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Electronic And Structural Properties of Zirconium Dibo ride (Zrb2) Using Density Functional Theory (Quantum Espresso)
No full textIn this thesis the rst principle calculation of Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is investigated
with density functional theory (DFT) using Quantum Espresso package. Our study is
based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE)
exchange-correlation functional, Vanderbilt (ultra soft) pseudo potentials and the plane
wave basis set implemented in the Quantum-ESPRESSO package. The calculation of the
total minimum energy of ZrB2 is calculated as a function of cuto energy and K-points
sampling. The total minimum energy per cell is monotonically decreasing with increasing
cuto energy due to variational principle. However, this trend can not be predicted from
increasing the k-points sampling. Moreover, the equilibrium lattice constant is calculated
using results obtained from energy convergence test (i.e, 60 Ry and 13 Ö
13 Ö
11 k
points). The computational value of the equilibrium lattice constant is 6.0056 Bohr.
This result is in good agreement with experimental value which is 6.0102 Bohr. Finally,
discussing band structure and density of state of ZrB2 , the electrical property of ZrB2
is determined based on energy band gap.
Keywords: Zirconium Diboride, Density Functional Theory, Electronic and structural
propertie
The Contribution of Home Gardening To Enhance Household Food Security and Plant Diversity in Sub-Urbs of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThis study investigated the contribution of home gardening in improving household food security
and plant diversity in Jimma town, addressing gaps in evidence regarding its efficacy in urban
settings. Home gardening, characterized by the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and
traditional medicinal plants, is recognized for its potential to enhance food access and plant
diversity. Five kebeles were purposively selected from a total of 17, focusing on areas where
home gardening was actively practiced. A sample of 382 households was determined using
Yemane’s formula and selected via stratified random sampling from 8,629 households. Mixed
method approach. Data collection included surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions.
Quantitative data were analyzed using Excel speedsheet, chi-square and t-test. Qualitative data
were analyzed thematically and the number of different plant species in the home garden were
counted to assess plant diversity. Findings revealed that 69.9% of households practiced home
gardening primarily for food production, with 80.4% reporting improved food security, 70%
noting enhanced nutritional status, and 75.9% achieving a steady food supply. A notable 37 plant
species from 29 families were identified, with dominant crops like Coffea arabica (97.1%) and Musa
paradisiaca (96.6%) underscoring economic and nutritional significance. Fruits (43.5%) and vegetables
(50.1%) were also included alongside other items. However, only 20% were aware of agricultural
support, and challenges such as space constraints (51.6%), water scarcity (53.2%), and limited
knowledge (78.9%) hindered sustainability. Lack of control group and geographical scope were
the major limitation of the study. The findings provide actionable guidance for stakeholders,
suggesting that targeted interventions in home gardening practices can significantly enhance
food security and plant diversity in Jimma town
Prevalence and associated factors of digital eye Strain among regular undergraduate students of Wolaita sodo university, wolaita sodo, Ethiopia: a Cross-sectional study
No full textIntroduction: The widespread use of digital devices like computers and smartphones has
increased Digital Eye Strain (DES), particularly among students. DES is associated with
prolonged device use, poor ergonomics, inadequate screen settings, multitasking, varying
lighting conditions, and lack of breaks. This condition can affect vision, academic
performance, and overall well-being.
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of digital eye strain and its associated factors among
regular undergraduate students of Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, South Ethiopia.
Methodology: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to
December 2024 at Wolaita Soddo University among regular undergraduate students. Data
were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, entered into Epi Data
version 3.1, and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics like frequency, mean,
standard deviation, percentage, and proportion were computed. Bivariate and multivariate
logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with digital eye
strain. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI and p-value <0.05 were used to determine the
level of significant association.
Results: Of the 422 students, 267 (63.3%) were male. Most (95%) reported using digital
devices for more than 5 hours daily, 75% used multiple devices, 42% adjusted screen
brightness, 17% were aware of the 20-20-20 rule, and 30.6% used blue light filters. The
prevalence was 79.6%. Factors significantly associated with DES included the use of multiple
digital devices (AOR = 5.21, 95% CI: 2.68–10.11), more than 5hrs spent per day on digital
devices (AOR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.07–14.10), lack of protective eyewear (AOR = 6.46, 95%
CI: 3.33–12.52), failure to adjust screen brightness (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.09–7.32), lack of
knowledge of the 20-20-20 rule (AOR = 5.77, 95% CI: 2.81–11.82), and not using blue light
filters (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.69–5.83) (p < 0.05).
