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Uporedna analiza različitih tretmana za sterilizaciju i optimalnog meseca za uspostavljanje aseptičnih kultura sorti maline
No full textRemoving contaminants from plant material with minimal damage to plant cells using different chemical solutions represents very important and one of the most critical steps in establishing plant tissue culture in vitro. Our study deals with the optimisation of the protocol for successful surface sterilization of initial explants in two raspberry cultivars, ‘Meeker’ and ‘Willamette’ in two experimental years. The main objective during the first experimental year was to examine the protocols for surface sterilization which included different combinations of disinfectants (mercuric chloride or commercial bleach solution each in combination with 70% ethanol). In the following year, the impact of the two most effective sterilization treatments on the establishment of aseptic cultures over the four-month period (May, June, July, and August) was investigated in both raspberry cultivars. Aseptic cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 2.0 mg/l N6-Benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3). The highest percentage of explants initiation in ‘Meekerʼ (79.3%) was achieved with surface sterilization in 70% ethanol (1 min) combined with 10% (v/v) commercial bleach solution (20 min), whereas sterilization in 70% ethanol (1 min) followed by HgCl2 (3 min) gave the best results (38.3%) in ‘Willametteʼ. The most optimal month for the establishment of aseptic culture was May for ‘Meeker’, while June was the most suitable month for the ‘Willametteʼ cultivar.Eliminacija zaraze sa biljnog materijala uz minimalno oštećenje biljnih ćelija primenom različitih hemijskih rastvora je izuzetno važan i jedan od najkritičnijih koraka u postupku uspostavljanja in vitro kulture biljnog tkiva. U radu se ispituje optimizacija protokola uspešne površinske sterilizacije početnih eksplanata kod dve sorte maline, ‘Meekerʼ i ‘Willametteʼ, tokom dve eksperimentalne godine. U prvoj eksperimentalnoj godini, ispitivan je protokol za uspešnu površinsku sterilizaciju, uključujući varijacije dezinficijenata poput živinog hlora i varikine, svaki u kombinaciji sa 70% etanolom. Sledeće eksperimentalne godine, ispitivan je uticaj dva najefikasnija tretmana sterilizacije na uspešnost uspostavljanja aseptične kulture tokom četvoromesečnog perioda od maja do avgusta meseca. Aseptična kultura je uspostavljena na Murashige i Skoog podlozi (MS) koja sadrži 2.0 mg/l N6-benziladenina (BA), 0,5 mg/l indol-3-buterne kiseline (IBA) i 0,1 mg/l giberelinske kiseline (GA3). Najviši procenat inicijacije eksplantata kod sorte ‘Meekerʼ (79,3%) postignut je pri površinskoj sterilizaciji u 70% etanolu (1 min) u kombinacijii sa 10% (v/v) varikinom (20 min), dok je sterilizacija u 70% etanolu (1 min) praćena HgCl2 (3 min) dala najbolje rezultate (38,3%) kod sorte ‘Willametteʼ. Najoptimalniji mesec za uspostavljanje aseptične kulture bio je maj za sortu ‘Meekerʼ, dok je jun najpogodniji mesec za sortu ‘Willametteʼ
Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus – a significant threat to raspberry production
No full textRaspberry leaf blotch emaravirus (RLBV) is a recently characterized virus infecting raspberries. RLBV has been reported in numerous European countries, and it is vectored by the raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracillis). Virus infection is manifested by light green and yellow leaf blotches and patches, leaf twisting, and distortion of leaf margins. RLBV is the most important virus infecting raspberries in Serbia, causing severe leaf symptoms, including cultivar ‘Willamette’ that is dominant in the orchards, with a share of about 90%. Results of the conducted research in the last decade confirmed wide distribution and significant genetic diversity of RLBV in Serbia. It was detected in all raspberry-growing regions in all tested cultivars. The fruit of the raspberry ‘Willamette’ proved to be significantly affected by RLBV infection. Depending on the locality and altitude, the recorded reduction of fruit weight was up to 27%. On the other side, soluble solids content in infected fruits was higher. The results of the study on the changes in chemical composition of ‘Willamette’ fruits confirmed the influence of RLBV infection on the examined phenolic profile, but this influence was quite minor compared to the influence of soil composition and weather conditions. Available research data suggest that climate change will have strong effects on plant viruses and their epidemiology that can lead to an increase in their host range and severity
Uticaj đubrenja azotom na vegetativni rast, rodnost i kvalitet ploda maline (Rubus idaeus L.)
