University Scientific Journals (Univ. of Gdansk)
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Analiza semantyczna zapożyczeń arabskich w języku francuskim poprzez hiszpański jako język pośredni
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to examine the way in which, from a semantic point of view, words have passed from language A to language B by transiting through language C, on the model of the assimilation of Arabic words into French through Spanish. We are establishing a systematic classification of transition processes and their adaptation in two different historical-cultural realities (Spain of Al-Andalus and France), with the aim of examining the extent to which these double loanwords have been modified, and possibly altered. Representative examples have been selected to illustrate each process.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie w jaki sposób, z semantycznego punktu widzenia, słowa przeszły z języka A do języka B, za pośrednictwem języka C, na podstawie asymilacji słów arabskich w języku francuskim poprzez hiszpański. Tworzymy systematyczną klasyfikację procesów przejściowych i ich adaptacji w dwóch różnych realiach historyczno-kulturowych (Hiszpania-Al-Andalus i Francja) w celu zbadania zakresu, w jakim te podwójne zapożyczenia zostały zmodyfikowane i ewentualnie zmienione. Wybraliśmy charakterystyczne przykłady, aby zilustrować każdy proces
Kultura języka z retoryką w kształceniu humanistyczno-społecznym. Zarys problemu
Get PDFThe topic of the text is to indicate the need to promote the culture of language and rhetoric in the context of humanities education. This is one of the ways to prevent the increase in communication disruptions such as trolling, hating or flaming in the media space. The aim is to respond to the socially signaled need to increase the linguistic awareness of interlocutors in the space of mass communication, improve the quality of the culture of the language used in public and strengthen respect for experts in the field of linguistics and social communication. The result of the considerations is an attempt to indicate the need to include teaching the culture of language with rhetoric (primarily the art of argumentation) into the broadly understood education in the humanities and social sciences. Thanks to it, new generations of participants in global media communication will be able to answer key questions: how to speak versus writing in a cultural and ethical way so that we are listened to versus read? And more importantly, they will be able to practice the knowledge acquired in this area.Tematem tekstu jest wskazanie potrzeby promowania kultury języka i retoryki w kontekście kształcenia humanistycznego. To jeden ze sposobów zapobiegania nasileniu się zakłóceń komunikacyjnych, takich jak trolling, hejting czy flaming w przestrzeni medialnej. Celem jest odpowiedź na społecznie sygnalizowaną potrzebę zwiększenia świadomości językowej rozmówców w przestrzeni masowej komunikacji, poprawienie jakości kultury języka, który jest używany publicznie oraz wzmocnienie szacunku wobec ekspertów z zakresu językoznawstwa czy komunikacji społecznej. Efektem rozważań jest próba wskazania konieczności włączenia nauczenia kultury języka z retoryką (przede wszystkim sztuki argumentacji) do szeroko pojętego kształcenia humanistyczno-społecznego. Dzięki niemu nowe pokolenia uczestników globalnej komunikacji medialnej będą potrafiły odpowiedzieć na kluczowe pytania: jak mówić versus pisać w sposób kulturalny i etyczny, żeby nas słuchano versus czytano? A co ważniejsze będą potrafili praktykować zdobytą w tym zakresie wiedzę
The Attitudes Of Slovak University Students Towards Foreign Students: The Case Of Nitra Region
Get PDFThe main aim of this article was to explore the attitudes of Slovak students towards their foreign classmates and then compare them with the perceived attitudes of foreign students. The research was based on an analysis of a questionnaire carried out at Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. The results show the tendency to interpret one's own behaviour more positively than it is perceived by others. Moreover, the analysis revealed some of the causes of a negative attitude towards foreigners. Variables as age and language barrier were confirmed to be significant when forming an attitude towards foreigners.The main aim of this article was to explore the attitudes of Slovak students towards their foreign classmates and then compare them with the perceived attitudes of foreign students. The research was based on an analysis of a questionnaire carried out at Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. The results show the tendency to interpret one's own behaviour more positively than it is perceived by others. Moreover, the analysis revealed some of the causes of a negative attitude towards foreigners. Variables as age and language barrier were confirmed to be significant when forming an attitude towards foreigners
The general factor of personality is related to emotional, psychological, and social well-being