Conclusion and recommendation:
The study found a DES prevalence of 79.6% and identified factors including prolonged screen
time (>5hr/d), multiple device usage, and inadequate eye care practices. To reduce DES,
students should limit screen time, use the 20-20-20 rule, wear protective eyewear, and adjust
brightness. The university should implement awareness campaigns on DES preventio
Diagnostic Yield and Spectrum of Findings from Bone Marrow Aspiration Among Adults in JUMC, Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) is a vital diagnostic tool for evaluating hematologic
abnormalities, including both malignant and non-malignant disorders. Despite its routine use, there
is limited local data on the diagnostic yield and spectrum of BMA findings in Ethiopia.
Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma University Medical
Center (JUMC) from September 2020 to September 2023. Medical records of 114 patients aged
14 years and above who underwent BMA were reviewed. Data were collected using a structured
checklist and analyzed with SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize
sociodemographic data, clinical indications, BMA findings, and laboratory parameters.
Result: The majority of patients were female (57%) with a mean age of 33.7 years (SD = 16.72).
Pancytopenia or bicytopenia were the most common indications for undergoing BMA (62.3%),
followed by leukocytosis (14.0%) and anemia (13.2%). The most frequent BMA findings were
inconclusive results (27.2%), trilineage hematopoiesis (22.8%), and erythroid hyperplasia
(16.7%). Inconclusive results were higher among those evaluated for isolated anemia. Among
hematologic malignancies, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (8.8%), acute myeloid leukemia (7.0%),
and chronic myeloid leukemia (5.3%) were more common. Hematologic malignancies showed
high rates of anemia (88.9%), leukocytosis (59.3%), and thrombocytopenia (74.1%).
Conclusion: Bone marrow aspiration is useful in diagnosing a broad spectrum of hematologic
conditions. However, a notable proportion of inconclusive results highlights the need for improved
procedural techniques and diagnostic support. The study emphasizes the importance of BMA in
evaluating pancytopenia and leukocytosis, while its diagnostic value in isolated anemia appears
limited
Clinical profile and outcome of st- segment Elevation myocardial infarction patients presented To jimma university medical center, jimma, Southwest Ethiopia: a two year retrospective study
No full textBackground: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the most
deadly kinds of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), accounting for one of the leading causes of
mortality worldwide. STEMI continues to raise internationally, with a major impact on low
and middle-income countries, particularly Africa, due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure
and patients' late presentation. Despite the expansion of the disease magnitude, clinical
profile and outcome of STEMI is not thoroughly investigated in resource constraint settings
like Ethiopia.
Objective: The study was conducted to assess the clinical profile and outcome of patients
presented with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction at JUMC.
Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted from STEMI patient’s
medical chart record that fulfill the inclusion criteria using a structured questioner to assess
the clinical profile and outcome at JUMC from November 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024.
The collected data were checked, entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 27 and
P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result: A total of 73 patients were diagnosed with STEMI and met the inclusion criteria and
included in the study. The M: F ratio was 3.88:1, with 58 (79.5%) being male. The median
age was 60 years (IQR 45-70). A total of 62 patients out of 73, or 84.9% of the total,
reported having chest pain. The average duration between the onset of symptoms and
hospital presentation was 91.33 hours (3.8 days). Approximately 67 patients (91.8%) had
echocardiography performed and 8.2% of patients had LVEF <30%. Every patient received
dual antiplatelet (aspirin and clopidogrel), and 12.3% of patients received thrombolytic
therapy. The in-hospital mortality was 13.7%. Predictors of in hospital mortality in JUMC
were killip class (P=0.016) and major arrhythmias (P=0.04).
