Ehime University Institutional Repository

UTSUNOMIYA, Yuki

ISHIKAWA, Tomoko

KATO, Tadahiro

TANABE, Osamu

51
愛媛大学教育学部紀要　第54巻　第１号　51～55 2007
Introduction
Autistic disorder is a neurological and developmental
disorder that usually appears during the first three years
of life. A child with autism appears to live in his/her own
world, showing little interest in others, and a lack of social
awareness.  The focus of an autistic child is a consistent
routine and includes an interest in repeating odd and
peculiar behaviors.（APA,2000）Autistic children often
have problems in communication, avoid eye contact, and
show limited attachment to others.
Keeping these peculiarities of autistic child in mind, it is
clear that the objectives of daily living skills instruction for
a child with autism will change as the child's skill level
changes, as the child grows older, and as the child is
required to perform the skill in different settings.  An
elementary school student , for example, may need to
learn skills such as dressing independently with clothes
selected by his or her parents, recognizing coins and
currency, eating in a school cafeteria, riding on a school
bus, and making his or her bed.  During the middle school
years , it may be appropriate for the same student to learn
to select clothing to wear（based on both the weather and
the styles worn by other children）, count money and
make change, eat in restaurants, and clean his or her
room.  During the high school years , instruction for this
student may focus on purchasing and maintaining
clothing, budgeting money, preparing meals and cleaning
the kitchen, using public transportation or taxis, and
helping out with household maintenance.（Carothers&
Taylor,2004）
Kazuo（a pseudonym）, at his age of 17 year old, was
diagnosed for middle functioning autism with hyperactive
behaviors.（Utsunomiya,et al., 2007）
The streetcar in Matsuyama has a fixed fare of 150 yen,
regardless of distance traveled.（Iyo Railway Co .,Ltd Hp）
On the other hand the suburban railway has a basic
charge of 200 yen with an additional 50 yen payable for
every two stops traveled, with a maximum fare of 500 yen.
（Iyo Railway Co .,Ltd Hp）
In the near future Kazuo will have to use the streetcar and
train to travel to his day-care center.
The goal of this role play simulation and practice is to
have Kazuo acquire the ability to pay for daily necessities
and transportation fares totaling less than 666 yen, by
using Japanese six coins of different denomination.
Methods
（1） Material preparation and procedure
In this report, we used six denominations of Japanese
coins in the training we carried out for the purpose of
improving Kazuo’s ability to pay for fares on trains and
streetcars.
In each training session Kazuo used six coins totaling
An educational programs to providing an ability to pay for fares on
trains and streetcars for a child with middle-functioning autism
Graduate School of Education Yuki UTSUNOMIYA
Yu-gun Elementary School Tomoko ISHIKAWA
Center for Education and Educational Research Tadahiro KATO
Center for Education and Educational Research Osamu TANABE
（Received June 8, 2007）
52
宇都宮　由　紀・石　川　智　子・加　藤　匡　宏・田　鍋　　　修
666 yen. They comprised a five hundred yen coin（500
yen）, a one hundred yen coin（100 yen）, a fifty yen coin
（50 yen）, a ten yen coin（10 yen）, a five yen coin（5 yen）
and a one yen coin（1 yen）.
We intentionally used a rusty bronze 5 yen coin in order
to clearly distinguish between the 50 yen coin and the 5
yen coin.
In the role-play Kazuo was able to use 6 coins to pay an
exact amount without generating any change, e.g. 151 yen
can be paid with one 100 yen coin, a 50 yen coin and a 1
yen coin.  Other values for which Kazuo can pay with the
