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Evaluating effects of a new liquid vermicompost-based product on fruit quality in organic strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
No full textLack of appropriate fertilisers is a bottleneck in organic agriculture, which can lead to reduced yields and, consequently, reduced profitability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a new formulation of a vermicompost-based biopreparation (VCMo) and to investigate the effects of this product on the composition of primary and secondary metabolites of the fruit of organically cultivated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Senga Sengana). Sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds in strawberry fruit cultivated with three application modes of VCMo (rhizosphere inoculation (RI); combination of rhizosphere inoculation and foliar spraying (RI+FS); and foliar spraying (FS)) and a control (untreated soil and plants) were characterised and quantified by HPLC with a refractive index detector for sugars and organic acids, and HPLCDAD-MSn for phenolic compounds. Strawberry fruit obtained from plants exposed to the combined application of rhizosphere inoculation and foliar spraying showed the highest concentrations of total sugars and total organic acids. There were no significant differences between the methods of VMCo application for concentrations of phenolic acids, but rhizosphere inoculation on its own resulted in the highest total concentration of the five groups of flavonoids identified (anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones, flavonols and flavones). The results of the study suggested that rhizosphere inoculation with VCMo on its own or in combination with foliar spraying could be а useful tool for organic strawberry cultivation, contributing to the production of healthy and good quality fruit at the same time as providing opportunities to reduce environmental pollution
Does the propagation technique affect phytochemical composition of raspberry and blackberry fruits?
No full textIn Serbia, the dominant methods of vegetative propagation of raspberries and blackberries are by root suckering (raspberry) and tip layering (blackberry), and they represent standard propagation techniques. However, due to the possible contamination of such planting material with viruses and phytopathogenic fungi, obtaining plants from tissue culture in vitro is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the fruit quality according to their chemical composition, emphasising the content of bioactive compounds in fruits of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) ‘Meeker’ and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) ‘Čačanska Bestrna’ from plants
propagated in the field by standard technique (ST) and grown in vitro micropropagation tissue culture (TC). A three-year experiment included the determination of the main fruit quality parameters (soluble solids, sugars, and total acids) by standard methods. The identification and quantification of phenolic compounds (protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, ellagic, gallic, p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids, quercetin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin) were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained results showed that the origin of the planting material did not significantly affect the quality of the fruits in terms of primary and secondary metabolites, except for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in blackberries. This means that both (ST and TC) propagation methods allow obtaining fruits of equally good quality. Therefore, when choosing the type of planting material, other factors such as health, yield, and cost of planting material should be taken into account
Bioindication assessment of water, air and soil quality
No full textVarious bioindicative organisms can be used for rapid assessment of environmental quality. For the bioindicative assessment of air quality lichens are most often used; primarily planktonic microorganisms as well as benthic organisms including macrophytes for water quality; microbiological, enzymatic, lichenological, zoological and phytoindicative methods for quality of soil
Model-based characterization of interactions between plum pox virus strains from a field survey
No full textMultiple pathogen strains often co-circulate within the same host population and may lead to multiply infected individuals. However, the characterization of the interactions between strains and of their epidemiological impact is still a burgeoning research field. Here we show how modeling multi-strain epidemiological dynamics provides a more reliable assessment of strain interactions in the field than statistical tests of independence. The constructed model, which accounts for orchard age and all possible strain combinations, was applied to test for interactions between three virus strains under the assumption of endemicity. The Serbian survey data used for the inference showed that sharka, caused by the plum pox virus (PPV), is widespread in the 91 sampled plum orchards and that three strains (M, D, and Rec) are present even as double and triple infections in the field. The observed co-infection frequencies were compared with their predicted frequency under the neutral/null hypothesis that there is no direct or indirect interaction between strains. We showed that D+Rec coinfections were less frequent than expected in the neutral case but also, in contrast with model predictions, that D+Rec coinfection frequency decreased with the orchard age. Our results raise biological and epidemiological questions on the Rec strain of PPV and emphasizes the importance of coupling models and data to understand and predict dynamics in complex epidemiological systems
