University Scientific Journals (Univ. of Gdansk)
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Polish Galician Fiction Before and After the War. Bruno Schulz in the Context of Holocaust Literature
Get PDFReflections on Slovak Customs Legislation From the Perspective of the EU Customs Union
Get PDFThe customs law system within the EU Customs Union is characterized by the coexistence of EU law and national legislation respecting the primacy of EU law. The above-mentioned basic premise led the authors to a deeper reflection on the significance of Slovak customs legislation. In this context, the scientific publication first emphasizes the basic starting points of the legal regulation of the EU customs area in general, such as the exclusive competences of the EU in the customs area and in the common commercial policy and the legal basis of the EU customs union directly in primary law. Subsequently, the authors provide a comparative and historical view of the Slovak legal regulation of customs law in the period before and after the accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU. In conclusion, the authors summarize the basic impacts of the existence of the EU customs union on Slovak legislation in a positive and negative sense
Skeumorfizm w bursztyniarstwie neolitycznym: naśladownictwo siekier i toporów
Get PDFAmong amber artefacts originating in the Neolithic period (ca. 4000–1750 BCE) in the western and southern regions of the Baltic Sea basin are imitations of axeheads and hammerheads. These objects replicate tools that, during that era, were typically crafted from flint, stone, and occasionally copper. This trend in amber craftsmanship, based on imitating human-made objects, marks a significant departure from the Mesolithic artistic tradition (9th–5th millennium BCE), during which representations in amber predominantly depicted elements of the natural world, foremost animals. Amber skeuomorphs of axe- and hammerheads began to appear around 3300 BCE within the Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, Corded Ware, and Battle Axe cultures. These items faithfully reproduce the shapes of their flint and stone counterparts characteristic of the archaeological cultures listed above. However, they are also generally smaller in size and feature perforations, suggesting their intended use as adornments – such as beads or pendants for necklaces – rather than functional tools. Given these attributes and the physical properties of amber, these objects could not have served practical purposes akin to their stone, flint, or metal prototypes. In addition to their decorative role, these amber artefacts likely carried symbolic meanings, referencing the tools they imitate – tools that may also have functioned as weapons. While flint axes were utilitarian implements essential for daily labour, and thus highly valued by Neolithic farming communities in the densely forested landscapes of Northern Europe, stone battle axes appear to have transcended mere practicality. Often elaborately decorated, with blunt edges and perforations too small for effective handles, they are interpreted by some scholars as ceremonial or symbolic weapons. Nevertheless, examples of more utilitarian stone axes bearing signs of damage and repair are also known, indicating that such items may sometimes indeed have been used in work or combat. However, determining the specific impacts of strikes to soft tissue or bone on such tools remains methodologically challenging. Archaeological evidence points to a period of societal disruption among Neolithic communities linked to climatic changes at the end of the 4th millennium BCE – coinciding with the emergence of the first amber skeuomorphs. Under these conditions, processes such as migration, competition for land, and armed conflict likely intensified. Amber, as a rare and visually striking mate rial, fashioned into forms evoking axe- or hammerheads traditionally used within specific communities, may have served as a medium for expressing group identity and social affiliation. The symbolic resonance of these items likely extended into the spiritual realm. Linguistic studies, for example, suggest that words such as “thunder” and “sky” may derive from terms originally associated with “sharpened stone/ flint tools”. Cosmological beliefs and conceptions of the forces governing the world permeated social life, and through their symbolic associations, axes and hatchets could have functioned as insignia or talismans among individuals or groups seeking authority or prestige. Current research does not yet allow for a definitive interpretation of the roles and meanings of amber beads and pendants shaped as axe- and hammerheads. It remains unclear whether amber beads and