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Breeding work and floral biology research in cherries at Fruit Research Institute, Cacak – achieved results and new perspectives
No full textDecades-long cherry breeding work at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (FRI), implies the use as a main method planned hybridization within P. avium and P. cerasus. Combined with the selection from the natural populations, the method resulted in realization of two sweet cherry ('Asenova Rana' and 'Čarna') and five sour cherry cultivars ('Čačanski Rubin', 'Šumadinka', 'Sofija', 'Nevena' and 'Iskra'), three hybrids in the procedure of recognition, and numerous being intensively studied. Current sour cherry breeding work is based on the use of domestic genotypes, well adapted to the environmental conditions of the area (either obtained by planned hybridization or indigenous), and foreign genotypes – tolerant to diseases, with high cropping potential and good fruit quality. Different aspects of reproductive biology in cherries – flowering phenology, pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo (pollen tube growth dynamics, pollen-pistil interactions in the style and ovary), cytoembryology (ovule development stage, viability of ovule and embryo sac, early embryogenesis), are among the main research activities at FRI. Within the past decade, the research on gametofitic self-incompatibility (GSI) in cherries has been advanced by identification of S-haplotypes in cultivars, landraces and hybrids using consensus, specific and dCAPS primers to reveal S-RNase and SFB functional/non-functional variants. Besides the GSI, other possible types of pollen-pistil interactions have also been considered, primarily in the context of temperature conditions during the flowering. Nowadays, within the CherrySeRB project whose FRI is the leading institution, characterization of the indigenous genotype potential for desirable reproductive properties and defining ʻgood reproductive behaviour cherry modelʼ that can face warmer temperature conditions during the flowering are in focus. The main CherrySeRB idea is connection of production challenges arising from climate change and the richness of Serbian and Balkan cherry germplasm that is still unused enough, which represents a novelty in breeding approach, applicable to other fruit species
Cryopreservation of indigenous plums and monitoring of multiplication and rooting capacity of shoots obtained from cryopreserved specimens
No full textThe objective of this study is to assess the suitability of vitrification cryo-plate (V cryo-plate) and dehydration cryo-plate (D cryo-plate) methods for the long-term conservation of eight autochthonous Prunus domestica L. genotypes originating from the Balkan Peninsula region. In vitro shoot tips were briefly pre-cultured for 1 day at 23 °C in the dark on a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose and then embedded in calcium alginate gel within the wells of the aluminum cryo-plates. In the V cryo-plate protocol, dehydration was carried out at room temperature using the following vitrification solutions: original plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) and 90% PVS2 solution (for 20 and 40 min) and plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3) (for 60 and 80 min). In the D cryo-plate protocol, desiccation was performed for 2, 2.5, or 3 h over silica gel at 23 °C. The effect of different treatments was evaluated by monitoring the regrowth of both non-frozen and cryo-preserved explants. After cryo-preservation, five genotypes achieved regrowth rates over 40% in at least one of the applied protocols, while two genotypes showed regrowth rates of around 10%. A significant improvement in regrowth success for all genotypes using both cryo-plate methods was achieved by pre-culturing shoot tips for 7 days on a medium containing 0.5 M sucrose in complete darkness at 4 °C. Shoots regenerated from cryo-preserved explants were further monitored in vitro. By the third subculture, they had not only regained but had even exceeded the multiplication capacity (index of multiplication, length of axial, and lateral shoots) of shoots regenerated from dissection controls. Following multiplication, the cryo-preserved shoots were successfully rooted and rooting ability was assessed by monitoring the percentage of rooting, number and length of roots, and height of rooted plantlets
Osobine ploda perspektivnih genotipova oraha iz regiona istočne Srbije
