University Scientific Journals (Univ. of Gdansk)
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On Legal Regulations and Practices relating to Funerals and Burials in the Towns of the State of the Teutonic Order and Royal Prussia in the Middle Ages
Full text linkUsing selected examples, this article discusses legal regulations and practices concerning funerals and burials in the towns of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and in Royal Prussia in the Middle Ages. The analyses revealed that these practices were linked to an individual’s social status, wealth, and possibly his/her involvement in professional and religious life, including membership in religious guilds. Privileged positions were held by members of municipal authorities and their families, who had the right to be buried inside the church, which was regarded as particularly prestigious. The right to burial within church premises was also acquired by wealthy burghers, including the churches of mendicant monasteries. Municipal hospitals typically had their own cemeteries as well. The burial practices for children and the poor were simplified. Burial fees were customary and depended on the chosen form of burial. The clear divisions in material status visible in the medieval city’s population structure were also reflected in the conduct of funerals and in burial locations. The latter emphasized the posthumous position of an individual, highlighting the social standing he/she held while alive.Using selected examples, this article discusses legal regulations and practices concerning funerals and burials in the towns of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and in Royal Prussia in the Middle Ages. The analyses revealed that these practices were linked to an individual’s social status, wealth, and possibly his/her involvement in professional and religious life, including membership in religious guilds. Privileged positions were held by members of municipal authorities and their families, who had the right to be buried inside the church, which was regarded as particularly prestigious. The right to burial within church premises was also acquired by wealthy burghers, including the churches of mendicant monasteries. Municipal hospitals typically had their own cemeteries as well. The burial practices for children and the poor were simplified. Burial fees were customary and depended on the chosen form of burial. The clear divisions in material status visible in the medieval city’s population structure were also reflected in the conduct of funerals and in burial locations. The latter emphasized the posthumous position of an individual, highlighting the social standing he/she held while alive
Innocenty IV wobec konfliktu między księciem gdańsko-pomorskim Świętopełkiem i zakonem krzyżackim oraz jego sojusznikami z lat 1242–1253 w świetle dokumentów papieskich i wyroków sądów kościelnych
Full text linkFrom 1242, a fierce war raged between Świętopełk, the Duke of Pomerania and Duke of Gdańsk, on one hand, and, on the other, the Teutonic Order and its allies, which included Konrad of Masovia and his sons, the rulers of Greater Poland, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious, Świętopełk’s brothers Sambor II and Racibor, and Michał, Bishop of Kujawy. The causes of this conflict, its course (despite certain chronological uncertainties), and the effects of the war are already well known in the literature on the subject. Briefly, they included competition in Christianization and the shared subjugation of at least parts of Prussia between Świętopełk and the Teutonic Knights, control of navigation on the Vistula, abolition of customs duties, and the Order’s desire to take over the Vistula Spit. The causes also included attempts to deprive Świętopełk of his duchy by Konrad Mazowiecki, including the possibility of killing the duke of Gdańsk, the building up of Kuyavian rule by Kazimierz Konradowic, and the territorial claims to the Nakło lands put forward by the princes of Greater Poland. A desire to carry out a new division of the lands of Eastern Pomerania by Świętopełk’s brothers Sambor II and Racibor, and to gain feudal independence from their older brother, and the fiscal actions of Michał, Bishop of Kuyavia, are also relevant here.
In addition to military actions, both sides in the conflict fought a diplomatic struggle trying to win over Pope Innocent IV to their arguments. At that time, the Pope was in dispute with Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen. The Teutonic Order played a role in this dispute. Despite the support that the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Heinrich von Hohenlohe, gave to Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen between 1245 and 1246, a political turn took place within the ranks of the order. A faction led by Dietrich von Grüningen, a later Deutschmeister, was formed to support Innocent IV in his actions against Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen.