pendants shaped like axe- and hammerheads had a single, fixed role and meaning, or whether their symbol ism and use were broader.Among amber artefacts originating in the Neolithic period (ca. 4000–1750 BCE) in the western and southern regions of the Baltic Sea basin are imitations of axeheads and hammerheads. These objects replicate tools that, during that era, were typically crafted from flint, stone, and occasionally copper. This trend in amber craftsmanship, based on imitating human-made objects, marks a significant departure from the Mesolithic artistic tradition (9th–5th millennium BCE), during which representations in amber predominantly depicted elements of the natural world, foremost animals. Amber skeuomorphs of axe- and hammerheads began to appear around 3300 BCE within the Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, Corded Ware, and Battle Axe cultures. These items faithfully reproduce the shapes of their flint and stone counterparts characteristic of the archaeological cultures listed above. However, they are also generally smaller in size and feature perforations, suggesting their intended use as adornments – such as beads or pendants for necklaces – rather than functional tools. Given these attributes and the physical properties of amber, these objects could not have served practical purposes akin to their stone, flint, or metal prototypes. In addition to their decorative role, these amber artefacts likely carried symbolic meanings, referencing the tools they imitate – tools that may also have functioned as weapons. While flint axes were utilitarian implements essential for daily labour, and thus highly valued by Neolithic farming communities in the densely forested landscapes of Northern Europe, stone battle axes appear to have transcended mere practicality. Often elaborately decorated, with blunt edges and perforations too small for effective handles, they are interpreted by some scholars as ceremonial or symbolic weapons. Nevertheless, examples of more utilitarian stone axes bearing signs of damage and repair are also known, indicating that such items may sometimes indeed have been used in work or combat. However, determining the specific impacts of strikes to soft tissue or bone on such tools remains methodologically challenging. Archaeological evidence points to a period of societal disruption among Neolithic communities linked to climatic changes at the end of the 4th millennium BCE – coinciding with the emergence of the first amber skeuomorphs. Under these conditions, processes such as migration, competition for land, and armed conflict likely intensified. Amber, as a rare and visually striking mate rial, fashioned into forms evoking axe- or hammerheads traditionally used within specific communities, may have served as a medium for expressing group identity and social affiliation. The symbolic resonance of these items likely extended into the spiritual realm. Linguistic studies, for example, suggest that words such as “thunder” and “sky” may derive from terms originally associated with “sharpened stone/ flint tools”. Cosmological beliefs and conceptions of the forces governing the world permeated social life, and through their symbolic associations, axes and hatchets could have functioned as insignia or talismans among individuals or groups seeking authority or prestige. Current research does not yet allow for a definitive interpretation of the roles and meanings of amber beads and pendants shaped as axe- and hammerheads. It remains unclear whether amber beads and pendants shaped like axe- and hammerheads had a single, fixed role and meaning, or whether their symbol ism and use were broader.Wśród wyrobów bursztynowych wywodzących się z neolitu (ok. 4000−1750 p.n.e.) w zachodniej i południowej części basenu Morza Bałtyckiego można znaleźć imitacje siekier i toporów w tamtym okresie wytwarzanych w krzemienia i kamienia, a czasem także miedzi. Stylistyka bursztyniarska oparta na naśladownictwie wytworów rąk ludzkich stanowi całkowity zwrot w stosunku do sztuki mezolitu (ok. IX–V tysiąclecie p.n.e.), kiedy to głównie przedstawiano w bursztynie przyrodę – zwierzęta. Skeumorfy siekier i toporów wykonane w bursztynie pojawiają się począwszy od ok. 3300 p.n.e. w kulturach pucharów lejkowatych, amfor kulistych, ceramiki sznurowej i toporów bojowych, każdorazowo wiernie odzwierciedlając kształt ich kamiennych i krzemiennych odpowiedników właściwych tym kulturom. Mają jednak mniejsze rozmiary i perforacje umożliwiające ich noszenie jako ozdób, np. paciorków w naszyjniku czy zawieszek. Ze względu na te cechy oraz właściwości surowca, z którego zostały wykonane – bursztynu, nie mogły one pełnić funkcji utylitarnych, tak jak siekiery i topory kamienne lub krzemienne.
