as well as sugar/acid ratio and pH value were determined in fresh fruit. Large discrepancies manifested in the values of evaluated parameters point to distinct varietal specificities. Besides the aforementioned parameters, total phenols and antioxidant capacity, as well as sensory characteristics (appearance, flavour, aroma, and consistency) were analyzed in dried sour cherry fruits. Based on the results of sensory analyses of dried sour cherry fruits, the cultivar 'Feketićka' had the best, whereas cultivar 'Šumadinka' received the lowest grades, which is consistent with the sugar/acid ratio. On the other side, dried fruits of cultivar 'Feketićka' had the lowest values of contents of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, whereas the highest values were found in cultivar 'Sofija'. Based on evaluated quality parameters, all tested cultivars have been found suitable for processing by drying. Sensory analysis revealed that the dried fruits of all tested sour cherries had supreme sensory quality
Petra : Sorte šljive (Prunus domestica L.)
No full textNova sorta šljive Petra je priznata Rešenjem Ministarstva polјoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije br. 320-04-00840/2011-11 od 03.04.2018. godine. Nastala je planskom hibridizacijom, ukrštanjem sorti Stenlej (Stanley) i Opal.
Stablo sorte Petra je srednje bujnosti sa krošnjom srednje gustine. Tolerantna je na virus šarke šljive (Plum Pox Virus). U uslovima prirodnog zaražavanja ispoljava veoma blage simptome karakteristične za prouzrokovače ekonomski najznačajnijih gljivičnih bolesti šljive. Sorte Petra cveta pozno, istovremeno sa sortom Stanley. Rano stupa u fazu pune rodnosti i ima veliki potencijal rodnosti. Plod je izduženo-ovalnog oblika. Prosečna masa ploda je 26 g, pokožica je tamnoplave boje sa obilnim pepeljkom. Mezokarp je tamnožute boje, čvrst, aromatičan i ukusan sa prosečno 21,50% rastvorljivih suvih materija. Plodovi se mogu koristiti za potrošnju u svežem stanju, kao i za različite vidove prerade. Vreme sazrevanja plodova je veoma kasno, u drugoj dekadi septembra.The new plum cultivar "Petra" was named and released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia (confirmation No. 320-04-00840/2011-11; April 3, 2018). It was developed through planned hybridization, by crossing the "Stanley" and "Opal" cultivars. The "Petra" plum tree is of medium vigor with a moderately dense canopy. It is tolerant to the sharka virus (Plum Pox Virus) and exhibits very mild symptoms characteristic of economically significant fungal diseases under natural infection conditions. "Petra" plum flowers late, at the same time as the "Stanley". It enters full fruit-bearing phase early and has high fruit-bearing potential. The fruit is elongated-oval in shape with an average weight of 26 g. The fruit skin is dark blue with abundant bloom. The mesocarp is dark yellow, firm, aromatic, and tasty, with an average of 21.50% soluble solids content. The fruits can be used for fresh consumption and various processing purposes. The fruit ripens very late, in the second decade of September
Biološko-pomološke osobine autohtonih sorti šljive kolekcionisanih na prostoru zapadne Srbije
No full textDuring the 2020 and 2021, the flowering phenophase and the most important characteristics of trees and fruits from fourteen in situ collected autochthonous plum genotypes grown in the area of western Serbia were investigated. The obtained results revealed that none of the collected genotypes showed low vigour, while the suckering tendency varied from low to extremely high, and yielding efficiency ranged from intermediate to good. All investigated genotypes were characterized with long blooming period with genotypes ʽŠ-GMNe/1ʼ and ʽŠ-UžK/5ʼ standing out for their very late onset of flowering. The tested genotypes had oval to elliptical fruit shape, small stone and medium flesh percentage. In terms of fruit size, the most of genotypes belonged to the small fruit group, a few were categorized as medium-sized fruit and only one genotype (ʽŠ-KrGP/2ʼ) fell into the large fruit category. Regarding the content of soluble solids, all tested genotypes showed good fruit quality. However, the genotype ʽŠ-ČaB/1ʼ stood out for having the highest levels of soluble solids, total and invert sugars indicating its distinct chemical composition.Republika Srbija obiluje autohtonim sortama