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Online manipuláció: a humán döntéshozás meghackelése és manipulációs technikák a digitális világban
Get PDFSince the emergence of the Cambridge Analytica scandal, there has been much discussion about online manipulation in the academic field. We have begun to understand the mechanisms of online manipulation – how behavioural science, Big Data technology and microtargeting work together – but we can only speculate about its effectiveness. In this paper, I illustrate the concept of manipulation through some examples taken from recent years, to give an insight into the mechanism of mass online political manipulation: how does it work, why is it not comparable to traditional advertising or media manipulation? What are the key elements of the process? I will briefly describe the field and methods of Big Data and data mining, and the process that provides the algorithm, enabling microtargeting.A Cambridge Analytica botránya óta sok vita folyik az online manipulációról a tudományos életben. Elkezdtük megérteni az online manipuláció mechanizmusát – hogyan működik együtt a viselkedéstudomány, a big data technológia és a mikrotargeting –, de csak találgatni tudunk a hatékonyságáról. Ebben a tanulmányban néhány, az elmúlt évekből vett példán keresztül szemléltetem a manipuláció fogalmát, hogy bepillantást nyerjünk a tömeges online politikai manipuláció mechanizmusába: hogyan működik, miért nem hasonlítható össze a hagyományos reklám- vagy médiamanipulációval? Melyek a folyamat kulcsfontosságú elemei? Röviden bemutatom a big data és az adatbányászat területét és módszereit, valamint azt a folyamatot, amely az algoritmust biztosítja, lehetővé teszi a mikrotargetinget
Új képzési módszerek alkalmazásának tapasztalatai a Nemzetbiztonsági Szakszolgálatnál
Get PDFThe development of technical possibilities, the entrance of new generations into the labor market, and the challenges presented by recent pandemics have created an environment that necessitates the provision of training opportunities for newcomers to the profession. It also highlights the need for advanced training opportunities for those already pursuing careers in civilian national security, incorporating new training methods alongside traditional educational solutions. According to the traditional paradigm, the knowledge required to complete the career circle should be provided through theoretical education, which includes lectures, notes, exams, with strict control over attendance, preparation, and the clarity of examinations. However, merely transferring these solutions to electronic interfaces represents a step forward but does not, in itself, effect any real change. A genuine breakthrough occurs when the focus shifts to the students—considering their needs and characteristics—prioritizing the user-friendly creation of learning opportunities over rigid learning constraints. This approach emphasizes competence development over simple knowledge transfer, interaction over mere communication, multimodal experiences over plain speech, gamification over obligation, practical application over memorization, and partner involvement over authoritarian teaching. This study summarizes our practical experiences with these innovative training methods.A technikai lehetőségek fejlődése, az új generációk munkaerőpiacra lépése, illetve az elmúlt évek pandémiás kihívásai együttesen olyan közeget teremtettek, amelyek nélkülözhetetlenné tették, hogy a hagyományos oktatási megoldások mellett új szemléletű képzési módszerekkel próbáljuk meg biztosítani a pályára lépők számára a betanulást, illetve a már polgári nemzetbiztonsági pályán lévők számára a továbbképzési lehetőségeket. A hagyományos paradigma szerint a pályakör betöltéséhez szükséges ismereteket elméleti oktatással, előadásokkal, jegyzetekkel, vizsgákkal kell biztosítani, miközben szigorúan ellenőrizni kell a részvételt, a felkészülést és a számonkérés tisztaságát. Egy lépést jelent előre, de érdemi változást önmagában nem hoz, amikor ugyanezeket a megoldásokat elektronikus felületekre helyezik át. Az igazi áttörést az jelenti, amikor magukat a tanulókat, az ő igényeiket és sajátosságaikat sikerül fókuszba helyezni. Amikor a tanulásra szorítás helyett a tanulás lehetőségének felhasználóbarát megteremtése válik elsődlegessé. Az ismeretátadás helyett a kompetenciafejlesztés, a közlés helyett az interakció, a beszéd helyett a multimodális megtapasztalás, a kötelezés helyett a gamifikáció, az emlékezettesztelés helyett a gyakorlati alkalmazás, az oktatói hatalom helyett a partneri bevonás. A tanulmány az új képzési módszerekkel kapcsolatos gyakorlati tapasztalatainkat foglalja össze
Az autonóm közúti gépjárművek kiberbiztonsági aspektusa és társadalmi megítélése 1. rész