No full textThis research was conducted to examine the fruit characteristics of selected walnut genotypes from the native population of Eastern Serbia. Over 28 trees that deserve attention were recorded through the selection procedure. By grafting, grouping and cultivation under the same conditions at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, seven promising genotypes with the most favourable fruit characteristics were identified. Important physical properties of the fruit, such as fruit weight, kernel weight, fruit dimensions and some kernel and shell properties were investigated. The fruits of the selected genotypes were large or very large. The fruit weight ranged from 13.4 to 17.9 g, whereas the kernel weight varied from 6.22 to 8.92 g. The kernel was light-coloured or yellow, of very good taste. The kernel percentage in the tested genotypes was high, over 50.0% (50.7–55.3%). Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between fruit and kernel characteristics. PCA analysis showed an adequate grouping of genotypes based on fruit quality. The obtained results suggest that selected promising walnut genotypes showed very good fruit properties, and may contribute to the increase of walnut production in the future.Istraživanje je sprovedeno u cilju ispitivanja karakteristike plodova odabranih genotipova oraha iz autohtone populacije istočne Srbije. U postupku selekcije evidentirano je više od 28 stabala koja zaslužuju pažnju. Kalemljenjem, grupisanjem i gajenjem u istim uslovima, u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak, identifikovano je sedam perspektivnih genotipova sa najpovoljnijim osobinama ploda. Ispitivane su važne fizičke osobine ploda, poput mase ploda, mase jezgre, dimenzije ploda i nekih osobina jezgre i ljuske. Plodovi odabranih genotipova su bili krupni ili veoma krupni. Masa ploda se kretala od 13.4 do 17.9 g, dok je masa jezgre varirala od 6.22 do 8.92 g. Boja jezgre je bila svetla ili žuta, veoma dobrog ukusa. Randman jezgre kod ispitivanih genotipova bio je visok, preko 50.0% (50.7–55.3%). Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije je otkrio značajnu korelaciju između karakteristike ploda i jezgre. PCA analiza je pokazala adekvatno grupisanje genotipova na osnovu kvaliteta ploda. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su odabrani perspektivni genotipovi oraha pokazali veoma dobre osobine ploda, i da mogu doprineti povećanju proizvodnje oraha u budućnosti
S-RNase genotyping of autochthonous apple cultivars grown in the region of central and southwestern Serbia
No full textApple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated deciduous fruit crop around the world, with an annual production of more than 93 million tonnes in 2021. This pome species, with average production of 468,258 tonnes (2017-2021) and together with plum, is crucial in the total fruit production of the Republic of Serbia. Although there are at least ten thousand reported apple cultivars in the world, as well as that new ones are realised every year within breeding programs, the number of cultivars is likely underestimated since many local landraces have not been documented. Identification of S-genotypes in autochthonous cultivars is an important step in their molecular characterization and also of enormous significance for breeders and growers, since apple exhibits a gametophytic self-incompatibility, controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus which prevents self-fertilisation. The aim of this work was to identify the S-genotypes in the following ten autochthonous apple cultivars grown in individual growers' orchards in the regions of central and southwestern Serbia: ‘Budimka’, ‘Džumurka’, ‘Ilinjača’ (Jezdina), ‘Ilinjača’ (Trnava), ‘Kolačara’, ‘Kraljica’, ‘Lepocvetka’, ‘Senabija’, ‘Šumatovka’ and ‘Vidovača’. The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with consensus primers, that correspond to the previously identified C2 and C5 conserved regions, and allele-specific primers revealed eleven alleles: S1 to S5, S7, S20, S24, S26, S28, and S44. Among the assessed cultivars, the following ploidy levels at the S-locus were identified: four cultivars were diploids, three triploids and one was tetraploid; additionally, the S1Sx genotype was revealed in two cultivars. This study provides new information about cross-compatibility of cultivars and pollenizers, and might be used in parental choice within breeding programs, as well as in the choice of cultivars/pollenizers for the commercial orchards.Nebojša Milošević, Sanja Radičević i Milena Đorđević su bili članovi Scientific Committee Simpozijum
Changes in fruit quality during ripening of two European plum cultivars