Rola tych bursztynowych przedmiotów, poza zdobieniem ubioru, najpewniej sprowadzała się do symbolizowania pewnych treści kojarzonych ze wspomnianymi narzędziami, potencjalnie wykorzystywanymi również jako broń. O ile krzemienne siekiery stanowiły przedmioty codziennej pracy, które ze względu na swoją przydatność przedstawiały zapewne dużą wartość dla neolitycznych osadników‑rolników w warunkach gęstego zalesienia północnej Europy, o tyle kamienne topory bojowe wykraczają poza sferę czysto utylitarną. Są one często zdobione, posiadają tępe ostrza nie noszące śladów użytkowania, a niewielkie otwory na rękojeści nie pozwoliłyby na ich efektywne wykorzystanie. Z tych powodów niektórzy badacze traktują je jako broń symboliczno‑paradną. Niemniej jednak znane są przykłady toporów kamiennych o mniej wyszukanej formie, które noszą ślady uszkodzeń i napraw. Niewykluczone zatem, że przedmioty te mogły być w pewnych sytuacjach wykorzystywane do pracy lub w walce, choć trudno jest określić, jak uderzenia o tkanki miękkie i kości mogłyby wpłynąć na ich ostrza.
Dane archeologiczne wskazują na kryzys, jaki miał dotknąć społeczności neolityczne w związku ze zmianami klimatycznymi pod koniec IV tysiąclecia p.n.e., czyli w okresie powstawania pierwszych bursztynowych skeumorfów. W tych warunkach mogło dochodzić do migracji, rywalizacji o ziemię i niepokojów przybierających postać konfliktów zbrojnych. Bursztyn jako substancja rzadko występująca, dodatkowo uformowana na wzór siekier i toporów tradycyjnie wykorzystywanych w określonej społeczności, mógł służyć do wyrażania tożsamości oraz identyfikacji współplemieńców. Symbolika tych przedmiotów prawdopodobnie dotykała także wierzeń, na co wskazują badania lingwistyczne wywodzące takie terminy jak „grom” i „niebo” od „zaostrzonych narzędzi z kamienia/krzemienia”. Wyobrażenia na temat kosmologii i sił rządzących światem przenikały do innych sfer życia społecznego, i poprzez swoją symbolikę siekiery i topory mogły znajdować zastosowanie wśród przedstawicieli grup dążących do władzy, np. jako insygnia czy talizmany. Jednakże trudno na obecnym etapie badań określić, czy bursztynowe paciorki oraz zawieszki w kształcie siekier i toporów spełniały tylko jedną funkcję, czy też ich symbolika oraz zakres zastosowań były szersze
Model of quality of life in a group of people with chronic low back pain
Get PDFBackground:Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the leading causes of a reduction in the quality of life (QoL). Various methods ef-fectively improve patients’ performance and coping with their symptoms in the short term. The lack of focus on psychologi-cal factors, thus overlooking an important element of the holistic model, may result in the modest long-term improvement. The present study aimed to test the relationships between the variables in Wilson and Cleary’s QoL model in a CLBP group and to compare them to a nonpain group.Participants and procedure:Data were obtained from 177 people with CLBP and 160 nonpain participants. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which a multi-module self-administered questionnaire examining biological factors, personality traits, personal values, body assessment, symptoms of depression and anxiety, functional status, general perception of health, life satisfaction, received social support, economic support, satisfaction of health care and sociodemographic factors was adopted.Results:Multiple regression models were able to explain 48.4% of the variance of QoL in the CLBP group and 30.9% in the nonpain group. Statistically significant predictors in the CLBP model were the severity of anxiety, emotional stability, receiving social support, and general health assessment and emotional stability in the nonpain group.Conclusions:The study has enabled an initial exploratory analysis of the Wilson and Cleary model in a CLBP group. The list of factors determining the QoL should be extended to include emotional stability, social and economic support. Further research is needed to explain the relationships between variables in the model.Background:Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the leading causes of a reduction in the quality of life (QoL). Various methods ef-fectively improve patients’ performance and coping with their symptoms in the short term. The lack of focus on psychologi-cal factors, thus overlooking an important element of the holistic model, may result in the modest long-term improvement. The present study aimed to test the relationships between the variables in Wilson and Cleary’s QoL model in a CLBP group and to compare them to a nonpain group.Participants and procedure:Data were obtained from 177 people with CLBP and 160 nonpain participants. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which a multi-module self-administered questionnaire examining biological factors, personality traits, personal values, body assessment, symptoms of depression and anxiety, functional status, general perception of health, life satisfaction, received social support, economic support, satisfaction of health care and sociodemographic factors was adopted.Results:Multiple regression models were able to explain 48.4% of the variance of QoL in the CLBP group and 30.9% in the nonpain group. Statistically significant predictors in the CLBP model were the severity of anxiety, emotional stability, receiving social support, and general health assessment and emotional stability in the nonpain group.Conclusions:The study has enabled an initial exploratory analysis of the Wilson and Cleary model in a CLBP group. The list of factors determining the QoL should be extended to include emotional stability, social and economic support. Further research is needed to explain the relationships between variables in the model
Person-environment fit, turnover intention and satisfaction with life. The role of seniority