Up to the Council of Lyon, Innocent IV received information about the dispute between the Teutonic Order and Świętopełk mainly from Teutonic diplomats and papal legates supporting the Teutonic Order. It was not until 1245 that the Holy See began to listen to the Pomeranian side. For this reason, earlier papal orders, the aim of which was actually to make Świętopełk submit to the will of the Teutonic Knights and their allies, turned into court hearings. They were conducted by papal legates, an unnamed bishop of Portuense, Opizon of Mezzano, and James of Liège. The legates were to be assisted by the courts of bishops from dioceses close to the areas where the Pomeranian-Teutonic war was taking place. At the same time, a new judicial procedure for electing judges and prosecutors for both sides of the conflict was developed and applied. The rulings of these courts, which were ultimately unfavourable to Świętopełk, were perhaps related to the clearly biased position of James of Liège. The Duke of Gdańsk-Pomerania, faced with an inability to defeat his opponent in the field, the gradual depletion of resources invested in the war, and, above all, the desire to recover his son Mściwoj II, who had been in the Teutonic Order’s captivity for a considerable time, agreed to the verdicts given.From 1242, a fierce war raged between Świętopełk, the Duke of Pomerania and Duke of Gdańsk, on one hand, and, on the other, the Teutonic Order and its allies, which included Konrad of Masovia and his sons, the rulers of Greater Poland, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious, Świętopełk’s brothers Sambor II and Racibor, and Michał, Bishop of Kujawy. The causes of this conflict, its course (despite certain chronological uncertainties), and the effects of the war are already well known in the literature on the subject. Briefly, they included competition in Christianization and the shared subjugation of at least parts of Prussia between Świętopełk and the Teutonic Knights, control of navigation on the Vistula, abolition of customs duties, and the Order’s desire to take over the Vistula Spit. The causes also included attempts to deprive Świętopełk of his duchy by Konrad Mazowiecki, including the possibility of killing the duke of Gdańsk, the building up of Kuyavian rule by Kazimierz Konradowic, and the territorial claims to the Nakło lands put forward by the princes of Greater Poland. A desire to carry out a new division of the lands of Eastern Pomerania by Świętopełk’s brothers Sambor II and Racibor, and to gain feudal independence from their older brother, and the fiscal actions of Michał, Bishop of Kuyavia, are also relevant here.
In addition to military actions, both sides in the conflict fought a diplomatic struggle trying to win over Pope Innocent IV to their arguments. At that time, the Pope was in dispute with Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen. The Teutonic Order played a role in this dispute. Despite the support that the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Heinrich von Hohenlohe, gave to Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen between 1245 and 1246, a political turn took place within the ranks of the order. A faction led by Dietrich von Grüningen, a later Deutschmeister, was formed to support Innocent IV in his actions against Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen.
Up to the Council of Lyon, Innocent IV received information about the dispute between the Teutonic Order and Świętopełk mainly from Teutonic diplomats and papal legates supporting the Teutonic Order. It was not until 1245 that the Holy See began to listen to the Pomeranian side. For this reason, earlier papal orders, the aim of which was actually to make Świętopełk submit to the will of the Teutonic Knights and their allies, turned into court hearings. They were conducted by papal legates, an unnamed bishop of Portuense, Opizon of Mezzano, and James of Liège. The legates were to be assisted by the courts of bishops from dioceses close to the areas where the Pomeranian-Teutonic war was taking place. At the same time, a new judicial procedure for electing judges and prosecutors for both sides of the conflict was developed and applied. The rulings of these courts, which were ultimately unfavourable to Świętopełk, were perhaps related to the clearly biased position of James of Liège. The Duke of Gdańsk-Pomerania, faced with an inability to defeat his opponent in the field, the gradual depletion of resources invested in the war, and, above all, the desire to recover his son Mściwoj II, who had been in the Teutonic Order’s captivity for a considerable time, agreed to the verdicts given
Personality characteristics attributed to people with intellectual disability
Full text linkBackground
This paper describes a conceptual replication of a study of the personality characteristics that Zigler’s theory of personality attributes to people with intellectual disability. Our study is the first attempt in over twenty years to assess specific personality traits considered in this theory using experimental tasks.
