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Identification of S-haplotypes in autochthonous, released and promising sour cherry genotypes originated from the Republic of Serbia
No full textSour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is one of the main perennial fruit crops in the Republic of Serbia (RS), whose average production of 117,595 tonnes (2012-2021) ranking it as the third most widely grown after plum and apple. As for the sour cherry assortment structure in the RS, clones of ‘Oblačinska’ are the most widespread (over 60%), while the remaining part comprises large-fruited foreign cultivars, as well as domestic ‘Šumadinka’ released within the breeding programme of the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (FRI). As the tetraploid species, sour cherry includes both self-incompatible (SI) and self-compatible (SC) genotypes, which are characterised by more complex genetics of SI/SC. Therefore, developing of SC sour cherry cultivars is of high priority within FRI breeding work and worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the S-haplotypes in two autochthonous (clones of ‘Oblačinska’ and ‘Cigančica’), four developed within FRI breeding programme (‘Iskra’, ‘Nevena’, ‘Sofija’ and ‘Šumadinka’) and one promising (‘GV-10’) sour cherry genotypes originated from the RS. The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with three different consensus primer pairs for the first and the second introns of S-RNase, as well as primers specific for both S-RNase and SFB alleles, in combination with genetic tests to identify the pollen-part and stylar-part mutants (using derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence assay ‒ dCAPS), enabled identification of the S-haplotypes in the assessed sour cherry genotypes. In total, eight S-haplotypes (S1, S4, S6, S9, S13, S26, S35 and S36) or their non-functional variants were identified. In the investigated sour cherry genotypes, non-functional variant S36b2 was the most frequent (21.4%). The results generated in this study provide a valuable resource for design crosses in future breeding work which maximize the number of SC seedlings, and for orchard management in the efficient high-yielding fruit production
Newly created Čačak’s sour cherry varieties as a raw material for spirit production
No full textAccording to the average annual production sour cherries take the third place in Serbian fruit growing. In the assortment, the most represented is the autochthonous variety ‘Oblačinska’, which is characterized by a very small fruit. In recent decades, large-fruit varieties created by breeding work at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, have become more widespread in sour cherry orchards. Some of the newly created varieties are, similar to the ‘Oblačinska’ variety, varieties with combined properties and can be used as fresh fruit and for various types of processing. Sour cherries are used in Serbia as a raw material for obtaining numerous products. Frozen cherries dominate, but juices, sour cherry in brine, candied fruits, compote, wine, vinegar, liqueurs are also produced, and in recent years, sour cherry spirit has become increasingly interesting. The paper presents the results of two-year examinations of the suitability of two varieties of sour cherries with combined properties - ‘Šumadinka’ (‘Köröser Weichsel’ × ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’) and ‘Sofija’ (‘Čačanski rubin’ × ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’), which were created in Čačak, and standard variety ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’, for the production of spirits. Sour cherry spirits were produced from spontaneously fermented mashes of sour cherry fruits with stones, followed by double distillation in alambic of traditional construction. The obtained monovarietal sour cherry spirits differed significantly in spirit yields and contents of 10 major volatile components analyzed. Based on the results of sensory analysis in both years, all obtained monovarietal sour cherry spirits can be classified as high-quality spirit drinks
The effect of genotype-temperature interaction on pollen performance in the pistils of autochthonous ‘Dolga Šiška’ sweet cherry