Conclusion: The medical management of patients with STEMI was in accordance with
international guidelines, even though only nine patients received thrombolytic and none
received PCI. STEMI patients have a delayed presentation to the hospital from the onset of
symptoms, and their risk profiles are comparable to those of the developed world, but their
mortality rates are higher. Having an arrhythmia and higher killip class were found to be
independent predictors of in-hospital mortality at Jimma University Medical Cente
Incidence and Predictors of In-hospital Mortality among First-ever Stroke Patients at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, with a disproportionate
burden in low and lower-middle-income countries. Determining in-hospital mortality among first
ever stroke indicates the quality of acute care provide and the ability to prevent immediate
complications. According to the available evidence, research on in-hospital mortality among first
ever stroke is limited in Ethiopia.
Objective: This study aimed to determine time to in-hospital mortality, incidence rate, and
predictors of in-hospital mortality among first-ever stroke patients admitted to the stroke units of
Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) between September 1, 2021, and September 1, 2023
Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. A systematic sampling technique was used to
select 210 first-ever stroke patients from three years of hospitalization records. Data were
abstracted from medical records using a standardized data extraction form. All patients were
followed up throughout their hospital stay. The outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality.
Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 17. Continuous data were presented as means
(±SD) or medians (IQR), and categorical data as frequencies and percentages. Kaplan–Meier
survival analysis was used to describe survival to in-hospital mortality. The Cox proportional
hazards model was used to identify predictors of time to in-hospital mortality. The results from the
Cox models were presented as hazard ratios (HR) along with their 95% confidence intervals.
Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: In this study, 210 stroke patients (ischemic stroke 51.9%) were included. The mean age
of participants was 55.18 ± 14.83 years, and 63.3% were male. During 1,703 patient-days of
follow-up, the incidence rate of in-hospital mortality was 1.76 per 100 patient-days, with a median
time to death of 3 days (IQR: 2, 5). Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were Glasgow
Coma Scale scores at admission (aHR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.78-0.96), and the occurrence of in-hospital
complications (aHR = 6.58, 95%CI: 1.48-29.26).
Conclusions and Recommendations: A lower GCS at admission and complications during
hospital stay significantly increased the risk of in-hospital mortality. Thus, the prevention of acute
stroke complications may improve the outcomes of patients with first-ever stroke
Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System with Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Result at Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma; South West Ethiopia: Retrospective Study from March 2025- August 2025
No full textBackground: Ultrasonography is a noninvasive modality for the initial assessment of thyroid
nodules. Ultrasound based risk stratification is a widely used method currently helping to guide
management in patients with thyroid nodules; which are common and mostly benign. The use of
these risk stratification methods has helped to reduce unnecessary FNAC rates, therefore,
reducing the burden both on patients and the health care system.
Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the effectiveness of ultrasound-based
risk stratification by correlating ultrasound findings and pathologic diagnosis at Jimma
University Medical Center (JUMC)
Method: Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted that recruited 85
patients with thyroid nodules. Pearsons’s correlation was used to establish a relationship between
TIRADS and cytology findings. The diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS was assessed using
sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and accuracy
Results: Of 85 study participants, 74 (87.1%) were females, and the mean age was 48.16 ± 15.03
years. Three quarters of the thyroid nodules 64(75.3%) were solid or almost solid, 72(84.7%)
were shaped wider than tall, 77 (90.6%) had smooth margins, 56(65.9%) were hyper echoic or
isoechoic, and 42 (49.4%) had no echogenic foci. TI-RADS 3 was the most common at
42(49.4%). The proportions of malignancy for TI-RADS 3, TI-RADS 4 and TI-RADS 5 were
4.8%, 20.0% and 77.8% respectively. The correlation between ACR TI-RADS and the Bethesda
system of thyroid classification scores was r = 0.622. The sensitivity, specificity, positive
predictive values, and accuracy of ACR TI-RADS were 88.9%, 59.7%, 37.2%, and 65.9%,
respectively.
Conclusion: We found that ACR TI-RADS classification is an appropriate and noninvasive
method for assessing thyroid nodules in routine practice. It can safely reduce the number of
unnecessary fine-needle aspiration in a significant proportion of benign thyroid lesions. ACR TI
RADS should be standardized as the screening tool in resource-limited areas
EFL Teachers‘ Perception, Practice and Challenges of using authentic materials in Teaching Listening Skills at Some Selected Secondary Schools of Limmu Genet District.