Participants and procedure
We studied 25 students of special vocational schools diagnosed with mild intellectual disability, 25 controls from mainstream vocational schools, and 25 primary school students with a similar level of general cognitive ability as that of the students with intellectual disability. We hypothesized that the levels of specific personality traits of people with intellectual disability would differ from those of controls from the general population; we also hypothesized that the direction of differences in regard to these specific personality traits would be the same as assumed in Zigler’s theory. We assessed specific personality traits with seven experimental tasks which we based on descriptions of tasks used by Zigler and his colleagues.
Results
We did not observe any statistically significant differences between the scores of participants with intellectual disability and those of the control groups.
Conclusions
We explain the results in relation to changes in contextual factors and diagnostic practices over the years. The results indicate the need to conduct replicational studies in the field of clinical psychology.
Background
This paper describes a conceptual replication of a study of the personality characteristics that Zigler’s theory of personality attributes to people with intellectual disability. Our study is the first attempt in over twenty years to assess specific personality traits considered in this theory using experimental tasks.
Participants and procedure
We studied 25 students of special vocational schools diagnosed with mild intellectual disability, 25 controls from mainstream vocational schools, and 25 primary school students with a similar level of general cognitive ability as that of the students with intellectual disability. We hypothesized that the levels of specific personality traits of people with intellectual disability would differ from those of controls from the general population; we also hypothesized that the direction of differences in regard to these specific personality traits would be the same as assumed in Zigler’s theory. We assessed specific personality traits with seven experimental tasks which we based on descriptions of tasks used by Zigler and his colleagues.
Results
We did not observe any statistically significant differences between the scores of participants with intellectual disability and those of the control groups.
Conclusions
We explain the results in relation to changes in contextual factors and diagnostic practices over the years. The results indicate the need to conduct replicational studies in the field of clinical psychology.
 
Connecting the dots between narcissism and fame appeal: the role of imaginary audience fantasies
Full text linkBackground
Although prior research has found a significant association between narcissistic tendencies and fame interest, details regarding the particular nature of this relationship remain to be elucidated. The present online survey study (N = 355) replicates and extends prior research examining the links between two subtypes of narcissism and fame appeal. Specifically, we distinguish between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, as predictors of Visibility, Status, and Prosocial domains of fame appeal. Further, we examine the potential mediating role of imaginary audience fantasies.
Participants and procedure
Participants were drawn from a student sample (74% female-identifying) aged 18 to 25 who completed an online survey for course credit.
Results
Both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism predicted the Visibility appeal of fame, but only vulnerable narcissism predicted the Status appeal of fame. An inverse relationship emerged between grandiose narcissism and Prosocial appeal. Importantly, the frequency of imaginary audience fantasies mediated between both forms of narcissism and the Visibility and Prosocial appeals of fame.
Conclusions
For those with grandiose or vulnerable narcissistic tendencies, whose self-image incorporates fantasies of being noticed and admired, celebrity and fame may be particularly appealing.
Background
Although prior research has found a significant association between narcissistic tendencies and fame interest, details regarding the particular nature of this relationship remain to be elucidated. The present online survey study (N = 355) replicates and extends prior research examining the links between two subtypes of narcissism and fame appeal. Specifically, we distinguish between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, as predictors of Visibility, Status, and Prosocial domains of fame appeal. Further, we examine the potential mediating role of imaginary audience fantasies.
Participants and procedure
Participants were drawn from a student sample (74% female-identifying) aged 18 to 25 who completed an online survey for course credit.
Results
Both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism predicted the Visibility appeal of fame, but only vulnerable narcissism predicted the Status appeal of fame. An inverse relationship emerged between grandiose narcissism and Prosocial appeal. Importantly, the frequency of imaginary audience fantasies mediated between both forms of narcissism and the Visibility and Prosocial appeals of fame.
Conclusions
For those with grandiose or vulnerable narcissistic tendencies, whose self-image incorporates fantasies of being noticed and admired, celebrity and fame may be particularly appealing.