No full textWithin sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), diversity is of the crucial importance in the context of adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The cultivars origin, their wider geographical distribution or spatial limitations in certain regions are related to their requirements for adequate conditions, which is especially visible through the reproductive process. This study was carried out to investigate pollen performance in vivo in the pistils of sweet cherry landrace of Balkan origin (‘Dolga Šiška’) over two-year period, in the conditions of prevailing Mediterranean climate of Ohrid Lake vicinity (Republic of North Macedonia). The pollenisers used are also of indigenous origin – ‘Ohridska Crna’ (Balkan region) and ‘Kordia’ (Czech Republic). Investigation was performed using the fluorescence microscopy method, on emasculated hand-pollinated flowers (cross-pollination) and non-emasculated open-pollinated flowers (open pollination), in three terms of pistil fixation (3rd, 6th and 10th day from the full flowering date). In general, ‘Ohridska Crna’ showed a tendency of inducing higher number of pollen tubes (22.14, 11.78 and 6.20 pollen tubes in the upper, middle and lower part of the style, respectively) in comparison with ‘Kordia’ (12.72, 6.62 and 2.92, respectively). This effect was particularly pronounced in the year with higher flowering temperature. On the other hand, pollen tube kinetics showed the opposite tendency, being better with ‘Kordia’ as polleniser in colder flowering season (7.69% of fertilization percentage and 3.60% fruit set, respectively), in comparison with ‘Ohridska Crna’ (penetration of pollen tubes into the nucellus and fruit set were not observed). Analysis of pollen performance in vivo parameters, pointed to the complex dependence on the polleniser genotype and temperature before and during the flowering, as well as the influence of pollination mode and pistilar genotype, which together contribute to the main factors’ interaction
Mineral composition and bioactive potential of red raspberry fruits, juice, and jam
No full textRaspberries are highly valued by consumers due to their nutraceutical properties, which have been associated with various health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in quality characteristics of fresh raspberry fruits and final products (jam and juice) collected from plantations under different agroecological conditions (three localities). The total phenolic content in raspberry fruits and products was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the total anthocyanin content by the pH-differential method. In the same samples, eight elements (phosphate, iron, manganese, zinc, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The productivity of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar ‘Willamette’ was studied by examining the variation in the number of floricanes per espalier meter and per unit area as well as the variation in yield per cane and per unit area. The results showed that the highest yield was observed in the L2 locality (660.00 g per cane and 14,840 kg ha−1 of total area), while the lowest yield was recorded in the L3 one (519.67 g per cane and 11,779 kg ha−1 of total area). The amount of macro- and microelements in the soil and raspberry fruits varied between the localities with a higher nutrient content obtained in the L2 locality. The antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanin and phenolic content of the raspberry fruits were influenced by the cultivation area with the highest values of anthocyanins (63.45 mg cyn-3-glu 100 g−1 FW) and phenols (630.00 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW) observed in the L2 locality. The study also revealed that the processing of raspberry fruits into juice and jam had minimal effects on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. The findings highlight that ‘Willamette’ raspberries are a valuable source of bioactive compounds and minerals that contribute to their nutritional value and potential health benefits. Further research and optimisation of processing techniques are necessary to effectively preserve and enhance the bioactive compounds in processed raspberry products
Newly created Čačak’s sour cherry varieties as a raw material for spirit production
No full textAccording to the average annual production, sour cherries take the third place in Serbian fruit production. In the assortment, the most represented is the autochthonous variety ‘Oblačinska’, which is characterized by a very small fruit. In recent decades, large-fruited varieties bred at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, have become more widespread in sour cherry orchards. Some of the newly bred varieties, similar to ‘Oblačinska’, are characterized by combined properties and can be used as fresh fruit and/or for various types of processing. Sour cherries are mainly used in Serbia as raw material for obtaining numerous products. Frozen cherries dominate, but juices, sour cherry in brine, dried fruits, candied fruits, compote, wine, vinegar, liqueurs are also produced, and in recent years, sour cherry spirit is gaining interest. The paper presents the results of two-year examinations of the suitability of two varieties of sour cherries with combined properties - ‘Šumadinka’ (‘Köröser Weichsel’ × ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’) and ‘Sofija’ (‘Čačanski rubin’ × ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’), bred in Čačak, and standard variety ‘Heimanns Konservenweichsel’, for the production of spirits. The sour cherry spirits were produced from spontaneously fermented mashes of sour cherry fruits with stones, followed by double distillation in alembic of traditional design. The obtained monovarietal sour cherry spirits differed significantly in spirit yields and contents of the ten major volatile components. Based on the results of sensory analysis in both years, all obtained monovarietal sour cherry spirits can be classified as high-quality spirit drinks