Get PDFBackground:The general factor of personality is defined as a blend of socially desirable attributes of basic personality traits. It is related to a variety of socially desirable qualities, including emotional well-being. However, its relationship with psychological and social well-being has been underexplored.Participants and procedure:Across three studies (N = 556, N = 448, N = 3,294) from three different countries (Poland, Spain, and USA), we show that the general factor of personality is highly related to a general factor of well-being and to its specific dimensions.Results:Results from Study 1 confirmed this association using a basic measure of well-being (i.e., the Mental Health Continuum), results from Study 2 confirmed this association using six specific measures of well-being, while results from Study 3 reproduced a congruent result using a large-scale community sample.Conclusions:Our findings align with the existing literature stressing the positive link between the general factor of personality and aspects of well-being.Background:The general factor of personality is defined as a blend of socially desirable attributes of basic personality traits. It is related to a variety of socially desirable qualities, including emotional well-being. However, its relationship with psychological and social well-being has been underexplored.Participants and procedure:Across three studies (N = 556, N = 448, N = 3,294) from three different countries (Poland, Spain, and USA), we show that the general factor of personality is highly related to a general factor of well-being and to its specific dimensions.Results:Results from Study 1 confirmed this association using a basic measure of well-being (i.e., the Mental Health Continuum), results from Study 2 confirmed this association using six specific measures of well-being, while results from Study 3 reproduced a congruent result using a large-scale community sample.Conclusions:Our findings align with the existing literature stressing the positive link between the general factor of personality and aspects of well-being
Preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QAACE) in Children
Get PDFBackground:This article reports the Polish adaptation of the Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QAACE) by Zoll and Enz – a multidimensional self-report questionnaire used to measure empathy in children aged 8-14. The QAACE is based on a two-factor cognitive-emotional model of empathy. It has a number of international adaptations and offers a convenient Polish-language tool for use with young children and adolescents.Participants and procedure:The sample consisted of 677 children aged 8-13. The survey was conducted on school premises, during classes, by an appro-priately prepared researcher.Results:Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fitting measurement model representing the original underlying factor struc-ture of the QAACE among Polish children. The reliability of the questionnaire as measured by Cronbach’s α and McDon-ald’s ω was good. The reliability of the scale as assessed by the test-retest method (after four weeks) was .80. We assessed the validity of the tool by analyzing the correlation of empathy with love and sadism. General empathy, as well as cogni-tive and affective empathy, is positively related to love. The hypothesis that sadism is significantly related to empathy was also partially confirmed. General empathy and affective empathy are negatively correlated with sadism, while there was no relationship between sadism and cognitive empathy.Conclusions:The questionnaire is the first widely available tool of this type to examine empathy and its components appropriate for chil-dren and adolescents in Poland. The questionnaire can be a useful screening test for detecting children’s level of empathy.Background:This article reports the Polish adaptation of the Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QAACE) by Zoll and Enz – a multidimensional self-report questionnaire used to measure empathy in children aged 8-14. The QAACE is based on a two-factor cognitive-emotional model of empathy. It has a number of international adaptations and offers a convenient Polish-language tool for use with young children and adolescents.Participants and procedure:The sample consisted of 677 children aged 8-13. The survey was conducted on school premises, during classes, by an appro-priately prepared researcher.Results:Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fitting measurement model representing the original underlying factor struc-ture of the QAACE among Polish children. The reliability of the questionnaire as measured by Cronbach’s α and McDon-ald’s ω was good. The reliability of the scale as assessed by the test-retest method (after four weeks) was .80. We assessed the validity of the tool by analyzing the correlation of empathy with love and sadism. General empathy, as well as cogni-tive and affective empathy, is positively related to love. The hypothesis that sadism is significantly related to empathy was also partially confirmed. General empathy and affective empathy are negatively correlated with sadism, while there was no relationship between sadism and cognitive empathy.Conclusions:The questionnaire is the first widely available tool of this type to examine empathy and its components appropriate for chil-dren and adolescents in Poland. The questionnaire can be a useful screening test for detecting children’s level of empathy
Individual differences and personality traits across situations
Get PDFBackground:According to the Big Five theory, personality can be classified into five traits (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, conscientious-ness, agreeableness, and openness), and past research showed that situations impact personality. In the present study, (1) we measured which of these five personality traits changed according to different situations and (2) tested whether the across-situation variability (ASV; i.e., a continuous variable showing how much people change their personality traits ac-cording to situations) was significantly connected with specific personality domains, revealing a potential marker of person-ality disturbance.Participants and procedure:We recruited 80 participants (40 women) to complete the five situation-version (family, work, friends, romantic partner, and hobbies/leisure) of the Big Five Inventory to measure whether personality traits significantly changed