exact money are 160 yen, 165 yen, 500 yen, 505 yen, 555
yen, 561 yen, 600 yen and 666 yen.
We limited the role-play practice so as to avoid creating
any situation where the payment required totaled more
than 666 yen.  That is to say, we always ensured that
Kazuo had sufficient funds for each purchase and that he
was always in a position where he was receiving change.
(2)Role- play simulation
We had Kazuo understand the value of each coin based
on its position on a color-coded card（“value-card”）,
enabling him to use color as an additional visual hint in his
selection of coin denomination.  The value card is a piece
of paper 7 cm by 9cm, comprising three 3cm colored
strips（green, yellow and blue）.  When using the value-
card to pay for an item worth 128 yen, there are two
possible ways of paying.
One way is to use a single 500 yen coin.  The other way is
to make up the sum using a 100 yen coin and a 50 yen
coin.
We taught Kazuo three rules which, when applied to the
value-card, gave him visual hints and thus assisted him in
determining the value of each denomination of coin.
１.The 500 yen coin and the 100 yen coin must be on the
green strip.
２.The 50 yen coin and the 10 yen coin must be on the
yellow strip.
３.The 5 yen coin and the 1 yen coin must be on the blue
sheet.
The leftmost strip of the value-card（green）became, in
effect, the hundreds column, and was the location
specified for the 500 and 100 yen coins. All the items
involved in the training had a value greater than 100 yen
but less than 666 yen.  When Kazuo had to pay for
something we had him look at the price with reference to
the value-card. We encouraged Kazuo to select the 500
yen coin（representing the hundreds column）when
making purchases.
For example where an item costs 128 yen Kazuo should
pay with the 500 yen coin.  If, for an item costing between
100 and 199 yen, Kazuo happened to choose the 100 yen
coin we then had him choose the highest value coin in the
tens column.
For a 128 yen item, following the selection of a 100 yen,
coin the next coin he should choose is the 50 yen coin.
Fig.1 The following example demonstrates paying for an
item worth 128 yen
Fig.2 The following example demonstrates paying for an
item worth 151 yen
53
Coin combination method for the autism
For example, where an item costs 153 yen, Kazuo
should pay with the 500 yen coin. If Kazuo happened to
choose the 100 yen coin we then had him choose the
highest value coin in the tens column. For an item
worth 153 yen, following the selection of a 100 yen coin
the next coin Kazuo should choose is the 50 yen coin.
Lastly, Kazuo must account for the final 3 yen.
Although there is a 5 yen coin on the blue strip which
represents the ones column, we have Kazuo choose a 10
yen coin from the yellow strip（the tens column）. This is
done so that Kazuo is not forced to carry out the
calculation of‘5 minus 3’.
Applying the same methods used for a 153 yen item to a
157 yen item is easy. Kazuo need choose only a single 500
yen coin or a 100 yen coin plus the combination of a 50
yen and 10 yen coin.  When the price of an item ends in
zero, i.e. the ones column is zero（corresponding to the
blue strip of the value-card）, Kazuo has no problem
making payment.  Whenever there is a value in the ones
column other than zero, Kazuo only has to choose the 10
yen coin from the tens column（yellow）.
In the same way, when using the value-card to pay for
an item worth 554 yen, Kazuo should pay with a
combination of a 500 yen coin and a 100 yen coin.  If he
chooses only a 500 yen coin, we indicate that he should
select an additional 100 yen coin. Nevertheless, Kazuo
often chose a 50 yen coin instead.  Since the value in the
ones column is 4, it falls into the category of cases without