Get PDFWith the rise of embedded technologies and wireless capabilities, today’s vehicles are no longer isolated mechanical machines. They are becoming part of an interconnected system in which vehicles are constantly communicating with their individual system components in an internal network, as well as with each other and with the traffic control centre. This set of interconnected data is called a self-driving traffic management system. This system has the potential to support the future deployment of autonomous transport and to use artificial intelligence to significantly improve the safety, efficiency and sustainability oftransport. However, the emergence of autonomous means of transport raises new security issues that make the whole system a potential target for cyber security attacks, which could endanger both transport safety and human life.A beépített technológiai megoldások és a vezeték nélküli képességek elterjedésével a mai járművek már nem elszigetelt mechanikus gépek. Egy összekapcsolt rendszer részévé válnak, amelyben folyamatosan kommunikálnak a járművek egyes rendszerelemei egy belső hálózatban, továbbá a járművek egymással és a forgalomirányítási központtal egyaránt. Ezen összekapcsolt adatok halmazát nevezzük önvezető közlekedési eszközök irányítási rendszerének. Ez a rendszer képes támogatni az autonóm közlekedés jövőbeli bevezetését, és a mesterséges intelligencia használatával jelentősen javítani lehet a közlekedés biztonságát, hatékonyságát és fenntarthatóságát. Az autonóm közlekedési eszközök megjelenése azonban új biztonsági kérdéseket vet fel, amelyek az egész rendszert potenciális célponttá teszik a kiberbiztonsági támadásoknak, ezek pedig mind a közlekedés biztonságát, mind pedig az emberi életet veszélyeztethetik
Észak-Korea kiberképességei az északkelet-ázsiai régió műveleti környezetében
Get PDFThe paper discusses the organisational structure of cyber capabilities and a hypothetical cyber warfare strategy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as the DPRK or North Korea). It aims to provide a holistic view of North Korean offensive cyberspace activities in the context of security policy in the Northeast Asian region, with a particular focus on the risks posed by strategic cooperation with the People’s Republic of China. The research was based on secondary data collection through analysis of academic literature, press reports and publicly available case studies.A tanulmány bemutatja a Koreai Népi Demokratikus Köztársaság (továbbiakban KNDK vagy Észak-Korea) kiberképességeinek szervezeti felépítését és feltételezhető kiberhadviselési stratégiáját. A kutatás célja, hogy átfogó képet adjon Észak-Korea offenzív kibertéri tevékenységének biztonságpolitikai összefüggéseiről az északkeletázsiai régió vonatkozásában, különös tekintettel a Kínai Népköztársasággal történő stratégiai együttműködés jelentette kockázatokra. A kutatás szekunder adatgyűjtésre épült a rendelkezésre álló szakirodalom, sajtóhírek és esetpéldák elemzésével
The Potential Indirect Impact of the European Citizens’ Initiative on EU Legislation: The Example of the Initiative to Ban Glyphosate
Get PDFThe EU re-authorisation of glyphosate, the active substance used in plant protection products, has once again highlighted the issues and problems associated with the active substance in 2023. The main source of tension is that the active substance was classified as a potential carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2015, but the EU’s competent agencies have not identified any reasons for banning the active substance. Despite calls from civil society for removing glyphosate from the internal market, the European Commission has refused to ban the substance from the internal market. The aim of this paper is to present in more detail the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) to ban glyphosate and the Commission’s response to the initiative. The European Citizens’ Initiative is a legal instrument that gives EU citizens the opportunity to express their will on a specific issue or policy question. Thus, through the citizens’ initiative, it is possible to channel the demands of EU citizens into the legislative process. An analysis of the measures taken in response to the initiative, that aimed to ban glyphosate shows that an ECI can not only have a direct impact, but can also have an indirect trigger effect in terms of getting the Commission to pay attention to an important issue. The result of this indirect trigger effect may be that, after a longer period of time, the Commission finally initiates legislation on the subject of a particular ECI
The Different Angles of the European Democracy: Chances and Challenges of Achieving Democratic Legitimacy in Europe