across these situa-tions. In addition, we ran a network analysis to reveal how the ASV is related to personality traits.Results:The findings showed that all traits significantly changed across the situations, except openness, which remained stable. The network analysis revealed that the ASV variable was especially connected with conscientiousness (in romantic partner and family situations).Conclusions:Most personality traits were flexible, showing how important it is to consider the role of situations in the study of personal-ity. Openness appeared to be particularly stable and understanding its nature represents a challenge for future studies. Final-ly, the network analysis demonstrated that the ASV shows specific connections with conscientiousness and might be a potential psychopathology marker.Background:According to the Big Five theory, personality can be classified into five traits (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, conscientious-ness, agreeableness, and openness), and past research showed that situations impact personality. In the present study, (1) we measured which of these five personality traits changed according to different situations and (2) tested whether the across-situation variability (ASV; i.e., a continuous variable showing how much people change their personality traits ac-cording to situations) was significantly connected with specific personality domains, revealing a potential marker of person-ality disturbance.Participants and procedure:We recruited 80 participants (40 women) to complete the five situation-version (family, work, friends, romantic partner, and hobbies/leisure) of the Big Five Inventory to measure whether personality traits significantly changed across these situa-tions. In addition, we ran a network analysis to reveal how the ASV is related to personality traits.Results:The findings showed that all traits significantly changed across the situations, except openness, which remained stable. The network analysis revealed that the ASV variable was especially connected with conscientiousness (in romantic partner and family situations).Conclusions:Most personality traits were flexible, showing how important it is to consider the role of situations in the study of personal-ity. Openness appeared to be particularly stable and understanding its nature represents a challenge for future studies. Final-ly, the network analysis demonstrated that the ASV shows specific connections with conscientiousness and might be a potential psychopathology marker
Exploring the key drivers of responsive parenting in mothers and fathers – observed and self-reported responsiveness
Get PDFBackground
This article explores parental responsiveness – the ability of a parent to react to a child’s needs adequately, promptly, and with tenderness and synchrony. Parental responsiveness can be measured using observational and self-report scales. The purpose of this study was to explore whether individual differences in empathy and attachment in mothers and fathers and their satisfaction with their relationship are predictors of parental responsiveness toward infants. Moreover, self-report and observational measures of parental responsiveness were compared.
Participants and procedure
A total of 110 triads (mother, father, and child aged 6-10 months) took part in the free play procedure and parents’ behaviors towards their children were assessed using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale. Moreover, they filled out a set of questionnaires measuring parental self-reported responsiveness, empathy, experiences in close relationships and romantic relationship satisfaction.
Results
Higher empathic concern was connected with higher responsiveness and this was seen in both individual and partner measures. At the individual level, measures of responsiveness (self-report and observational) were not congruent and probably depended on other variables. In couples, there were positive correlations in three aspects of their family functioning: observed and self-reported parental responsiveness as well as relationship satisfaction.
Conclusions
This study revealed differences between self-reported and observational measures of parental responsiveness, indicating that their results may not always be congruent and could depend on other variables.Background
This article explores parental responsiveness – the ability of a parent to react to a child’s needs adequately, promptly, and with tenderness and synchrony. Parental responsiveness can be measured using observational and self-report scales. The purpose of this study was to explore whether individual differences in empathy and attachment in mothers and fathers and their satisfaction with their relationship are predictors of parental responsiveness toward infants. Moreover, self-report and observational measures of parental responsiveness were compared.
Participants and procedure
A total of 110 triads (mother, father, and child aged 6-10 months) took part in the free play procedure and parents’ behaviors towards their children were assessed using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale. Moreover, they filled out a set of questionnaires measuring parental self-reported responsiveness, empathy, experiences in close relationships and romantic relationship satisfaction.
Results
Higher empathic concern was connected with higher responsiveness and this was seen in both individual and partner measures. At the individual level, measures of responsiveness (self-report and observational) were not congruent and probably depended on other variables. In couples, there were positive correlations in three aspects of their family functioning: observed and self-reported parental responsiveness as well as relationship satisfaction.