Ispitivanje genotipova višnje (Prunus cerasus L.) poreklom iz regiona zapadne Srbije
No full textAutochthonous genotypes of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) are important source of genetic variability and represent valuable material for breeding work. In order to evaluate the main biological properties of ten sour cherry landraces (‘GV-6’, ‘GV-7’, ‘GV-8’, ‘GV-10’, ‘GV-11’, ‘GV-13’, ‘GV-14’, ‘GV-15’, ‘GV-16’, ‘GV-17’) from the West Serbia region, flowering and ripening time, fruit quality traits (morphometric, chemical and organoleptic), tree vigour, yield and field resistance to causal agents of diseases (cherry leaf spot and brown rot) were investigated. The highest average fruit weight was found in ‘GV-10’ and ‘GV-13’ (>7.5 g), whereas the highest soluble solids content was detected in ‘GV-7’ (17.30%). In terms of field resistance to pathogens, ‘GV-6’ and ‘GV-10’ showed the best performance. Owing to desirable biological and productive traits, some of the examined genotypes (‘GV-6’ and ‘GV-10’) have already been used as parents in the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak sour cherry breeding programme. Furthermore, ‘GV-6’ and ‘GV-10’ have potential for commercial production.Autohtoni genotipovi različitih vrsta voćaka predstavljaju značajan izvor genetske varijabilnosti i vredan materijal za oplemenjivački rad. Institut za voćarstvo, Čačak ima dugogodišnju tradiciju u sakupljanju, evaluaciji i korišćenju autohtonog materijala različitih vrsta voćaka pa se u programu oplemenjivanja višnje, osim metode hibridizacije, koristi i selekcija iz prirodne populacije. Kako bi se ispitala pogodnost za komercijalno gajenje i/ili korišćenje u roditeljskim kombinacijama programa oplemenjivanja, ispitivane su biološke osobine deset genotipova višnje (GV-6, GV-7, GV-8, GV-10, GV-11, GV-13, GV-14, GV-15, GV-16, GV-17) izdvojenih na području Zapadne Srbije. Tokom dve godine (2020‡2021), ispitivani su vreme cvetanja i zrenja, morfometrijske, hemijske i organoleptičke osobine ploda, bujnost stabala, prinos i poljska otpornost na uzročnike bolesti (pegavost lista trešnje i mrka trulež). Najveću prosečnu masu ploda imali su genotipovi GV-10 i GV-13 (>7,5 g), dok je najveća vrednost sadržaja rastvorljive suve materije utvrđena kod genotipa GV-7 (17,30%). Genotipovi GV-6 i GV-10 pokazali su najveću poljsku otpornost na patogene. Zbog poželjnih bioloških i produktivnih osobina (krupan plod, duga peteljka, mali udeo koštice, visok sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, izražena otpornost na patogene, visoka i redovna rodnost), genotipovi GV-6 i GV-10 imaju potencijal za komercijalnu proizvodnju. Osim toga, navedeni genotipovi se već koriste u roditeljskim kombinacijama programa oplemenjivanja višnje Instituta za voćarstvo, Čačak
Meeting the challenge of sustainable agriculture: Recent advances in orchard nutrition and protection management
No full textThe demand for food is expected to increase by up to 70% by 2050 due to the projected population of over 10 billion people. Conventional agricultural methods, which imply the application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, are unlikely to meet this demand. Therefore, there is a need for the intensification of agricultural production. However, the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers and chemically synthesized pesticides can have adverse effects on the environment, soil fertility, crop yields, human health, and food quality. Therefore, harmonizing plant nutrition and protection through sustainable principles in agriculture represents a major goal and challenge for agriculture in the 21st century. Innovative, sustainable, and environmentally safe solutions and bio-rational technologies such as the use of fertilizers and pesticides of biological origin need to be introduced. This paper provides a review of recent achievements in orchard nutrition and protection management by introducing a new product based on liquid biofertilizer. This biofertilizer is derived from vermicompost and enriched with different strains of beneficial microorganisms from Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Trichoderma genera, which contribute to increasing productivity, quality characteristics, and economic efficiency of production while simultaneously respecting ecological and health safety standards. The new formula includes a complete technological procedure and has been developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak in the Republic of Serbia