Get PDFThe history of the institutionalised cooperation in Europe now looks back to more than seven decades. What differentiates this cooperation from other international organisations is the common heritage and destiny the European countries share and the community they have found in a high level of integration. However, since the very beginning of this cooperation, there have been debates about the best method and way to express common European positions. Part of this debate is the question of the democratic legitimacy of the Union institutions. As it is set out in Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union, democracy is not only a fundamental value of the Member States, but also an expectation towards the European Union. Even though the institutional setting of the European democracy has gone a long way in the past seven decades, the question of democratic legitimacy is still being one of the key subjects and future challenges within the framework of the currently ongoing discussions on the future of Europe. There is no shortage of reform proposals, nevertheless, the main debate has been rather one-sided as it envisions only one avenue to decrease the so-called “democratic deficit” and strengthen the European policy space. What is the function of democracy in the context of the European integration and how can it represent a European position or serve as a check over the Union institutions? What institutions could be able to create a bridge between the peoples of the Member States and the European institutions? This paper seeks to outline the different responses to these questions. To this end, it outlines the theoretical background and institutional evolution of democratic legitimacy in the European integration while seeks to evaluate the current proposals and envision the alternative ones
Pope Leo XIII’s Legacy in European Union Law: – The Origin and Practice of the Subsidiarity Principle in European Union Decision-Making
Get PDFThe principle of subsidiarity, which also appeared in antiquity, was refined and perfected by the Catholic Church. The essence of the principle of subsidiarity is to ensure that decision-making takes place as close as possible to the individuals, thus avoiding unnecessary centralisation and encouraging effective decentralisation. The rationale behind this principle is the recognition that higher levels of government do not always have an adequate level of insight or understanding of local realities, and that decision-making should therefore be taken at the lowest possible level of authority to achieve the best quality of governance.The principle of subsidiarity is a fundamental principle of the European Union’s decision-making system. A return to subsidiarity can play an important role in the constitutional disputes that have been revived in recent years between national constitutional courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. This paper analyses the evolution of the subsidiarity principle in EU decision-making and the institutions and procedures that are supposed to guarantee its application. By examining the political and legal enforceability of the principle of subsidiarity, the paper draws conclusions on the present state of the enforcement of the principle and makes some proposals for the future
Post-2027 Cohesion Policy for All: A Need for Reinforcing Territorial Dimension
Get PDFThe uneven development and territorial disparities in the European Union (EU) have been increasing for years and has now reached a level that increasingly threatens its economic and social cohesion as well as the political stability. Cohesion policy is therefore more important than ever to ensure the competitiveness and cohesion of the EU. Based on the critical overview of the relevant literature, policy documents, conceptions and narratives, the paper argues for a renewed cohesion policy with reinforced territorial dimension, that should focus on place-based strategies, keep balance between efficiency and equity, as well as capable working together with other EU and national policies and initiatives
Demographic Shifts and Economic Challenges in the European Union: Addressing the Impact of Aging Populations on Social Security, Healthcare and Labour Markets
Get PDFThis study explores the significant demographic shifts and economic challenges faced by the European Union (EU), focusing on the implications of an ageing population. As life expectancy increases and birth rates decline, the proportion of elderly individuals in the EU rises, placing substantial pressure on social security, healthcare systems and labour markets. This paper examines the multifaceted impacts of these demographic changes, including the strain on healthcare services and pension schemes, the potential for economic growth through the productivity of senior employees, and the necessity for holistic strategies that address regional and national variations. Additionally, the research delves into the effects of the Covid–19 pandemic on demographic trends, highlighting the need for proactive policies to support an ageing populace. Through a comprehensive analysis of demographic data, labour market trends and policy initiatives, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the repercussions of an ageing population and proposes strategic measures to mitigate the associated challenges while leveraging opportunities for economic development and innovation