Conclusions
This study revealed differences between self-reported and observational measures of parental responsiveness, indicating that their results may not always be congruent and could depend on other variables
The underlying structure of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): a general factor of personality psychopathology
Get PDFBackground:The psychopathology of personality is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from a categorical to a dimensional approach. This work aimed to study the underlying structure of pathological personality traits of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). For this purpose, the internal structure of a version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) was examined by a confirmatory factor analysis. This version assesses the five higher-order pathological personality domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism) and the 25 lower-order pathological personality facets through a reduced number of items. Four alternative models were compared: five-factor oblique; second-order (five first-order factors and one second-order factor); bifactor (five specific factors and a general fac-tor), and one-factor.Participants and procedure:We worked with an Argentinean sample of N = 525 subjects from the general population who answered the Argentine ver-sion of the PID-5.Results:The five-factor model was slightly superior to the second order model, and the bifactor model presented the best fit.Conclusions:These findings, while preliminary, suggest that the PID-5 facets could reflect five specific pathological personality traits (which correspond to AMPD domains) but also a general factor (which would reflect a general propensity for psycho-pathology).Background:The psychopathology of personality is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from a categorical to a dimensional approach. This work aimed to study the underlying structure of pathological personality traits of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). For this purpose, the internal structure of a version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) was examined by a confirmatory factor analysis. This version assesses the five higher-order pathological personality domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism) and the 25 lower-order pathological personality facets through a reduced number of items. Four alternative models were compared: five-factor oblique; second-order (five first-order factors and one second-order factor); bifactor (five specific factors and a general fac-tor), and one-factor.Participants and procedure:We worked with an Argentinean sample of N = 525 subjects from the general population who answered the Argentine ver-sion of the PID-5.Results:The five-factor model was slightly superior to the second order model, and the bifactor model presented the best fit.Conclusions:These findings, while preliminary, suggest that the PID-5 facets could reflect five specific pathological personality traits (which correspond to AMPD domains) but also a general factor (which would reflect a general propensity for psycho-pathology)
The impact of workplace harassment on the level of mental disorders: the moderating role of gender
Get PDFBackground:Studies prove a positive relationship between mobbing in the workplace and the level of mental disorders. In the present research, it was decided to test whether gender is a moderator of the relationships under consideration. It is well known that women and men experience differences in the general clinical manifestations of certain disorders such as depression, anxiety and addiction. Furthermore, women are more likely to experience mobbing than men. Therefore, it was decided to test whether gender could be a moderator of the relationship between workplace harassment and the level of mental disorders.Participants and procedure:Accordingly, a survey was conducted with 220 people aged 22-65 years employed in various Polish workplaces with at least one year of work experience, including 108 women and 112 men, using tools with verified psychometric properties. These were the Negative Action Questionnaire (NAQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).Results:The analyses conducted showed that gender significantly alters the relationship between mobbing and general mental health, levels of somatic disorders, anxiety and insomnia, and symptoms of depression. In terms of psychological wellbeing, men, compared to women, have a much stronger reaction to harassment, both of a personal nature and directly aimed at the work sphere.Conclusions:The aforementioned relationships may find practical application in the development of effective methods for the prevention and treatment of the effects of workplace harassment.Background:Studies prove a positive relationship between mobbing in the workplace and the level of mental disorders. In the present research, it was decided to test whether gender is a moderator of the relationships under consideration. It is well known that women and men experience differences in the general clinical manifestations of certain disorders such as depression, anxiety and addiction. Furthermore, women are more likely to experience mobbing than men. Therefore, it was decided to test whether gender could be a moderator of the relationship between workplace harassment and the level of mental disorders.Participants and procedure:Accordingly, a survey was conducted with 220 people aged 22-65 years employed in various Polish workplaces with at least one year of work experience, including 108 women and 112 men, using tools with verified psychometric properties. These were the Negative Action Questionnaire (NAQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).Results:The analyses conducted showed that gender significantly alters the relationship between mobbing and general mental health, levels of somatic disorders, anxiety and insomnia, and symptoms of depression. In terms of psychological wellbeing, men, compared to women, have a much stronger reaction to harassment, both of a personal nature and directly aimed at the work sphere.Conclusions:The aforementioned relationships may find practical application in the development of effective methods for the prevention and treatment of the effects of workplace harassment
Toxicity assessment of advanced biological wastewater treatment plant effluent by integrated biomarker response in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)
Get PDFIn this study, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were exposed to advanced biological wastewater treatment plant effluent (ABWTPE) for 96 h. At the end of the 96th hour, antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were examined. The objective of the study was to identify biomarkers that are useful for assessing the potential toxic effects of ABWTPE in freshwater environments. We observed an increase in GPX, SOD activity and MDA levels, and a decrease in CAT, GST activity and GSH levels. The results obtained in our study showed that the measured biochemical parameters (GSH, MDA, SOD, CAT, GPX and GST) are useful biomarkers in determining the possible toxicity of ABWTPE in aquatic environments.In this study, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were exposed to advanced biological wastewater treatment plant effluent (ABWTPE) for 96 h. At the end of the 96th hour, antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were examined. The objective of the study was to identify biomarkers that are useful for assessing the potential toxic effects of ABWTPE in freshwater environments. We observed an increase in GPX, SOD activity and MDA levels, and a decrease in CAT, GST activity and GSH levels. The results obtained in our study showed that the measured biochemical parameters (GSH, MDA, SOD, CAT, GPX and GST) are useful biomarkers in determining the possible toxicity of ABWTPE in aquatic environments