Detection of blueberry latent virus on highbush blueberries in Montenegro
No full textHighbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are a recent addition to Montenegro’s fruit producing repertoire. The northern region of the country is home to new, dense plantations. To investigate the presence of viruses in blueberry plantations in Montenegro
during 2022, visual inspections of plantations were carried out. Seventeen leaf samples of five cultivars were collected and analyzed. The samples were tested by ELISA for the presence of: blueberry shock virus (BlShV), blueberry scorch virus (BlScV), blueberry shoestring virus (BSSV), blueberry leaf mottle virus (BLMoV), tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Assays were conducted according to the recommended protocols. The samples were further tested for the presence of blueberry mosaic-associated virus and blueberry latent virus using RT-PCR and for the presence of the blueberry red ringspot virus using PCR. Extraction of total nucleic acids was performed with 2% CTAB buffer. Reverse transcription was done with pd(N)6 random primers, and PCR was done with virus-specific primers. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. The presence of blueberry latent virus was confirmed in 10 blueberry samples
(59%) in cultivars ‘’Duke’, ‘Bluecrop’, and ‘Earlyblue’. Virus identification was confirmed by sequencing the amplified fusion protein gene fragments of all 10 isolates. No other viruses were confirmed in the tested samples. This is the first survey for virus presence in blueberries in Montenegro and the first finding of blueberry latent virus in the country
Mikopopulacija na malini u Srbiji
No full textMalina je višegodišnja listopadna bilјka, žbunastog ili polužbunastog rasta, sa
jednogodišnjim i dugim dvogodišnjim izdancima, koja pripada porodici ruža (Rosaceae). Malina duži niz godina spada u grupu ekonomski najznačajnijih vrsta voća u Republici Srbiji. Po prinosima na evropskom kontinentu se izdvajaju Rusija, Poljska, Srbija i Španija. Međutim, najveća robna proizvodnja se ostvaruje u Srbiji, jer se više od 95% svežih i prerađenih plodova maline plasira na svetskom tržištu. Svetska proizvodnja maline u 2019. godini iznosila je 684.000 tona. Sistematskih istraživanja mikopopulacije maline u Srbiji do sada nije bilo. U ovome
radu iznosimo rezultate preliminarnih istraživanja mikopopulacije maline poreklom iz Srbije. Uzorci su prikupljeni u vremenskom periodu jun - avgust od 2019. do 2022. godine. Ukupno je analizirano 28 nasumično skupljenih uzoraka sa tri lokaliteta u Srbiji (Čačak 8, Ivanjica 10, Arilje 10). Analizirani su koren i stablo. Fragmenti biljaka su pažljivo isprani pod tekućom vodom. Tako pripremljeni uzorci dezinfikovani su sa 1% natrijum-hipohloritom (NaOCl) 1 minut i isprani tri puta u sterilnoj destilovanoj vodi. Potom su prosušeni na sterilnom filter papiru i stavljani na krompir dekstrozni agar (KDA). U svaku Petri kutiju stavljeno je po 5 fragmenata uzetih po uzorku, u pet ponavljanja, i inkubirani u termostatu pri 24°C. Pregled se obavljao svaka 3 dana, a na većini uzoraka micelija se razvila oko biljnog fragmenta do 14. dana. Razvijene kolonije presejane su na novu KDA podlogu te je, nakon početnog porasta, vršni deo micelije ponovno presejan na KDA. Mikroskopski pregled obavljen je pomoću mikroskopa marke Olympus CX31. Morfološka identifikacija gljiva do roda obavljena je pomoću standardnih ključeva.Izračunata je učestalost izolacije u % prema formuli (Vrandečić i sar., 2011): broj kolonizovanih delova sa gljivama/ ukupan broj analiziranih biljnih delova x 100.
Ukupno je pregledano 700 fragmenta biljaka iz kojih je izolovano 6 rodova gljiva:
Didymella, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium, Alternaria i Epicoccum. Na biljkama iz kojih su izolovane gljive bili su jasno vidljivi makroskopski simptomi zaraze. Na svim biljkama sa kojih su izolovane gljive bili su jasno izraženi simptomi na stabljikama u vidu nekrotičnih pega i lezija. Sa tih biljaka izolovane su gljive iz roda Alternaria. Isto tako kod velikog broja biljaka, na stablima su uočene ljubičasto braon nekroze, u donjoj trećini stabla i iz tih biljaka su izolovane gljive iz roda Didymella. Na korenovom sistemu biljaka bili su prisutni simptomi u vidu svetlo do tamno braon nekroza i iz ovih biljaka su izolovane gljive iz rodova Fusarium i Rhizoctonia. Takođe kod pojedinih biljaka na korenovom sistemu uočeno je obezbojavanje sprovodnog tkiva i iz tih biljaka izolovane su gljive iz roda Verticillium. S оbzirоm nа veliki značaj maline kao voćne vrste, pоsеbnо za manje razvijena brdskо
plаninska pоdručija u Srbiјi, cilј оvоg rаdа bio је izolacija i morfološka dеtеrminаciја mikopopulacije nа malini rаdi јаsniјеg sаglеdаvаnjа prоblеmа u proizvodnji maline (izumirаnjе bilјаkа i smаnjеnjе prinоsа) kао pоslеdice prisustvа fitоpаtоgеnih glјivа
Influence of pollination treatments and temperature regimes on progamic phase and fruit set in three European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars tollerant/resistant to Sharka virus
No full textPollination and temperature are predominant factors affecting the progamic phase of sexual plant reproduction.