Get PDFBackground:Based on the person-environment fit model, we examined how occupational stress and job satisfaction are correlated with an intention to leave the current workplace or profession and life satisfaction in two groups of midwives with low and high experience.Participants and procedure:Data were collected between March and December 2022 using a set of psychological questionnaires. Low-experienced mid-wives (n = 152) and high-experienced midwives (n = 174) participated in the study. Multigroup path analysis was used to analyze the data.Results:Research has shown that midwives of varying levels of seniority experience similar levels of general occupational stress, job satisfaction, intentions to leave their current workplace or profession, and life satisfaction. The study found a negative corre-lation between occupational stress and job satisfaction and life satisfaction in both groups. The correlation between job satisfaction and the intention to leave the current workplace or profession was significantly negative only among low-experienced midwives. In high-experienced midwives, the relationship between stress and the intention to leave the current workplace or profession was direct. In the group of low-experienced midwives, links between occupational stress and all outcome variables were completely mediated by job satisfaction.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that degree of person-environment fit accurately predicts the positive and negative consequences of working conditions for behavior both at work and outside of work. The correlations between stress at work, thoughts of leaving work, and the assessment of well-being differ between low- and high-experienced employees.Background:Based on the person-environment fit model, we examined how occupational stress and job satisfaction are correlated with an intention to leave the current workplace or profession and life satisfaction in two groups of midwives with low and high experience.Participants and procedure:Data were collected between March and December 2022 using a set of psychological questionnaires. Low-experienced mid-wives (n = 152) and high-experienced midwives (n = 174) participated in the study. Multigroup path analysis was used to analyze the data.Results:Research has shown that midwives of varying levels of seniority experience similar levels of general occupational stress, job satisfaction, intentions to leave their current workplace or profession, and life satisfaction. The study found a negative corre-lation between occupational stress and job satisfaction and life satisfaction in both groups. The correlation between job satisfaction and the intention to leave the current workplace or profession was significantly negative only among low-experienced midwives. In high-experienced midwives, the relationship between stress and the intention to leave the current workplace or profession was direct. In the group of low-experienced midwives, links between occupational stress and all outcome variables were completely mediated by job satisfaction.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that degree of person-environment fit accurately predicts the positive and negative consequences of working conditions for behavior both at work and outside of work. The correlations between stress at work, thoughts of leaving work, and the assessment of well-being differ between low- and high-experienced employees
From Bytes to Jobs: Decoding Bosnia and Herzegovina's Employment Puzzle Through Fdi and Ict
No full textThe article analyses the features of the usage of cloning technology in the electoral practice of modern Ukraine. The authors have considered clone candidates during the elections as a subspecies of technical candidates. The author’s typology of clone candidates that can be used in election campaigns has been proposed. Based on the analysis of the 2019 parliamentary election campaign in Ukraine, the peculiarities of the participation of clone candidates in the election race have been demonstrated. The authors have concluded that the cloning technology during elections is not illegal phenomenon, but violates moral and ethical principles, as it involves manipulation and may ultimately lead to significant distortion of the results of the will of voters. Researchers emphasize that the main condition for neutralizing the impact of cloning technology on the course and results of elections is the presence of a high level of electoral culture of voters.The article analyses the features of the usage of cloning technology in the electoral practice of modern Ukraine. The authors have considered clone candidates during the elections as a subspecies of technical candidates. The author’s typology of clone candidates that can be used in election campaigns has been proposed. Based on the analysis of the 2019 parliamentary election campaign in Ukraine, the peculiarities of the participation of clone candidates in the election race have been demonstrated. The authors have concluded that the cloning technology during elections is not illegal phenomenon, but violates moral and ethical principles, as it involves manipulation and may ultimately lead to significant distortion of the results of the will of voters. Researchers emphasize that the main condition for neutralizing the impact of cloning technology on the course and results of elections is the presence of a high level of electoral culture of voters
Impact of Expected Risks of Wage-Price Spiral on Sustainable Economic Development of the State
Get PDFAim of the article. The examination of spiral development hazards is crucial for inflation analysis and forecasting. The growth of the wage-price spiral danger is seen by international organizations as one of the major concerns. Because of this, the paper's goal is to examine the dynamics of changes in prices and wages in order to identify warning signals of impending danger and provide suitable remedies.