No full textTrogodišnja istraživanja (2021–2023.) prikazana u ovom radu su imala za cilj da doprinesu definisanju optimalnih doza i dinamike primene azotnih hraniva u tehnologiji gajenja maline u zemljištu. Vegetativne karakteristike, parametri rodnosti i fizičko-hemijske osobine ploda sorti maline ‘Willamette’ i ‘Meeker’ paralelno su proučavane u sledećim tretmanima sa različitim dozama azota: i) tretman sa nižim dozama hraniva (ukupno 31 kg ha-1 azota je dodat putem zemljišne aplikacije po 36 kg ha-1 đubriva KAN pred početak vegetacije i na početku cvetanja i berbe, kao i kroz dva folijarna tretmana 2% rastvorom đubriva UREA posle berbe sa razmakom od 15 dana); ii) tretman sa višim dozama hraniva (ukupno 46,34 kg ha-1 azota je dodato putem zemljišne aplikacije po 45 kg ha-1 đubriva KAN pred početak vegetacije i na početku cvetanja i berbe i po 15 kg ha-1 polovinom berbe i na kraju berbe, kao i kroz dva folijarna tretmana 2% rastvorom đubriva UREA posle berbe sa razmakom od 15 dana) i iii) kontrolni tretman (bez primene azotnih hraniva). Najniže vrednosti proučavanih osobina, sa izuzetkom nekih parametara hemijskog sastava ploda, utvrđene su u uslovima gajenja bez primene azotnih hraniva. Najveće vrednosti visine izdanka utvrđene su u tretmanu sa nižim dozama hraniva, dok je primena viših doza hraniva rezultirala najvećom debljinom izdanaka. Proučavani parametri potencijala rodnosti (broj rodnih grančica po izdanku, broj cvetova po rodnoj grančici i cvasti, i broj plodova po reproduktivnom nodusu) se nisu značajno razlikovali i zmeđu tretmana đubrenja. Značajno veće vrednosti mase i dimenzije ploda, kao i značajno veći prinos utvrđeni su u tretmanu sa nižim dozama hraniva. Prosečne vrednosti mase ploda sorti ‘Willamette’ i ‘Meeker’ kretale su se od 2,56 g, odnosno 2,08 g, u kontrolnom tretmanu, preko 3,36 g, odnosno 3,23 g, u tretmanu sa višim dozama hraniva, do 3,88 g, odnosno 3,66 g, u tretmanu sa nižim dozama hraniva. Ista tendencija rezultata uočena je i kod prinosa, pa su najniže prosečne vrednosti prinosa po izdanku utvrđene u kontrolnom tretmanu (352,54 g i 315,56 g), zatim sledi tretman sa višim dozama hraniva (578,23 i 516,55 g), dok su u tretmanu sa nižim dozama hraniva zabeležene najviše vrednosti (652,42 g i 576,14 g). Primena azotnih hraniva nije imala uticaj na sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija u plodu proučavanih sorti maline, dok je sadržaj ukupnih i redukujućih šećera, kao i ukupnih fenola i antocijana bio najveći u tretmanu sa nižim dozama azotnih hraniva. Vrednosti sadržaja saharoze, ukupnih kiselina, pH vrednosti soka ploda, kao i odnos sadržaja šećera i kiselina su varirale u zavisnosti od sorte i godine proučavanja.The three-year (2021–2023) study presented in this paper aimed to contribute to the definition of optimal doses and dynamics of nitrogen nutrient application in raspberry growing techniques. Parameters of vegetative growth, yielding potential, physical and chemical characteristics of fruit of raspberry cultivars ‘Willamette’ and ‘Meeker’ were simultaneously studied in the following treatments with various doses of nitrogen fertilizers: i) treatment with lower doses of nutrients (a total of 31 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was added through soil application of 36 kg ha-1 KAN fertilizer at the beginning of the growing season, flowering and harvesting and two foliar spraying with a 2% solution of UREA fertilizer after harvesting with an interval of 15 days); ii) treatment with higher doses of nutrients (a total of 46.34 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was added through soil application of 45 kg ha-1 KAN fertilizer at the beginning of the growing season, flowering and harvesting; soil application of 15 kg ha-1 at the middle of the harvesting and at the end of the harvesting, and two foliar spraying with a 2% solution of UREA fertilizer after harvesting with an interval of 15 days); and iii) control treatment (without fertilizers application). The lowest values of the studied properties, with the exception