 
A Polish language version of Wood et al.’s multidimensional Authenticity Scale
Full text linkBackground
There is considerable interest among personality psychologists in authenticity. To provide researchers with a tool to study dispositional authenticity among speakers of Polish, we created a Polish language version of Wood et al.’s multidimensional measure of authenticity. Wood et al.’s measure has 12 items and measures three constructs: four items for selfalienation; authentic living; and accepting external influence.
Participants and procedure
Participants were 825 Polish adults (Mage = 42.7, SD = 15.4; 50% women) who were recruited by a professional survey company. Participants completed the newly developed measure of authenticity, and for validation purposes, they completed measures of Ryff’s model of well-being, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and stress, the same measures used by Wood et al.
Results
A confirmatory factor analysis found that the Polish version of the scale had the same three factors as the original measure developed by Wood et al., and the loadings of the items on the factors were consistent with those presented by Wood et al. The three scales of the new measure were reliable. Moreover, relationships between the authenticity scales and the validation measures were similar to those reported by Wood et al.
Conclusions
The present results suggest that our proposed Polish language version of Wood et al.’s multidimensional authenticity scale measures a similar set of constructs to those measured by the original English language scale. Therefore, we believe our new measure should be useful for researchers interested in studying dispositional authenticity among Polish language speakers.Background
There is considerable interest among personality psychologists in authenticity. To provide researchers with a tool to study dispositional authenticity among speakers of Polish, we created a Polish language version of Wood et al.’s multidimensional measure of authenticity. Wood et al.’s measure has 12 items and measures three constructs: four items for selfalienation; authentic living; and accepting external influence.
Participants and procedure
Participants were 825 Polish adults (Mage = 42.7, SD = 15.4; 50% women) who were recruited by a professional survey company. Participants completed the newly developed measure of authenticity, and for validation purposes, they completed measures of Ryff’s model of well-being, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and stress, the same measures used by Wood et al.
Results
A confirmatory factor analysis found that the Polish version of the scale had the same three factors as the original measure developed by Wood et al., and the loadings of the items on the factors were consistent with those presented by Wood et al. The three scales of the new measure were reliable. Moreover, relationships between the authenticity scales and the validation measures were similar to those reported by Wood et al.
Conclusions
The present results suggest that our proposed Polish language version of Wood et al.’s multidimensional authenticity scale measures a similar set of constructs to those measured by the original English language scale. Therefore, we believe our new measure should be useful for researchers interested in studying dispositional authenticity among Polish language speakers
Poczucie godności a poczucie własnej skuteczności i samoocena osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową – komunikat z badań
No full textSelf-esteem and self-efficacy are important categories that affect the functioning of an individual. Generalizing it may be said that they refer to the perception of oneself and his/her abilities and in this context they are related to the actions taken by a person. The aim of the article was to present a research results on the determinants of self-dignity of people with physical disabilities. Statistical analyzes revealed that the sense of self-efficacy is a predictor of the following dimensions of selfdignity: loss, relational and experience, but self-esteem does not have a statistically significant effect on self-dignity.