Influence of cultivar and fertilization treatment on the yield and leaf nutrients content of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
No full textFertilisation strategy can have a big impact on apple (Malus domestica Borkh) yield, with considerable environmental and economic implications. This research paper presents the yield and leaf nutrients content of three apple cultivars fertilised with three treatment regimes (Jonagold Decosta, Red Idared and Gala Schnitzer®Schniga) each fertilised with three treatments: T1 (control‒without fertilization); T2 (300 kg ha-1 NPK (6:18:36) + 150 kg ha-1 N (calcium ammonium nitrate‒CAN)) and T3 (foliar nutrition‒mixture organic-mineral fertilizer commercially named “FitoFert Kristal” (0.6%) (10:40:10) + “FitoFert Kristal” (0.6%) (20:20:20) + “FoliFetril Ca” (0.5%) (N:Ca)) in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of two years (2020–2021). Significant differences of different yield categories (yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency) were found among cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years. Yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency were lowest in cultivar Jonagold DeCosta. Fertilization treatment T1 significantly influenced the lowest yield per tree and yield per hectare with the magnitudes 7.55 kg tree-1 and 27.96 t ha-1, respectively. The highest yield efficiency was found in trees fertilised with treatment T3 with 9.21 55 kg tree-1, 34.11 96 t ha-1 and yield efficiency of 0.25 kg cm-2. Six mineral elements in the apple leaf, such as boron (B), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), were presented in known magnitudes. The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta’s leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg-1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg-1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg-1 FW, respectively, while cultivar Red Idared’s leaves had the highest Ca, Fe, and Mg contents. The fertilisation treatment T3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg-1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg-1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg-1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg-1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg-1 FW) in leaves, while the highest content of K was found in leaves from trees fertilised with treatment T2 (8130.5 mg kg-1 FW). The experimental outcomes have proven that the cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments, and time duration (in years) are the key factors affecting the potassium, calcium, iron, boron, and manganese contents. It was concluded that the foliar application enables easier mobility of elements, which results in a greater number of fruits and larger fruits, which leads to a higher yield. This study is the first of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the findings of this research will pave the way for future research activities involving increasing the number of cultivars and different fertilisation treatments on apple yield and leaf mineral composition
Tree growth, productivity and fruit properties of early ripening European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars
No full textEuropean plum is one of the most important temperate zone fruit species in the northern hemisphere. In the Republic of Serbia (RS), this species is beside apple and raspberry of great importance in terms of production, processing, consumption, export, employment of people and tradition. Therefore, constant improvement of plum production is necessary. The extension of the harvest season and the presence of fresh fruits on the market for a longer period is one of the significant aspects of that improvement. This is achieved by developing new cultivars with an earlier or later ripening time as well as cultivars that have better storage capability. Generally, cultivars with an earlier or later ripening time have a better price on the fresh fruit market. However, these cultivars, particularly of early ripening time have not been present to a significant extent in the orchards in the RS. Bearing this in mind, we investigate tree vigour (TCSA), productivity (yield per tree and yield efficiency), and the most important fruit physical (fruit and stone weight, flesh percentage, fruit dimensions, and sphericity) and chemical properties (contents of soluble solids, total and reducing sugars, saccharose and total acids, as well as ripening index and pH value) of three domestic ('Boranka', 'Čačanska Rana' and 'Valerija') and three introduced ('Katinka', 'Tegera' and 'Opal') early ripening cultivars which were harvested from the middle of the first to the end of the second decade of July. Obtained results showed that significant differences were found among cultivars for all examined characteristics. Overall, the assessed early-ripening cultivars could be grown to some extent in commercial orchards in the RS