i populacijama domaće šljive koje su nastale kao rezultat dugotrajne selekcije od strane čoveka, kao i od strane edafskih, klimatskih i geomorfoloških uslova karakterističnih za područje u kom su nastale. One predstavljaju ogromno nacionalno bogatstvo i prirodni resurs koji nije u dovoljnoj meri istražen, a samim tim ni upotrebljen u adekvatne svrhe. Čak šta više, sve je prisutniji trend gubitka genetičkih resursa uzrokovan prenamenom zemljišta i uvođenjem u proizvodnju novijih sorti visoke rodnosti. Rad na kolekcionisanju i proučavanju autohtonih genotipova šljive sa ciljem njihovog korišćenja u oplemenjivačkim programima i uvođenja u proizvodnju sprovodi se u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak od njegovog osnivanja do danas. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja najznačajnijih osobina stabla i ploda 14 autohtonih genotipova šljive nepoznatog porekla koji su, kao pojedinačna stabla gajena na sopstvenom korenu, in situ kolekcionisani na teritoriji Zapadne Srbije. Nazivi kolekcionisanih genotipova su formirani na osnovu geografskih odrednica (grad, opština i selo) i brojeva koji su dodeljeni prema redosledu sazrevanja. Najznačajnije osobine stabla (bujnost, tendencija ka davanju izdanaka i koeficijent rodnosti ispitani su prema metodologiji navedenoj u međunarodno priznatom deskriptoru (Descriptor List for Plum and Allied Species, IBPGR), dok su fenološke (početak i kraj cvetanja) i pomološke osobine (masa ploda i koštice, randman ploda, dimenzije i indeks oblika ploda, sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, ukupnih i invertnih šećera, sadržaj saharoze, ukupne kiseline i pH soka ploda) ispitane korišćenjem standardnih metoda. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da u kolekcionisanom materijalu nema genotipova koji se odlikuju umanjenom bujnošću, dok je sklonost ka davanju izdanaka varirala od male do veoma velike. Proučavani genotipovi su tokom perioda ispitivanja (2020/21) postigli osrednju do dobru rodnost. Svi proučavani genotipovi šljive su se odlikovali dugim cvetanjem, a kod genotipova ʽŠ-GMNe/1ʼ i ʽŠ-UžK/5ʼ je uočen veoma kasni početak cvetanja. Većina kolekcionisanih genotipova se odlikovala eliptičnim oblikom ploda, sitnom košticom i srednjim randamanom ploda. Grupa genotipova sitnog ploda je bila najbrojnija, dok se nekoliko genotipova odlikovalo srednje krupnim plodom, a samo jedan genotip (ʽŠ-KrGP/2ʼ) krupnim plodom. Rezultati koji se odnose na sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije u plodu ukazuju na to da su se svi kolekcionisani genotipovi odlikovali dobrim kvalitetom ploda. U ovom pogledu prednjači genotip ʽŠ-ČaB/1ʼ u čijim plodovima je utvrđen najviši sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, ukupnih i invertnih šećera.dr Ivana Glišić, glavni i odgovorni urednik; dr Tatjana Vujović, tehnički uredni
Floristic analysis of weeds in raspberry plantations under organic production
No full textAnalizom korovske flore u mladim zasadima maline u selu Osreci zabeleženo je prisustvo ukupno 26 korovskih vrsta [7 korovskih (segetalnih), 13 korovsko-ruderalnih, 1 ruderalna i 5 korova livada i pašnjaka]. Većina evidentiranih korova cvetala je od juna do septembra. U konstatovanoj korovskoj flori dominirali su predstavnici klase Magnoliopsida (dikotile, širokolisni korovi) i to 24 vrste, dok su iz klase Liliopsida (monokotile, uskolisni korovi), bile prisutne samo dve vrste. Analiza životnih formi korova u zasadima maline pokazala je blagu dominaciju hemikriptofita (38,46%) u odnosu na geofite (30,77%) i terofite (26,92%). Zakorovljenost nije bila velika, jer je na svakih deset do petnaest dana vršeno međuredno kultiviranje, a u redovima, oko biljaka, su ručno odstranjivani korovi. Bez obzira na mehaničko odstranjivanje korova diverzitet korovske flore nije bio zanemarljiv. U svim posmatranim mladim zasadima maline najučestaliji korovi bili su: Salvia verticillata L., Lathyrus latifolius L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Equisetum arvense L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn., Polygonum convolvulus L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Chenopodium album L.The analysis of the weed flora in the young raspberry plantations in the village of Osreci revealed the presence of a total of 26 weed species [7 weed (segetal), 13 weed-ruderal, 1 ruderal and 5 weeds of meadows and