Methods. Quantitative analysis of primary, secondary and tertiary sources is used in this paper. It was possible to find and confirm common findings in the research process by comparing data obtained from different types of sources through the triangulation technique.
Results and Conclusions. Recent labor market changes and potential pay pressure on prices have gained prominence in terms of local inflation, raising the possibility of a wage-price spiral. The dangers associated with inflation are still very considerable, even with the recent improvements. It is anticipated that the industrialized nations' central banks would tighten financial conditions even further in the context of a high rate of inflation worldwide. For nations with emerging and expanding economies, the global financial conditions have tightened dramatically, increasing the sovereign risk premium and raising the possibility of further inflationary pressure. Georgia is susceptible to world events since it is a tiny nation with an open economy. Furthermore, recent pay growth in the local labor market has outpaced productivity growth, which highlights labor market inflationary pressures. Thus, maintaining low inflation expectations continues to be a significant task.Aim of the article. The examination of spiral development hazards is crucial for inflation analysis and forecasting. The growth of the wage-price spiral danger is seen by international organizations as one of the major concerns. Because of this, the paper's goal is to examine the dynamics of changes in prices and wages in order to identify warning signals of impending danger and provide suitable remedies.
Methods. Quantitative analysis of primary, secondary and tertiary sources is used in this paper. It was possible to find and confirm common findings in the research process by comparing data obtained from different types of sources through the triangulation technique.
Results and Conclusions. Recent labor market changes and potential pay pressure on prices have gained prominence in terms of local inflation, raising the possibility of a wage-price spiral. The dangers associated with inflation are still very considerable, even with the recent improvements. It is anticipated that the industrialized nations' central banks would tighten financial conditions even further in the context of a high rate of inflation worldwide. For nations with emerging and expanding economies, the global financial conditions have tightened dramatically, increasing the sovereign risk premium and raising the possibility of further inflationary pressure. Georgia is susceptible to world events since it is a tiny nation with an open economy. Furthermore, recent pay growth in the local labor market has outpaced productivity growth, which highlights labor market inflationary pressures. Thus, maintaining low inflation expectations continues to be a significant task
Shamans study shamanism: The world in the podcasts of Mongolian shamans
Get PDFThe article analyses the social media activity of selected Mongolian shamans intended for dissemination of what they believe to be the correct knowledge about Mongolian shamanism. The Internet is a tool that, combined with their own creativity, allows themto convey aspects of this phenomenon that are difficult to verbalize. On the one hand, the shamans present a great diversity, make use of different ideas (tradition, heritage, Buddhism), and are open to global movements such as neo-shamanism or environmentalism, but on the other hand, their statements exhibit some common, recurring elements aboutthe complex interdependence of human and non-human beings in a hierarchical cosmic system. This analysis is a voice in the discussion on the production of knowledge in various discourses, an attempt to incorporate the ontology of the “subject” into ethnographic theories, inspired by the work of philosophically oriented anthropologists.The article analyses the social media activity of selected Mongolian shamans intended for dissemination of what they believe to be the correct knowledge about Mongolian shamanism. The Internet is a tool that, combined with their own creativity, allows themto convey aspects of this phenomenon that are difficult to verbalize. On the one hand, the shamans present a great diversity, make use of different ideas (tradition, heritage, Buddhism), and are open to global movements such as neo-shamanism or environmentalism, but on the other hand, their statements exhibit some common, recurring elements aboutthe complex interdependence of human and non-human beings in a hierarchical cosmic system. This analysis is a voice in the discussion on the production of knowledge in various discourses, an attempt to incorporate the ontology of the “subject” into ethnographic theories, inspired by the work of philosophically oriented anthropologists.The article analyses the social media activity of selected Mongolian