zero in the ones column, so we have Kazuo to choose a 10
yen coin as his next selection.
Results
Practicing getting around using trains and streetcars.
We showed Kazuo how to make his own way to the
daycare center by means of train and streetcar.  We made
sure Kazuo always carried a total of 666 yen, in coins of six
denominations: a 500 yen coin, a 100 yen coin, a 50 yen
coin, a 10 yen coin, a 5 yen coin and a 1 yen coin.
The fare from the train station near Kazuo’s house to
the station closest to the streetcar stop is 200 yen. To
Fig.3 The following example demonstrates paying for an
item worth 153 yen
Fig.4 The following example demonstrates paying for an
item worth 157 yen
Fig.5 The following example demonstrates paying for an
item worth 554 yen
54
宇都宮　由　紀・石　川　智　子・加　藤　匡　宏・田　鍋　　　修
purchase a train ticket Kazuo put the 500 yen coin into the
vending machine.  He received a 200 yen ticket and three
100 yen coins as change.
Having paid for the train ticket Kazuo now possessed 7
coins totaling 466 yen: four 100 yen coins, one 50 yen coin,
one 10 yen coin, one 5 yen coin and a 1 yen coin.  Kazuo
next had to take the streetcar to the daycare centre, first
taking the Johoku line and then changing to the Dogo
line.
The streetcar fare is fixed at 150 yen.  On the first
streetcar Kazuo was able to pay with the exact change,
using a 100 yen coin and a 50 yen coin.  After paying for
the first streetcar Kazuo possessed 5 coins totaling 316
yen: three 100 yen coins, one 10 yen coin and a 1 yen coin.
Kazuo also has to pay 150 yen for the second streetcar,
but he no longer has a 50 yen coin. Instead he paid with
two 100 yen coins and completes his trip to the daycare
centre.
Discussion
Specialized behavioral and educational programs are
designed to treat autism. Behavioral therapy（Runco&
Schreibman,1983）is used to teach social skills, motor
skills and cognitive（ thinking） skills. Behavior
modification is also useful in reducing or eliminating
maladaptive behaviors. Individualized treatment planning
for behavioral therapy is important as autistic children
vary greatly in their behavioral needs.  Intensive behavior
therapy during early childhood and home-based
approaches training and involving parents are considered
to produce the best results.
One educational goal of mathematics is the acquisition
of the ability of deduction, through which people can
create abstract ideas from concrete objects.（Ministry of
Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology, 1999）
Unfortunately, Kazuo did not grasp the coin equivalent
concept.
According to some reports,（Trace,Cuvo & Criswell,1977; 
Frank,et al.,1980; McDonagh, McIlvane & Stoddard,
1984）children whose IQ is below 70 have difficulty in
comprehending the concept of coin equivalence, for
example, that five 1 yen coins correspond to a 5 yen coin
and five 10 yen coins is the same as a 50 yen coin.
Our goal in improving Kazuo’s mathematical ability is to
have him correctly read off the numerical figure on the
surface of each coin and to comprehend the correlating
value of the six denominations of Japanese coins.
Our modified coin combination method（Noro &
Kobayashi,1996）can potentially solve the problem of the
coin equivalent concept between the tens column and
the ones column. That is to say, Kazuo does not need to
compare the value of the coins in the ones column with
the purchase price of the item.
To avoid the mental calculation involved in the coin
equivalent concept, where a purchase price has a value of
anything except zero in the ones column, a 10 yen coin
should be used to cover the payment.  The 666 yen value-
card training stands him in good stead in the daily tasks of
getting around and making purchases.
