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Physical and Mental Effects from the Perspective of Musical Instrument Performance and Future Prospects -Literature Study on Musical Activities and Musical Instrument Characteristics-
Get PDF音楽活動における楽器演奏の役割について文献研究を行い、リハビリテーション領域における楽器演奏の今後の展望について報告した。楽器演奏は、音楽教育や音楽活動の一環として実施され、音楽療法やその要素を組み入れた音楽活動の一環として、医療機関や介護施設等で行われる。その活動の一つに楽器演奏（楽器活動）があり、楽器演奏により楽器の持つ多様な音色、広い音域、多彩な表現、音量の豊かさを体験することができる。このことが、不安やストレスの軽減、身体機能の維持と回復等、心身機能に様々な効果を与えることにつながると考えられた。その一方で、楽器演奏を伴う楽器活動では、楽器活動のスペース、楽器の準備、対象者への適応の課題があり、使用する楽器によっては演奏に一定程度の技術を要するために、対象者が限定されるという側面もある。このため、楽器演奏は効果を最大限引き出せるように、合理的な範囲内で楽器演奏を伴う音楽活動を実施することが大切と考えられた。articl
Resveratrol and Red Wine Improve Healthspan
Get PDFレスベラトロールはブドウの果皮に多いポリフェノールで、 ブドウを丸ごと使用して作られる赤ワインにも多い。 レスベラトロールは寿命を延ばす遺伝子(サーチュイン)を活性化し、 さらに細胞のエネルギーが減少するとミトコンドリアを活性化するAMPKも活性化、 また細胞の古くなった小器官や成分を分解し細胞内を浄化するオートファジーも活性化させる。 レスベラトロールにより、 酵母や無脊椎動物では寿命が延び、 マウスではインスリン抵抗性や動脈硬化に関連する加齢性徴候が改善される。 また、 適量飲酒の作用として、 血小板の凝集抑制、 HDLコレステロールの増加、 血糖値の低下などがあり、 飲酒そのものにも心筋梗塞や糖尿病の予防効果がみられる。 これらの作用はレスベラトロールにもある。 レスベラトロールは脂溶性物質でアルコールと共に摂取すると体内に吸収されやすい。 赤ワインでのレスベラトロールとアルコールの相乗効果により健康寿命を延ばすことが期待される。Resveratrol is a polyphenol present in grape skin and found in red wine produced from grape with skin. Resveratrol activates the anti-aging gene sirtuin; and AMP-activated protein kinase, which promotes mitochondrial functions if cellular energy is lowered; and autophagy, that is engaged in cleaning of the inside of a cell by degrading older or damaged cellular components. More importantly, resveratrol extends the lifespan of yeast and invertebrates and improves age-related signs in mice, especially those signs connected with insulin resistance and arteriosclerosis. Moderate alcohol consumption inhibits platelet aggregation, increases HDL cholesterol, and lowers blood sugar, meaning that ethanol protects cardiac infarction or diabetes. Further, resveratrol has more such beneficial effects. Since resveratrol is lipophilic, it is absorbed into the body more easily when taken with alcohol. Altogether, red wine, due to its synergistic effect caused by resveratrol and alcohol, could extend healthspan.Review Articledepartmental bulletin pape
The effect of different reaching interval on the course of prism adaptation
Get PDFQuick, accurate and precise reaching to a visual target is considered to be acquired by visuomotor learning or adaptation, during which both visual and proprioceptive feedback is required. The course of adaptation and its neural basis have been investigated using a robotic arm that can change force while reaching, and by using a prism that can shift the visual field horizontally to left/right. The former process is known as ‘force-field adaptation’, where the main types of feedback are visual and proprioceptive feedback, and the latter is known as ‘prism adaptation’, where visual feedback is considered to be the main feedback. Previous force-field adaptation studies have shown that the interval between each reaching should be around 1 sec to allow full and efficient use of feedback information, but the optimum interval has not yet been examined in prism adaptation. To examine whether or not the difference in reaching interval is also affected efficiency in prism adaptation, we developed a different setup from that used in the ordinary experiments, which enabled shorter ( 1 sec and 1 sec interval of reaching. This result is consistent with those in force-field adaptation studies. Further investigation using an approximately 1 sec interval of reaching in prism adaptation would be comparable with that in force-field adaptation.ORIGINAL ARTICLEothe
Effect of 3-month exercise and soy peptide intake on mild cognitive impairment: semi-randomized controlled trial
Get PDFSoy peptide, when consumed as a functional food, has been reported to improve cognitive function. The combined effects of soy peptide intake and exercise on cognitive function have been demonstrated. This study was intended to verify this effect in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this population-based, non-blinded randomized controlled trial, 27 old adults with MCI who were independent in activities of daily living, were randomly assigned to an exercise plus nutrition program (Ex + Nt group, n = 14) or to an exercise program (Ex group, n =13). For three months, both groups received an exercise regimen once a week, but the Ex + Nt group received a soy supplement every day. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included grip strength, gait speed, skeletal muscle mass index, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail-making Test A, and Geriatric Depression Scale scores. The study participants were found that exercise training had an increased skeletal muscle mass index and gait speed in both groups. Those in the Ex + Nt and Ex groups showed a significant time effect on MMSE composite score (p < 0.05), with increases of 2.2 points and 0.9 points, respectively. A three-month exercise class for old adult persons with MCI was suggested to improve cognitive function, muscle mass and walking speed. It was suggested that ingestion of soy peptides could improve the MMSE composite score.ORIGINAL ARTICLEothe