shamans intended for dissemination of what they believe to be the correct knowledge about Mongolian shamanism. The Internet is a tool that, combined with their own creativity, allows themto convey aspects of this phenomenon that are difficult to verbalize. On the one hand, the shamans present a great diversity, make use of different ideas (tradition, heritage, Buddhism), and are open to global movements such as neo-shamanism or environmentalism, but on the other hand, their statements exhibit some common, recurring elements aboutthe complex interdependence of human and non-human beings in a hierarchical cosmic system. This analysis is a voice in the discussion on the production of knowledge in various discourses, an attempt to incorporate the ontology of the “subject” into ethnographic theories, inspired by the work of philosophically oriented anthropologists
Rachiljam i duchy. Istoty więcej-niż-ludzkie w życiu i praktyce uzdrowicielskiej ujgurskiej szamanki w Kazachstanie
Get PDFIn this article I analyse, drawing on the perspective of new animism, the complex relations between spiritual healers and more-than-human beings in Central Asia. I focus on the experiences of an Uyghur shamaness, bakhshy Rakhilyam from Kazakhstan, and showthe crucial role of spirits, ancestor spirits in particular, in the practice of a healer. Their power is especially visible in future healers’ acceptance of the spirits’ calling and in the blessing they bestow upon them. Although healers stress the power and agency of the spirits in their “journey,” their bargaining position and cooperation with spiritual beings improves in the next stages of their development. Rakhilyam, who took pains to achieve protection from numerous Muslim spirits as well as saints and gods of other religions, believed in her exceptional spiritual mission and future fame as a great shamaness. Nevertheless, similarlyto other spiritual healers, she stressed her adherence to Islamic religion and morality, which was an obligation imposed by the spirits. As I argue in the text, it is the vitality of ideas and practices commemorating the ancestors that accounts for the durable popularity of spiritual healing in Central Asia, despite the increasing influence of purist Islam in the region which contests such beliefs and practices.In this article I analyse, drawing on the perspective of new animism, the complex relations between spiritual healers and more-than-human beings in Central Asia. I focus on the experiences of an Uyghur shamaness, bakhshy Rakhilyam from Kazakhstan, and showthe crucial role of spirits, ancestor spirits in particular, in the practice of a healer. Their power is especially visible in future healers’ acceptance of the spirits’ calling and in the blessing they bestow upon them. Although healers stress the power and agency of the spirits in their “journey,” their bargaining position and cooperation with spiritual beings improves in the next stages of their development. Rakhilyam, who took pains to achieve protection from numerous Muslim spirits as well as saints and gods of other religions, believed in her exceptional spiritual mission and future fame as a great shamaness. Nevertheless, similarlyto other spiritual healers, she stressed her adherence to Islamic religion and morality, which was an obligation imposed by the spirits. As I argue in the text, it is the vitality of ideas and practices commemorating the ancestors that accounts for the durable popularity of spiritual healing in Central Asia, despite the increasing influence of purist Islam in the region which contests such beliefs and practices.In this article I analyse, drawing on the perspective of new animism, the complex relations between spiritual healers and more-than-human beings in Central Asia. I focus on the experiences of an Uyghur shamaness, bakhshy Rakhilyam from Kazakhstan, and showthe crucial role of spirits, ancestor spirits in particular, in the practice of a healer. Their power is especially visible in future healers’ acceptance of the spirits’ calling and in the blessing they bestow upon them. Although healers stress the power and agency of the spirits in their “journey,” their bargaining position and cooperation with spiritual beings improves in the next stages of their development. Rakhilyam, who took pains to achieve protection from numerous Muslim spirits as well as saints and gods of other religions, believed in her exceptional spiritual mission and future fame as a great shamaness. Nevertheless, similarlyto other spiritual healers, she stressed her adherence to Islamic religion and morality, which was an obligation imposed by the spirits. As I argue in the text, it is the vitality of ideas and practices commemorating the ancestors that accounts for the durable popularity of spiritual healing in Central Asia, despite the increasing influence of purist Islam in the region which contests such beliefs and practices