No full textThe study investigated EFL teachers' perceptions, practices, and challenges in using authentic
materials to teach listening skills at some selected secondary of Limmu genet district. The study
variables teachers’ perception, practice and challenges in using authentic materials. Since this
variables need the description of facts in the study setting ,descriptive study design was used.
The were collected from English teachers who teach English in selected school using questioner,
interview and classroom observation
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution Using Iron Modified Bio chars Derived from Industrial and Municipal Waste
No full textChromium (VI) contamination in water poses serious health and environmental threats. This
study investigates the removal of Cr (VI) from water using brewery spent grain and sewage
sludge (BSG/SS), municipal sewage sludge (MSS), and metal processing slag (MPS) collected
from industrial sites in Addis Ababa. The compositions of raw, Fe-modified, and heat-treated
BSG, BSS, MSS, and MPS were analyzed. Based on initial screening, Fe-modified and heat
treated BSG pyrolyzed at 500 °C was further characterized using BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM.
Batch experiments optimized contact time, pH, Cr (VI) concentration, and adsorbent dose to
maximize Cr (VI) removal. Under optimal conditions (7 hours, pH 3, 10 mg/L Cr (VI), 2 g/L
adsorbent), Fe-BSG biochar achieved 99.88% Cr (VI) removal at 20 mg/L. The pseudo-second
order model accurately described the kinetics of Cr (VI) removal (R2 = 0.98012), indicating
chemisorption. The Freundlich isotherm fit the data well, with Fe-BSG biochar exhibiting an
estimated adsorption capacity of 24.775 mg/g. The potential for recycling suggests that Fe
BSG biochar is a valuable material for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution. Transforming
industrial byproducts into resources benefits environmental pollution mitigation. Future
research should evaluate its performance in real wastewater
Microbiological and nutritional analysis of Usha an Ethiopian traditional fermented beverage in Yem zone Central Ethiopia
No full textUsha is a lightly white, thick law alcohol content it produced by using ingredients including
barley (Hordeum vulgare), teff (Eragrostis teff), maize, sorghum, barley& malt it is widely
consumed by native people of the Yem Zone in central Ethiopia. However, due to the fact that
scientific research on Usha can't be found, this study aimed to investigate its microbiological,
physicochemical, and nutritional characteristics. Cross-sectional survey: ―to document usha
assess socio demographic factors related to traditional preparation techniques and
laboratory-based experimental study design was employed to. (Microbial safety, microbial
succession) during controlled fermentation of Usha, nutritional dynamics for the isolation,
characterization of the microorganisms, and physicochemical and nutritional parameters
were evaluated under laboratory conditions following standard microbiological techniques.
A total of 30 Usha samples three samples from each (10 kebele) were collected from vending
site, market, and households in Fofa District Yem Zone. Data were analyzed using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The results indicated that
approximately 96.36% of usha producers were young women, with 79.09% engaged in
farming. Microbial analysis showed that yeasts dominated usha with a mean count of 6.74 ±
0.1log CFU/ml, followed by lactic acid bacteria (6.54±0.1 log CFU/ml). A total of 250
bacteria and 150 yeast isolates were characterized and grouped into genera. Notably,
Salmonella was not detected. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and
Staphylococci dominated the early stages of fermentation, with the mean counts of 6.09
±0.01, 3.88±0.01, and 4.2±0.01logCFU/ml respectively. By the end of fermentation, lactic
acid bacteria and yeasts exhibited the highest mean counts (7.6±0.04 and 7.5±0.09 log
CFU/ml, respectively, through no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observer. During
fermentation, the pH dropped from 4.09 ±0.01 to 3.41±0.06. The mean values for
physicochemical and nutritional parameters were as follow: pH (3.90 ± 0.5), titratable
acidity (0.5 ± 0.11), alcohol content (3.54 ± 0.01), moisture content (78.03 ± 0.9), ash (2.74 ±
0.3), fat (1.54 ± 0.2), protein (15.99 ± 1.5), and carbohydrates (3.5 ± 0.3). Finally, this study
revealed the detection of food borne pathogens suggests the potentials post production
contaminants, as the physicochemical properties of the ready to consume usha are generally
stringent for most microbes