In light of climate change and the emergence of increasing temperatures, new knowledge is necessary to
encourage fruit breeding programmes to develop cultivars adapted to these changes, as well as to find the best
incompatibility relationships with the aim of achieving high fruit quality and yield. This research was conducted
to reveal the effect of pollination treatments and temperature on the progamic phase and fruit set in three European
plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars (‘Jojo’, ‘Hanita’ and ‘Katinka’) resistant/tolerant to Sharka virus
using fluorescent microscopy. Reproductive parameters (flowering overlapping, pollen germination, number of
pollen tubes in the upper part of the style and locule of the ovary, dynamics of pollen tubes growth and initial and
final fruit set) were investigated in vivo under different pollination treatments (cross, open and self-pollination).
The influence of different temperature regimes (20 ◦C, 23 ◦C and 26 ◦C) on the progamic phase was also observed
under cross and self-pollination. The pollination treatments significantly influenced the number of pollen tubes in
the style and ovary, as well as dynamics of pollen tubes in different regions of pistil. Pollen tubes showed better
growth in different crossing combinations compared to open and self-pollination. Higher temperatures accelerated
pollen tube growth and reduced the time they need to reach ovules. Generally, ‘Jojo’ appeared to be the
best pollenizer among the examined cultivars, while ‘Katinka’ exhibited the best response of pollen tube growth
to various temperature regimes. The differences observed between growth of the pollen tubes in each genotypetemperature
combination revealed that certain crossing combinations were better adapted to higher temperatures
so this can be taken into account as one of the adjustments to climate change. The ability of cultivars to
respond to high temperatures in the progamic phase can also be helpful for breeding programs in developing new
cultivars better adapted to different temperature conditions
Influence of temperature at the time of pollination on the effective pollination period and fruit set in plum
No full textSo far, the concept of effective pollination period (EPP) for several cultivars of plum, apricot, apple, pear, almond and others has been proven as suitable parameter to set up a relationship between the variation in the reproductive process and cropping behaviour. Among a number of autochthonous plum cultivar present in plum orchards in Serbia, ‘Crvena Ranka’ is the most important. It’s a self-sterile cultivar (characterized by the appearance of cytoplasmic male sterility), so the presence of an adequate pollenizer is needed. Fruit set and EPP in this plum cultivar were evaluated under natural field conditions in western Serbia during 2021 and 2022. Pollination of flowers with mix of dry pollen was subsequenly done during the first 10 days after full bloom. Initial and final fruit set was recorded four weeks after pollination and at the period of physiological maturity of the fruit, respectively. Results show that in both years number of initial fruit set increased up to five days after anthesis. The same was archived with the final fruit set in the first year while in the second, the higest number of fruit set was observed on the fourth day after anthesis (40.67% and 54.48%, resp.). In the first year, five days after anthesis a slightly deacrease in final fruit set was observed with the lowest, but still satisfactory values, on the 10th day after anthesis (11%). In the second year, decreasing in fruit set was more evident and was below 4% on the seventh day after anthesis. The reason for such significant decrease in fruit set was the spring frost occurred during the five days in a row. Taking into account clearly effects of weather conditions on fruit set, based on obtained results, it can be estimated that the EPP for plum cultivar ‘Crvena Ranka’ is 10 days
Fruit quality evaluation of red raspberry cultivars grown in western Serbia
No full textRaspberries are highly valued by consumers due to their nutraceutical properties, which have been associated with various health benefits. The production of red raspberry in the Republic of Serbia is characterized by a dominance of cultivar ‘Willamette’. The aim of this study was to identify fruit quality of ‘TulaMagic’, ‘Tulameen’, ‘Amira’, ‘Fertodi Zamatos’, and ‘Willamette’ in the region of Arilje (Western Serbia). The highest weight (5.2 g) and length (25.8 mm), as well as the highest content of soluble solids (12.1%), total (6.5%), and invert sugars (0.8%), and sucrose content (0.8%) were found in ‘Tulameen’. The highest total phenols content (89.36 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW) was found in ‘Fertodi Zamatos’, whereas the highest content of anthocyanins (43.53 mg C3G 100 g−1 FW) was found in ‘Willamette’. The highest antioxidant capacity was in ‘Fertodi Zamatos’ (288.71%) and ‘Willamette’ (265.59%). The results obtained in this study proved the high nutritional capacity of fruits of the studied raspberry cultivars. Further research should focus on investigation of other their agronomic important properties to be able to recommend these cultivars for intensive introduction in raspberry commercial production in the Republic of Serbia