of some parameters of the chemical composition of the fruit, were determined in control treatment. The highest shoot height values were determined in the treatment with lower doses of nutrients, while the application of higher doses of nutrients resulted in the highest shoot thickness. The number of fruiting laterals, the number of flowers in the umbel and fruiting lateral, and the number of fruits per fruiting node did not differ significantly between fertilization treatments. Significantly higher values of weight and dimensions of the fruit and a significantly higher yield were determined in the treatment with lower doses of nutrients. The average fruit weight of the cultivars ‘Willamette’ and ‘Meeker’ ranged from 2.56 g and 2.08 g, respectively, in the control treatment, over 3.36 g and 3.23 g, respectively, in the treatment with higher doses of nutrients, up to 3.88 g, i.e., 3.66 g, in the treatment with lower doses of nutrients. The same tendency of the results was observed in the yield, so the lowest yield values per floricane were found in the control treatment (352.54 g and 315.56 g), followed by the treatment with higher doses of nutrients (578.23 g and 516.55 g), while the highest values were recorded in the treatment with lower doses of nutrients (652.42 g and 576.14 g).The application of nitrogen nutrients had no effect on the content of soluble solids in the fruits of the studied raspberry cultivars, while the content of total and reducing sugars and total phenols and anthocyanins was the highest in the treatment with lower doses of nitrogen nutrients. The values of sucrose content, total acid content, pH value of the fruit juice, and ratio of sugar and acid content varied depending on the cultivar and year of study
Effect of calcium chloride on apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit quality during storage
No full textTokom trogodišnjeg perioda (2018–2021.) ispitivan je uticaj folijarnog hraniva na bazi kalcijum-hlorida i dužine skladištenja u hladnjači sa normalnom atmosferom na fizičke i hemijske osobine ploda pet sorti jabuke. Pored navedenog, praćen je i uticaj primene folijarnog hraniva na rodnost proučavanih sorti jabuke.
Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da prinos nije varirao u zavisnosti od folijarnog tretmana, već da je bio sortno specifičan. Najbolji rezultati u ovom pogledu zabeleženi su kod sorti ‘Gloster’ i ‘Red Chief’, a najlošiji kod sorte ‘Granny Smith’. Folijarna primena kalcijum-hlorida je pozitivno uticala na čvrstinu ploda proučavanih sorti jabuke ali nije uticala na smanjenje gubitka mase ploda. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je optimalna dužina skladištenja plodova u hladnjači sa normalnom atmosferom za sorte ‘Gloster’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’, ‘Morren’s Jonagored®’ i ‘Red Chief’ iznosila četiri meseca, a za plodove sorte ‘Granny Smith’ šest meseci. Hemijski sastav ploda proučavanih sorti jabuke u najvećem broju slučajeva bio je uslovljen interakcijom faktora varijabilnosti. Tokom skladištenja je uočen trend pada sadržaja ukupnih kiselina u plodu, dok u pogledu sadržaja rastvorljivih suvih materija, ukupnih i invertnih šećera i saharoze nije uočena pravilnost u tendenciji rezultata. Folijarni tretmani su ispoljili pozitivan uticaj na sadržaj ukupnih fenola i antioksidativni kapacitet ploda čije su se vrednosti tokom skladištenja smanjivale. Sadržaj makroelemenata u plodu je takođe bio uslovljen interakcijom tretmana i dužine skladištenja, sa tim da se uočava pravilnost da je veći sadržaj kalcijuma i više vrednosti odnosa između sadržaja kalcijuma i magnezijuma utvrđene pri primeni kalcijum-hlorida.An experiment was conducted over three years (2018–2021) to examine the effects of foliar fertilization with calcium chloride and the duration of cold storage under normal atmosphere conditions on the physical and chemical properties of the fruit of five apple cultivars. The study also evaluated the effect of the foliar fertilizer application on the fruit yield of the apple cultivars.