Samoocena i poczucie własnej skuteczności są istotnymi kategoriami wywierającymi wpływ na funkcjonowanie jednostki. Uogólniając można powiedzieć, że dotyczą one postrzegania siebie i swoich możliwości i w tym kontekście mają związek z podejmowanymi przez daną osobę działaniami. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wyników badań na temat uwarunkowań poczucia własnej godności osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową. Analizy statystyczne ujawniły, że poczucie własnej uogólnionej skuteczności jest predykatorem następujących wymiarów poczucia własnej godności: utraty, relacyjnego oraz doświadczania, zaś samoocena nie wpływa istotnie statystycznie na poczucie własnej godności
(Samo)wiedza młodych osób z diagnozą ASD w zakresie spektrum autyzmu. Próba uzasadnienia świadomego doświadczania neuroróżnorodności w kontekście wspierania dobrostanu (doniesienie z badań)
Full text linkThe article is a description of the elements of research lasting 4 years (2019–2023) among primary school children (7–14 years old) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of the research was to describe the (self)knowledge of young people of functioning in the autism spectrum and/or state of disability, made through qualitative research (individual narrations) using the biographical method and through the analysis of self-advocacy content on the Internet, and the analysis of children`s works. The article also contains theoretical considerations on the latest trends and directions in supporting people with ASC, reflections on the basis of literature and research on the importance of (self)awareness of people with autistic spectrum disorder for their well-being, improving the quality of life and supporting activity.Artykuł zawiera opis elementów badań dokonanych na przełomie 4 lat (2019–2023) wśród młodych osób (n=16) w wieku 7–14 lat, które miały zdiagnozowane spektrum autyzmu. Celem badań był opis (samo)wiedzy młodych ludzi w zakresie funkcjonowania w spektrum autyzmu i/lub stanie niepełnosprawności, dokonany poprzez badania jakościowe metodą biograficzną (narracje indywidualne) oraz dzięki analizie treści samorzecznicznych w internecie. Artykuł zawiera także teoretyczne rozważania na temat najnowszych tendencji i kierunków wspierania osób z ASC oraz refleksje na kanwie literatury i badań dotyczące znaczenia (samo)świadomości osób w zakresie funkcjonowania w autystycznym spektrum dla ich dobrostanu, podniesienia jakości życia i kierunków działań wspierających
Wspomagające metody komunikacji w kontekście aktywizacji zawodowej osób z niepełnosprawnościami
Full text linkContemporary assistive technologies are increasingly pivotal in fostering the professional engagement of persons with disabilities. This article analyzes the application of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) tools, with particular emphasis on eye-tracking as a method of overcoming communication and mobility barriers in the workplace. The evolution of assistive methods is presented – from traditional symbol-based solutions to advanced systems based on artificial intelligence and eye-tracking. Special attention is given to the opportunities provided by modern applications and interfaces for individuals with limited limb mobility and speech disorders – both in the context of performing professional duties and participating in social life. The article also reflects on the social and cultural challenges associated with the implementation of these solutions, highlighting the need for education and a change in the perception of people with disabilities as fully-fledged participants in the labor market. The discussion concludes with a perspective on the further development of AAC technologies, utilizing next-generation language models and brain-computer interfaces, which have the potential to revolutionize the way individuals with severe motor impairments communicate and work.Współczesne technologie asystujące odgrywają coraz większą rolę w aktywizacji zawodowej osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Artykuł podejmuje analizę zastosowania narzędzi AAC (ang. Augmentative and Alternative Communication), jako sposobu na przełamywanie barier komunikacyjnych i ruchowych w środowisku pracy. Przedstawiono ewolucję metod wspomagających – od tradycyjnych rozwiązań opartych na symbolach po zaawansowane systemy oparte na sztucznej inteligencji i śledzeniu ruchu gałek ocznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono możliwościom, jakie dają nowoczesne aplikacje i interfejsy osobom z ograniczoną sprawnością kończyn oraz zaburzeniami mowy – zarówno w kontekście wykonywania obowiązków zawodowych, jak i uczestnictwa w życiu społecznym. Artykuł podejmuje także refleksję nad wyzwaniami społecznymi i kulturowymi związanymi z wdrażaniem tych rozwiązań, zwracając uwagę na konieczność edukacji i zmiany postrzegania osób z niepełnosprawnością jako pełnoprawnych uczestników rynku pracy. Rozważania kończy perspektywa dalszego rozwoju technologii AAC z wykorzystaniem modeli językowych nowej generacji oraz interfejsów mózg–komputer, które mogą zrewolucjonizować sposób komunikacji i pracy osób z poważnymi ograniczeniami motorycznymi
Prężność młodzieży niedostosowanej społecznie i prawidłowo przystosowanej
No full textThe article presents the results of scientific research on the resilience of properly and incorrectly adjusted adolescents. The study covered almost 600 pupils of Youth Educational Centres and pupils of mainstream secondary schools aged 13–18. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences between the sexes and related to the age of the subjects, but no differences in resilience due to the level of social adjustment were detected. The conclusions can be used to construct prevention programs as well as educational, resocialization and therapeutic interventions in the field of strengthening resilience among young people.Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań naukowych na temat prężności młodzieży prawidłowo i nieprawidłowo przystosowanej. Badaniami objęto niemal 600 wychowanków Młodzieżowych Ośrodków Wychowawczych oraz uczniów ogólnodostępnych szkół ponadpodstawowych w wieku 13–18 lat. Analiza porównawcza ujawniła istotne różnice międzypłciowe oraz związane z wiekiem badanych, nie wykryto natomiast zróżnicowania prężności ze względu na poziom społecznego przystosowania. Wnioski mogą posłużyć do konstruowania programów profilaktycznych oraz oddziaływań wychowawczych, resocjalizacyjnych i terapeutycznych w zakresie wzmacniania odporności psychicznej wśród młodzieży. 