No full textThe maturity stage at harvest is one of the main determinants of fruit quality. In order to determine the optimal harvest time of plum fruits for fresh consumption, it is important to highlight the quality changes that occur during ripening. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of the fruits during ripening of two European plum cultivars, worldwide cultivated 'Stanley' and the new late-ripening plum cultivar 'Petra', released at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. Fruits of 'Stanley' were harvested four times during the 28-day period, while three harvests were made seven days apart for 'Petra'. Although similar patterns of change in some important quality parameters were observed in both cultivars (i.e., fruit firmness and total acidity decreased significantly, soluble solids content as well as content of total sugars, invert sugars, and sucrose increased), almost all examined physical attributes (fruit weight, stone weight, dimensions of fruit, shape index, stalk length, force of detachment stalk from fruit) changed differently among the cultivars studied during ripening. The content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity slightly decreased in 'Petra' during ripening, while no clear trend was determined in 'Stanley'. Sensory analysis included evaluation of appearance, aroma, taste and consistency of the plum fruit and the results showed that the later harvested fruits of both cultivars had better taste and aroma. The quality changes during ripening of 'Stanley' plum were significantly pronounced and consequently the fruit characteristics and suitability for fresh consumption differed between the harvests. On the other hand, overall quality of 'Petra' fruit was more consistent during the ripening period indicating that it has the potential to supply the local market with fruit of uniform quality regardless of harvest time.Sanja Radičević, Nebojša Milošević i Milena Đorđević su bili članovi Scientific Committee simpozijuma
Ovule senescence in the ovary of autochthonous sweet cherry Balkan's genotypes
No full textDiversity in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a source of adaptation to environmental conditions. Genotypes harbouring trait tolerance to stress are interesting sources for potential temperature-tolerance genes. Higher flowering temperature accelerates ovule senescence, which leads to female gametophyte degeneration and ovule abortion. This study was carried out to investigate the ovule senescence of sweet cherry landraces of Balkan origin ('Ohridska Crna' and 'Dolga Šiška') under the prevailing Mediterranean climate of Ohrid Lake vicinity (Republic of North Macedonia). Monitoring was undertaken using fluorescence microscopy on emasculated pollinated flowers (cross-pollination) and non-emasculated open-pollinated flowers (open pollination), at three different stages of pistil fixation (3rd, 6th and 10th day from the full flowering date). The results showed that the appearance of ovule fluorescence, as an indicator of its senescence, was more pronounced in the ovaries of 'Dolga Šiška', as compared to 'Ohridska Crna'. Investigation of ovule senescence and fruit set pointed to the complex dependence on the pistil genotype and pollination variant, as well as flowering temperature, which together contribute to the main factors' interaction. The research also revealed that, in sweet cherry, primary ovule fluorescence on the 6th day after full flowering strongly correlated negatively to fruit set
Fruit Research Institute, Čačak – a place where the best fruit cultivars are born
No full textInstitut za voćarstvo, Čačak, je vodeća naučna institucija iz oblasti voćarstva u Republici Srbiji i regionu, osnovana 17. jula 1946. godine. Osnovna delatnost Instituta je naučnoistraživački rad u oblasti voćarstva
– istraživanje i eksperimentalni razvoj u biotehničkim naukama.
U Institutu su do danas stvorene 44 sorte različitih vrsta voćaka, od čega se posebno ističu sorte šljiva koje su unapredile šljivarstvo u nekadašnjoj SFRJ i brojnim zemljama Evrope. Šljive ’Čačanska rodna’,
’Čačanska lepotica’, ’Čačanska rana’, ’Čačanska najbolja’ i ’Valjevka’ su sinonim za visokokvalitetne sorte i prepoznatljiv su brend Srbije i Čačka van granica zemlje. Veliki komercijalni uspeh čačanskih sorti
pozicionirali su Institut kao jedan od vodećih oplemenjivačkih centara u Evropi iz oblasti voćarstva, a naročito šljive.
Osim oplemenjivanja voćaka, delatnost Instituta pokriva i ostale aspekte voćarske proizvodnje: agrotehnika, fiziologija voćaka, fitopatologija, prerada voća i proizvodnja sadnog materijala.The Fruit Research Institute, Čačak is a leading scientific institution in the field of fruit growing in the Republic of Serbia and the region,
founded on July 17, 1946. The main activity of the Institute is scientific research work in the field of fruit growing - research and experimental development in biotechnical sciences.
There have been 44 cultivars of various fruit species created at the Institute to far, with the plum cultivars that have enhanced plum growing throughout the former SFRY and many other European countries standing out. The plums ‘Čačanska rodna’, ‘Čačanska lepotica’, ‘Čačanska rana’, ‘Čačanska najbolja’ and ‘Valjevka’ are synonymous for high-quality cultivars and are recognizable brands of Serbia and Čačak beyond the country's borders. The great commercial success of the Čačak’s cultivars positioned the Institute as one of the leading breeding centers in Europe in the field of fruit growing, especially plums.