pastures]. The most of the identified weeds flowered from June to September. The recorded weed flora is dominated by representatives of the class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons, broad-leaved weeds) with 24 species, while only two species are present from the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons, narrow-leaved weeds). The analysis of weed life forms in raspberry plantations shows a slight dominance of hemicryptophytes (38.46%) compared to geophytes (30.77%) and therophytes (26.92%). The number of weeds was not high, because inter-row cultivation was done every ten to fifteen days, and weeds were manually removed in the rows, around the plants. Regardless of the mechanical removal of weeds, the diversity of the weed flora was not negligible. In all observed young raspberry plantations, the most frequent weeds are: Salvia verticillata L., Lathyrus latifolius L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Equisetum arvense L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn., Polygonum convolvulus L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Chenopodium album L
Effect of calcium chloride and duration of storage on the quality of the apple cultivar ‘Gloster’
No full textApple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) is one of the most represented and economically most
important fruit species. There are a number of calcium-containing products on the market that
can be applied before or after harvest to delay fruit maturation with no negative effects on
consumers. The paper also presents the results of a study on the effects of a foliar application
of calcium chloride (ʻStopitʼ) on the physical and basic fruit quality properties of the apple
cultivar ʻGlosterʼ. The study was conducted for two consecutive years, and the changes in
fruit weight, firmness, dimensions, soluble solids, total sugars, and organic acids content were
studied during harvest and storage periods of 60 and 120 days in a regular cold chamber.
Fruits treated with calcium chloride had higher fruit weight, height, width, firmness, total
sugars, and ratio between total sugars and organic acids (206.0 g, 70.6 mm, 77.8 mm, 7.6 kg
cm-2, 10.4%, and 21.4, respectively). The storage period had a significant effect on all fruit
parameters studied, except for the content of total acids. The highest values of physical
properties were mesured at the moment of storage, soluble solids content after 60 days (13.2°
Brix), and total sugars (10.9%) and sugar/acid ratio (22.3) after 120 days of storage. Foliar
application of CaCl2 during vegetation can be an effective measure to avoid losses in apple
fruit quality during storage in the regular cold chamber
Influence of pre-harvest calcium spray on fruit quality of apple cultivars during cold storage
No full textEffect of pre-harvest calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment on fruit quality attributes of three apple cultivars (‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Red Chief ’) at harvest and after two and four months of cold storage during two consecutive years was studied. Trees were sprayed four times starting from the beginning of June at 20-day intervals. After harvest, fruits were stored in a regular atmosphere (RA) for further analysis. Measurements included fruit weight, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS), TS/TA, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA). CaCl2 had a positive impact on fruit firmness of all cultivars in both years. Higher values of TSS and TS of ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’ were
determined in CaCl2 treatment in both years. TSS, TS and TS/TA were increased by prolonging storage in ‘Red Chief’ in CaCl2 treatment and control, in both years. TSS and TS proved similarly stable in ‘Granny Smith’ during storage in CaCl2 treatment and control in the second year of examination, but a decrease of TA and TS/TA has been detected in both years of storage. The AA of cultivars ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’ and ‘Red Chief’ was stronger affected by the storage compared to CaCl2 treatment. Through a comprehensive analysis of apple cultivars it can be concluded that pre-harvest application of CaCl2 in cultivars ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’ and ‘Red Chief’ can be used to improve fruit quality during storage