In Tokyo, some ticket vending machines do not
dispense change in the largest denomination coins
possible, but include smaller denomination coins.  For
example, when purchasing a 200 yen ticket with a 500 yen
coin some vending machines do not give the change in the
form of three 100 yen coins but as two 100 yen coins, one
50 yen coin and five 10 yen coins.
To ensure that Kazuo gets change and does not have to
perform mental arithmetic, our modified coin combination
method encourages him to look first to the hundreds
column and then to the tens column when making
payments.
If Kazuo finds himself in a situation where he has no 100
yen coins, but has five 50 yen coins, six 10 yen coins and a
1 yen coin（totaling 361 yen）, because he does not yet
understand coin equivalence he is unable to pay the 150
yen streetcar fare, despite having enough money.  In a
hypothetical situation where Kazuo has two 100 yen coins,
one 50 yen coin and two 10 yen coins totaling 270 yen, and
the train fare is 170 yen, he has been trained to pay not
with one 100 yen, one 50 yen and two 10 yen coins but
55
Coin combination method for the autism
with two 100 yen coins.  In cases where the ticket vending
machine gives change in the form of 50 yen and 10 yen
coins Kazuo is faced with the task of counting the coins he
has, working out their value, and comparing it to the price
of the ticket.
In our modified coin combination method we did not
teach Kazuo the coin equivalence concept, for example,
that two 50 yen coins correspond to one 100 yen coin.
As a result of the way in which some ticket vending
machines dispense change, Kazuo was forced to count the
different coins he had and deal with the concept of coin
equivalence.
Work is currently in progress to develop a concrete
method of introducing the coin equivalence concept to
children with middle-functioning autism.
References
American Psychistric Association.（2000）Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental disorders Fourth Edition
Text Revision（DSM-Ⅳ-TR） Washington D.C
Carothers,E.D.,& Taylor,L.R.（2004）How teachers and
parents can work together to teach daily living skills to
children with autism Focus on Autism and Other
Developmental Disabilities 19（2）, 102－104.
Frank, Alan.R. et al.（1980）Teaching selected concepts
and skills in coin equivalence and summation to
handicapped students Career Deveropment for
Exceptional Individuals 3（1）, 17－23.
Noro,F.,& Kobayashi,S.（1996）Teaching students with
autism to construct coin combinations corresponding to
printed prices: formation of correct responding to
compound stimuli Japanese Journal of Behavior Therapy
22（2）, 1－8 .（in Japanese）
Iyo Railway Co ., Ltd（2007）［cited 2007 Mar.］,  Available from:
URL: http://www3.iyotetsu.co.jp/rosen/index0.html（in
Japanese）
McDonagh,C.E., McIlvane,J.W.,& Stoddard,T.L.（1984）
Teaching coin equivalences via matching to sample
Applied research in mental retardation 5（2）, 177－197.
Trace,W.Ｍ., Cuvo,J.A.,& Criswell,L.J.（1977）Teaching
coin equivalence to the mentally retarded  Journal of
applied behavior analysis 10（1）,85－92.
Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and
Technology.（1999）The course of study for elementary
school mathmatics（in Japanese）
Runco,A.M.,& Schreibman,L.（1983）Parental judgments
of behavior therapy efficacy with autistic children: a
social validation  Journal of autism and deveropmental
disorders 13（3）, 237－248.
Utsunomiya,Y., Ishikawa,T., Kato,T.,& Tanabe,O.（2007）
Using mobile phones and mobile phone email to train
patients with middle-functioning autism to carry out
everyday tasks like shopping Bulletin of The Center for
Education and Educational Research The Faculty of
Education Ehime University 25, 145－152.