Effects of purposeful activity-based electrical stimulation therapy for a stroke patient with severe upper-limb paresis on cerebral hemodynamics: trial of a home-based support program
Get PDFObjective: This investigative study aimed to elucidate the effects of purposeful activity-based electrical stimulation therapy on brain function using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of a chronic stroke survivor.
Method: The sole study participant was a female patient in her late 70s who presented with right hemiplegia with a history of putaminal hemorrhage four years prior. She participated in the purposeful activity-based electrical stimulation therapy program for three months, after which she underwent assessment of motor, and cognitive functions. Pre- and post-program intervention assessments were conducted using fNIRS, Fugl-Meyer assessment, motor activity log, goal attainment scaling-light, and mini-mental state examination.
Results: fNIRS results confirmed significant differences in the increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration. For dorsiflexion movements, there was significant increase in the left-hemisphere palm region (p=0.004) and right-hemisphere finger (p=0.002)/palm regions (p=0.001); while for hand extension movements, there was significant difference in the left-hemisphere finger (p=0.018)/palm region (p=0.002) and right hemisphere palm region (p=0.001). Meanwhile, although target achievement scales had some point increases (outcome measures), they did not reach the level of effective improvements in motor functions.
Conclusion: The effects of the purposeful activity-based electrical stimulation therapy program in a chronic stroke survivor with severe upper limb paralysis suggests the influence of an ipsilateral descending pathway on the processes of brain function activation that occurred before effective motor-function improvements.ORIGINAL ARTICLEothe
A brief history of drug development for patients with schizophrenia: toward improving their potential in rehabilitation
Get PDFBackground: Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling diseases with remarkable functional loss. Drug treatment is still the mainstay in managing patients with schizophrenia. In this article, the author intends to briefly recount a history of the drug development in the treatment for the patients with schizophrenia, and to suggest short list of most suitable drugs for them.
Methods: The author comprehensively reviewed the benefits and side effects of all available drugs for treating patients with schizophrenia. Focuses are on drugs with least potential of producing liability of extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS), and those with mild side effect of weight gain.
Results: The drugs for treating patients with schizophrenia were originally targeting at improving positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Those dopamine antagonists (such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, etc.) improve disorganized behaviors, hallucinations, delusion, and looseness of association effectively but produce unbearable EPS. Recent drugs (mixed receptor antagonists, serotonin-dopamine antagonists, patial dopamine and serotonin agonists) can improve positive, negative symptoms with least EPS but produce body weight gain and other metabolic side effects. Some recently introduced new drugs (such as amisulpride, lurasidone, lumateperone, aripriprozole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine) have least liability of causing EPS but with mild side effect on weight gain (less than 1 kg during the treatment course for an episode of acute exacerbation in patients with schizophrenia). But patients’ cognitive improvement from drugs for treating patients with schizophrenia and comorbid depressive symptom are still often overlooked.