The experimental results showed that yield variations were not dependent on foliar treatment, but were rather cultivar-specific, with cvs. ‘Gloster’ and ‘Red Chief’ exhibiting the best performance and cv. ‘Granny Smith’ the worst. The foliar spray of calcium chloride had a positive effect on apple fruit firmness. The treatment did not cause a reduction in fruit weight loss. The optimal duration of cold storage under normal atmosphere conditions was four months for ‘Gloster’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’, ‘Morren’s Jonagored®’ and ‘Red Chief’ apples, and six months for ‘Granny Smith’ fruits. The chemical composition of the fruit was mostly governed by the interaction between main variability factors. During storage, the total acid content of the fruit showed a decreasing trend, whereas no pattern in the trend of data was observed for soluble solids, total sugar, invert sugar and sucrose contents. Foliar treatments had a positive effect on the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of apple fruits; their values decreased during storage. Macronutrient levels in apple fruits were also affected by the treatment x storage duration interaction, with a pattern found in the data showing increased calcium levels and a higher calcium to magnesium ratio under calcium chloride treatment.Dr Ivan Glišić, vanredni profesor Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, Agronomskog fakulteta u Čačku bio je mentor Doktorske disertacije. Ostali autori su članovi Komisije za ocenu i odbranu Doktorske disertacije
Regulation of yield, fruit size, and leaf mineral nutrients of the 'Sumadinka' sour cherry cultivar with help of rootstocks
No full textThe impact of seven clonal rootstocks (Colt, MaxMa 14, Krymsk 6, Adara, Cigancica, Gisela 5, and Gisela 6) and one local plum (Myrobalan seedlings) on yield, fruit weight, leaf mineral content at 120 days after full bloom (DAFB), and deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) for macro- and microelements of the 'Sumadinka' sour cherry cultivar was evaluated in orchard conditions for two consecutive years. Results showed that yield was higher on Adara, Gisela 5 and MaxMa 14, intermediate on Cigancica and Krymsk 6, and lower on Colt, Gisela 6, and Myrobalan rootstocks. The average fruit weight (FW) was highest on Gisela 6 and lowest on Myrobalan seedlings, and FW was higher in the second year of the trial. Significant effect of rootstock was found on the leaf mineral analysis properties evaluated. Thus, Adara showed the best capacity to uptake and translocate to the scion leaves for most macro- and microelements, whereas the poorest nutritional status was, in general, obtained for Myrobalan, probably due to the incidence of graft incompatibility disturbances with the 'Sumadinka' cultivar. MaxMa 14 showed the best balanced nutritional values (sigma DOP) whereas the wider imbalance among elements was induced by Myrobalan seedlings. 'Krymsk 6' had, in general, lower values for most leaf mineral elements but higher sigma DOP macro and sigma DOP micro-indexes, showing more unbalanced nutritional index than the rest of rootstocks, with the exception of Myrobolan, and both of them followed by Colt. This work demonstrates that the rootstock strongly influences some important sour cherry attributes such as yield, fruit size, leaf macro- and microelements. The significant positive correlations between yield and mineral elements as Mn and Ca could indicate the interest of rootstocks having higher absorption and uptake for these elements in the present growing conditions. Considering their overall performance and tolerance to heavy and acidic soils, and according to the PCA results, Adara, MaxMa 14, and Gisela 6 appear as new promising rootstocks and can be recommended for sour cherries growing under similar soil conditions. We believe that sufficient information on the influence of different rootstocks on yield, fruit size, and leaf mineral composition of sour cherry would enable less ambiguous comparisons within and among them and ensure the best choice for growing a specific cultivar in similar environmental conditions
Susceptibility of grapevine cultivars to Eutypa lata in Serbia
No full textThe species Eutypa lata is one of the most critical phytopathogenic fungi that presents a threat to vineyards by causing significant economic damage. This grapevine disease is hazardous because there is no adequate chemical protection, so after its progression, there is a decrease in yield and dieback of parts or whole infected shoots. There are also no grapevine cultivars resistant to this disease. For these reasons, in this paper, testing of the susceptibility of a pair of grapevine cultivars to this disease was carried out. The testing was performed under semicontrolled conditions and included six of the most economically essential grapevine cultivars in Serbia (Riesling italico, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cardinal, Rkaziteli, Pinot noir, and Prokupac). Testing was performed using 14 isolates of E. lata isolated in Serbia and two control isolates obtained from the INRA. For specific detection of isolates of Eutypa spp. included in the experiment, a specific pair of primers, Lata 1/ Lata 2.2, was applied, and an amplicon of the expected size of approximately 385 bp was established in all isolates. In the conditions of the set experiment, of all of the domestic and foreign-tested grapevine cultivars, the local cultivar Prokupac showed greater resistance to the isolates. In contrast, the cultivars Riesling italico, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cardinal, Pinot noir showed sensitivity to the isolates of E. lata, but not to the same extent as the cultivar Rkaziteli, which proved to be susceptible