Autorytet w świetle interpretacyjnej analizy fenomenologicznej – narracje osób z niepełnosprawnością
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to explore how individuals experiencing physical and/or sensory disabilities conceptualize the notion of authority within their biographical narratives. The study, based on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), captured the meanings attributed to authority in relational, identity-related, and ethical dimensions. The analysis revealed that authority is not perceived as a universal or institutionally assigned category, but rather as a dynamic relation grounded in dialogue, mutual recognition, and ethical presence. Participants’ narratives highlight both the supportive potential of authority (as an internalized moral stance and a source of guidance) and its ambivalent aspects (experienced as resistance or critical distance). Four common dimensions of authority were identified: dialogical relationship, internalization, critical reflection, and meaning-making within the context of disability. The findings suggest that authority is often understood as a partnership acknowledging the bodily and existential struggles of others, yet it may lose its supportive potential when based on asymmetry or lack of recognition. From an applied perspective, the study underscores the importance of inclusive and dialogical spaces that foster co-construction of knowledge and meaning regardless of bodily capacity. It thus contributes to the development of critical pedagogy, ethics of recognition, and relational conceptions of authority in education and social support.Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobów, w jakie osoby doświadczające niepełnosprawności fizycznej i/lub sensorycznej konceptualizują pojęcie autorytetu w swoich narracjach biograficznych. Badanie, oparte na interpretacyjnej analizie fenomenologicznej (IPA), pozwoliło uchwycić znaczenia przypisywane autorytetowi w wymiarze relacyjnym, tożsamościowym i etycznym. Analiza narracji ujawniała, że autorytet nie funkcjonuje jako uniwersalna czy instytucjonalna kategoria, lecz jako dynamiczna relacja oparta na dialogu, wzajemnym uznaniu i etycznej obecności.
Wypowiedzi uczestników badania wskazują zarówno na potencjał wspierający autorytet (uwewnętrznienie jako postawa moralna, źródło wsparcia), jak i na jego ambiwalentny charakter (doświadczenie oporu, krytycznego dystansu). W toku podjętej analizy wyodrębniono cztery wspólne wymiary autorytetu: relację dialogiczną, uwewnętrznienie, krytyczną refleksję oraz sensotwórczy wymiar w kontekście niepełnosprawności. Wyniki wskazują, że autorytet bywa rozumiany jako partnerska relacja, uznająca cielesne i egzystencjalne zmagania drugiego człowieka, ale może także tracić swój potencjał wspierający, gdy oparty jest na asymetrii i braku uznania.
Z perspektywy aplikacyjnej badanie podkreśla znaczenie tworzenia przestrzeni dialogicznych i inkluzyjnych, sprzyjających współtworzeniu wiedzy i znaczeń, niezależnie od sprawności cielesnej. Wnosi tym samym istotny wkład w rozwój krytycznej pedagogiki, etyki uznania oraz relacyjnych koncepcji autorytetu w edukacji i praktyce społecznej