In addition to fruit tree breeding, the Institute’s activities also cover other aspects of fruit production: agrotechnique, fruit tree physiology,
phytopathology, fruit processing and production of planting material
Praćenje kapaciteta za multiplikaciju izdanaka različitih voćaka nakon konzervacije primenom tehnike hladnog skladištenja in vitro
No full textWe presented the results about preserving in vitro selected fruit genotypes by cold storage strategy and the capacity for following shoot multiplication. The investigation included five fruit genotypes: plum ʻPožegača’, cherry rootstocks (ʻGisela 5’ and ʻTabel Edabriz’), raspberry ʻMeeker’, and blackberry ʻČačanska Bestrna’. The best results were achieved with shoots of the plum cultivar ʿPožegačaʾ which can be successfully stored at 5°C up to 10 months, without subculturing producing viable shoots. Furthermore, a significant increase in the multiplication index (13.0) of this genotype was noticed especially in shoots cultivated for 21 days under standard growing conditions, followed by storage at 5°C in total darkness for six months. ʻGisela 5’ and ʻTabel Edabriz’ cherry rootstocks were successfully preserved for three months in the same manner, and the plants (100%) well recovered. After being stored in cold conditions, the multiplication index of shoots in both rootstocks exhibited an increase ranging from 1.7 to 4.8 times compared to those grown under standard conditions. The viability rate of in vitro shoots of the raspberry cultivar ʻMeeker’ in cold conditions was also high (>67%). In this genotype, as well as in both cherry rootstocks, slow growth storage was accompanied by slow nitrogen uptake from the medium. In addition, the multiplication potential of encapsulated raspberry ʻMeeker’ and blackberry ʻČačanska Bestrna’ and cold stored (5°C, darkness) shoot tips was evaluated. Encapsulated shoot tips of ʻČačanska Bestrna’ (18.8%) and ʻMeeker’ (6.3%) survived the monthly cold storage period and exhibited regrowth. Shoots of selected genotypes were capable of multiplication in successive subcultures after cold storage, and often the multiplication indexes were higher compared to the control shoots that were consistently grown under standard conditions in the growth chamber. These results represent a significant contribution to the revitalization and further development of the national fruit gene bank.U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati in vitro čuvanja kultura voćaka korišćenjem strategije hladnog skladištenja i sposobnosti izdanaka za multiplikaciju nakon konzervacije. U istraživanja je bilo uključeno pet genotipova različitih vrsta voćaka: sorta šljive Požegača, vegetativne podloge za trešnju i višnju Gisela 5 i Tabel Edabriz, sorta maline Meeker i sorta kupine Čačanska bestrna. Sorta šljive Požegača je uspešno čuvana do 10 meseci, dajući izdanke sa visokim indeksom multiplikacije koji je bio posebno izražen kod izdanaka uzgajanih 21 dan u standardnim uslovima, a zatim skladištenih na 5°C u potpunom mraku tokom šest meseci. Podloge za kalemljenje trešnje i višnje Gisela 5 i Tabel Edabriz su takođe uspešno očuvane na isti način tokom tri meseca, a stopa preživljavanja in vitro izdanaka je iznosila 100%. Nakon skladištenja u hladnim uslovima, indeks multiplikacije izdanaka kod vegetativnih podloga Gisela 5 i Tabel Edabriz je bio povećan od 1,7 do 4,8 puta po redosledu u odnosu na izdanke uzgajane u standardnim uslovima. Stopa preživljavanja in vitro izdanaka maline sorte Meeker je takođe bila visoka (iznad 67%) u hladnim uslovima. Kod ovog genotipa, kao i kod obe vegetativne podloge, spor rast je pratio sporu apsorpciju azota iz podloge. Vrhovi izdanaka sorte maline Meeker i kupine Čačanska bestrna su takođe bili inkapsulirani u kalcijum-alginatne kuglice i čuvani u hladnim uslovima (na +5°C, u potpunom mraku). Samo 18,8% vrhova izdanaka sorte Čačanska bestrna i 6,3% vrhova izdanaka sorte Meeker, koji su bili inkapsulirani u kalcijum-alginatne kuglice, preživeli su jednomesečni period hladnog skladištenja i dali regeneraciju vijabilnih izdanaka u in vitro uslovima. Međutim, izdanci su bili sposobni za multiplikaciju u sukcesivnim subkulturama nakon regeneracije, a indeksi multiplikacije su bili veći u odnosu na kontrolne izdanke koji su konstantno gajeni u standardnim uslovima u komori za gajenje in vitro biljaka.dr Ivana Glišić - glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa Voćarstvo (Journal of Pomology) dr Tatjana Vujović - tehnički urednik i korektor časopisa Voćarstvo (Journal of Pomology
A Comparative analysis of thin-layer microwave and microwave/convective dehydration of chokeberry
No full textDue to high water content, chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa L.) are perishable. Therefore, energy-saving, combined drying technologies have been explored to improve the chokeberry drying. The combined microwave and the traditional convective drying method (MCD) have significantly enhanced the drying effectiveness, efficiency, and energy utilization rate and improved product quality. The MCD method, which implies the microwave power (MD) of 900 W for 9 s and the convective dehydration (CD) at 230 °C for 12 s, has the shortest dehydration time t (24 ± 2 min), has the maximum coefficient of diffusion (Deff = 6.0768 × 10-9 ± 5.9815 × 10-11 m2 s-1), and represents the most energy effective for dehydration process (Emin = 0.382 ± 0.036 kWh). A higher water-holding capacity (WHC) characterized the chokeberries obtained by the MCD method compared to the regular microwave method (MD). The mildest MCD (15 s of MD on 900 W, 7 s of CD on 180 °C) could dehydrate chokeberries with the highest WHC (685.71 ± 40.86 g H2O g-1 d.m.) and the greatest evaluations for sensory attributes in terms of all properties. The results of this study provide the drying behavior of chokeberries that can help develop efficient drying methods and improve existing ones