Achievements in the certification of plum planting material in Serbia
No full textHealthy and true-to-type plant planting material is essential for successful agricultural production. Vegetatively propagated species, such as fruits, are particularly endangered as many pathogens are transmitted through this type of propagation. The certification program for the production of fruit planting material in Serbia started in the mid-2000s. This was the pioneer effort in the country to establish the program and obtain plant material that satisfied all international and newly established national plant material production standards. Since 2005, a total of 26 plum cultivars were introduced into the program. The certification was based on the evaluation of the candidate clones and included the analysis of plants for the presence of prescribed pathogens and their pomological observations. As a result, a nuclear stock of 25 plums, including domestic, autochthonous, and foreign cultivars with a total number of 155 plants was obtained at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak
Antimikrobna aktivnost plodova evropske šljive (Prunus domestica L.) u zavisnosti od nadmorske visine
No full textThe research aimed to establish the antimicrobial activity of plum fruits in inhibiting the development of selected bacteria and fungi strains. Eight plum cultivars (‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Timočanka’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’, ‘Mildora’, ‘Krina’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Stanley’) from two different growing locations (300 and 550 m altitudes) were included in the study. Antimicrobial activity of the plum extract was determined using the microdilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration – MIC). The antimicrobial activity significantly varied among the tested cultivars and altitudes. The cultivars showed different antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging from 21.97 to 195.31 μg ml-1 and antifungal activity ranging from 21.97 to 63.49 μg ml-1. Depending on the altitude, antibacterial activity in the plum fruits ranged from 19.53 to 260.41 μg ml-1, and antifungal activity varied from 19.53 to 97.67 μg ml-1. In general, plum fruits showed the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. The obtained results suggested that plum fruits have significant antimicrobial activity, which can contribute to the global acceptance of plums as a functional food.Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi antimikrobna aktivnost plodova šljive na inhibiciju razvoja odabranih sojeva bakterija i gljivica. Eksperimentom je obuhvaćeno osam sorti šljiva (Čačanska rana, Čačanska lepotica, Timočanka, Čačanska najbolja, Mildora, Krina, Čačanska rodna i Stanley) i dve različite lokacije gajenja sa različitom nadmorskom visinom (300 i 550 m). Antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakta šljive određena je primenom mikrodilucione metode (minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija – MIC). Antimikrobna aktivnost je varirala između ispitivanih sorti i nadmorskih visina. Sorte su pokazale različitu antibakterijsku aktivnost, sa vrednostima MIC u rasponu od 21,97 do195,31 μg ml-1 i antifungalnu aktivnost u rasponu od 21,97 do 63,49 μg ml-1. U zavisnosti od nadmorske visine, antibakterijska aktivnost u plodovima šljive kretala se od 19,53 do 260,41 μg ml-1, dok je antifungalna aktivnost varirala od 19,53 do 97,67 μg ml-1. Generalno, plodovi šljive su pokazali najveću aktivnost protiv Escherichia coli i Aspergillus niger. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da plodovi šljive imaju značajnu antimikrobnu aktivnost, što može doprineti globalnom prihvatanju šljive kao funkcionalno zdrave hrane
Molecular detection and characterization of cherry virus a in Prunus species in Serbia
No full textStone fruits (plums, apricots, peaches, and cherries) are economically important species for Serbian agriculture. These fruits harbor numerous viruses that can decrease yield and fruit quality. Cherry virus A (CVA), a member of the genus Capillovirus, was discovered during the cloning of the little cherry agent. CVA is widely distributed in more than 10 countries in sweet and sour cherries, but also in other Prunus hosts. So far, CVA has been confirmed in Serbia in sweet and sour cherries. A total of 106 leaf samples from 31 orchards in 22 locations were collected and examined to determine the prevalence of CVA in stone fruit orchards in Serbia. Great majority of leaf samples were symptomless, but some exhibited symptoms of chlorotic mottling, necrotic spots, and vein necrosis. Samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a virus-specific primer pair CVA-fw1/CVA-rev1 that amplify a fragment of the movement protein (MP) gene. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel and stained with ethidium-bromide. To further access diversity of the detected isolates, we sequenced a partial MP of four detected isolates. The results of the RT-PCR revealed that 13 samples (12.3%) were infected with CVA. An expected 302 bp fragment was obtained in eight tested samples of sweet cherry, three apricot, and two plums. No positive amplification was evidenced in analyzed sour cherry and peach samples. CVA was detected in both asymptomatic and symptomatic samples. In all positive samples with symptoms, mixed infection with other viruses (prune dwarf virus, little cherry virus 1, and cherry green ring mottle virus) was detected. It is still unclear whether CVA is associated with any of the observed symptoms. The nucleotide sequences of the isolates showed 89.7–99.6% identity. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of cherry virus A in apricots and plums in Serbia