Conclusion: Clinicians prescribe drugs with minimal EPS and mild weight gain for patients with schizophrenia, and pay attention to minimalize patients’ cognitive impairment and to treat comorbid depression. Then, patients with schizophrenia can expand new better potentials and opportunities for occupational rehabilitation.REVIEW ARTICLEothe
Is depression a somatic disease or a psychiatric disorder?
Get PDFDepression has long been a major target of psychiatry. The number of patients with depression is increasing year by year, especially in developed countries, and it continues to be one of the most urgent matters for mental health professionals. Efficient treatment measures and useful means of prevention of depression are highly anticipated from the field of psychiatry, but difficult problems in diagnosing and defining depression remain. Since the introduction of the operational diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) in 2013, the diagnostic window for depression has been significantly expanded. Depression from physical cause and depression due to psychosocial cause are no longer distinguished, a situation which may actually hinder the understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. In this review article, inflammation and insulin resistance are used as examples of the physical causes of depression, demonstrating that some depression can be understood as a physical disease. Vascular depression is a physically induced form of depression seen in elderly people, but diagnosis is complicated by depression also being caused by psychosocial factors resulting from various loss experiences associated with old age. Finally, to demonstrate the heterogeneity of depression, we propose a model in which depression develops due to an increase in the amplitude of mood swings, a decrease in the baseline level of mood swings, and a narrower allowable range of mood swings, which can be explained by physical, psychological and social factors, respectively. “Depression is the most unpleasant thing I have ever experienced.... It is the inability to imagine being well again. It is a lack of hope. The emotional depression of major depression is very different from feeling sad. Sadness is a healthy feeling, a need to feel, but depression is quite different” (Rowling JK, 2000)REVIEW ARTICLEothe
Cognitive reserve and sex difference in vulnerability to Alzheimer disease
Get PDFCognitive reserve is a concept proposed to explain the gap between neuropathological findings and clinical phenotypes of cognitive impairment. Education, occupation and leisure activity can be proxy-based factors affecting cognitive reserve, which are difficult to quantify objectively. Recent development of in vitro study of structural and functional evaluation has led to more precise quantification of cognitive reserve by residual-based measures. Cognitive reserve might be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of age-related cognitive decline, including neurodegenerative dementia. This paper examines the meaning of cognitive reserve and brain reserve with the aim of resolving the question of the sex difference in the incidence of Alzheimer diseas.REVIEW ARTICLEothe
Total Number of Words and Proportion of Parts of Speech Uttered by Elderly with Dementia During a Horticultural Therapy.
Get PDF本研究の目的は、認知症高齢者を対象とした園芸療法プログラム中の発語量および品詞割合を調査し、園芸活動プログラムをより効果的に活用できる可能性について検討することである。対象者は、認知症高齢者5名とした(年齢範囲: 78～91歳, 男性1名・女性4名)。対象者に、6種類の園芸療法プログラムを実施し、全ての会話を記録した。対象者の会話から単語を抽出し、総単語数と品詞を算出・分類した. 総単語数は、園芸療法プログラムによる有意差が認められた。品詞出現割合も、園芸療法プログラムによる有意差が認められた。形容詞・感動詞の占める割合が多かったのは「押し花クラフト」で、植物を使った創作活動であった。今回の研究結果より、園芸療法プログラム内容によって発語量や品詞割合が異なることが明らかとなった。これは、プログラムに伴う効用や対象者への療法士の関わりが影響していることが理由の一つと考えられた。また、同じプログラムでも、療法士の対象者への関わりによって、対象者の園芸療法介入効果が左れる可能性があることが示唆された。Short Paperdepartmental bulletin pape