English

An educational programs to providing an ability to pay for fares on trains and streetcars for a child with middle-functioning autism

堺, 賢治

藤原, 誠

伊賀上, 哲旭

山本, 孔一

Japanese

A study of childplay and leadership : with centering upon the relation of sports club and school life

山口, 力

Preparation and Function of Solid Acid and Base Catalysts
Tsutomu Yamaguchi
Abstract: By dispersing metal salts on high surface area metal oxides, a new type of solid acid
and solid base catalysts can be obtained. Anions derived from metal salts are the origin of the
acidity and basicity generation. A new solid base catalyst derived from Group 1 metal
carbonate and nitrate on alumina and a new solid acid derived from tungstate anion are
introduced. Reactions of organosilanes as a hydrocarbon homolog are also introduced.
Key words: solid acid, solid base, organosilane
109
工学ジャーナル　第６巻  
2007年3月
Annual Journal of Eng.,  
Ehime Univ., VI, Mar., 2007
平成 18 年 10 月 23 日  受付  ,  平成 19 年 1 月 31 日  受理
Table 1 Strong solid bases
starting material
and preparation method
pretreat. temp./ K H-
CaO CaCO3 1173 26.5
SrO Sr(OH)2 1123 26.5
NaOH / MgO (NaOH impregnated) 823 26.5
Na / MgO (Na vaporized) 923 35
Na / Al2O3 (Na vaporized) 823 35
Na / NaOH / Al2O3 (NaOH, Na impregnated) 773 37
KNH2 / Al2O3 (KNH2 impregnated) - ?
K(NH3) / Al2O3 (ammoniacal K impregnated) - ?
Table 2 Physico-chemical properties of metal cations and Kp of MmCO3 MmO + CO2
M ci
*1
partial charge of
oxygen*2
Kp at 1,000 K
m.p. of oxide
/ °C
M ci
*1
partial charge of
oxygen*2
Kp
at 1,000 K
Li 3.0 -0.80 1.91 x 10-4 1,570 Mg 6.0 -0.50 4420
Na 2.7 -0.81 3.88 x 10-10 1,132 Ca 5.0 -0.57 6.64 x 10-2
K 2.4 -0.85 1.75 x 10-13 >763 Sr 5.0 -0.59 2.82 x 10-4
Cs 2.1 -0.87 1.27 x 10-13 490 Ba 4.5 -0.61 2.20 x 10-6
*1 ci = (1 + 2i) c ; i = charge, c = Pauling’s electronegativity (K. Tanaka and A. Ozaki, J. Catal., 8, 1 (1967)).
*2 R.T.Sanderson, “Chemical Periodicity”, Reinhold, 1960
110
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
lo
g
K
p
Temperature / °C
Calculated by MALT
MgCO3
CaCO3
SrCO3
BaCO3
Li2CO3
Na2CO3
K2CO3
Cs2CO3
Fig. 1 Calculated Kp of MmCO3 MmO + CO2
111
A
+
A B
K2CO3
+  B
-
+  CO3
2-K+
crown ether etc.
CO2 O
2-
+
+
K2O
heat heat
+ -
oxide surface
112
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Fig. 2 TPD profiles of 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-KCA and K2CO3
5KCA
20KCA
30KCA
K2CO3
10KCA
in
te
ns
ity
 (m
/e
=4
4)
 / 
a.
u.
Temp. / °C
113
0
20
40
60
80
100
R
at
e 
/ m
m
ol
 g
-1
 m
in
-1
NaNA KNA CsNA MgNA CaNA SrNA BaNA
Fig. 3  Comparison of reaction rate  (based on the unit amount of 
imaginary metal oxide)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
In
te
ns
ity
Temp. / °C
10CsNA
Fig.4  TPD profile and deconvolution 
of 10CsNA 
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
am
ou
nt
 o
f 
se
pa
ra
te
d 
an
io
n 
/ i
on
s 
nm
-2
Surface density / cations nm -2
BaNA
SrNA
CaNA
MgNA
Fig. 5  Change of amount of separated anion 
against surface density
114
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NaNA KNA CsNA MgNA CaNA SrNA BaNA
ra
te
 / 
10
-1
8
 m
ol
 m
in
-1
 a
ni
on
-1
Fig. 6  Comparison of reaction rate (based on the unit amount 
of separated anions)
(1) 2-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl-2-butene
(2) allene methylacetylene
(3) -pinene -pinene
(4) limonene terpinolene p-cymene + H2
(5) 1,3-cyclohexadiene benzene + H2, 1,4-cyclohexadiene
115
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2 4 6 8
W O3/TiO2
W O3/ZrO2
W O3/Al2O3
W O3/SiO2
R
ea
ct
io
n 
R
at
e
/ m
m
ol
 m
in
-
1
 W
O
3
-g
-
1
Surface Density / x 1018 W atoms m- 2
EtOH Dehydration
0
10
20
30
40
0 2 4 6 8
W O3/TiO2
W O3/ZrO2
W O3/Al2O3R
ea
ct
io
n 
R
at
e
/ m
m
ol
 m
in
-1
W
O
3
-g
-
1
Surface Density / x 1018 W atoms m- 2
MTBE Synthesis
0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 8
W O3/TiO2
W O3/ZrO2
W O3/Al2O3
W O3/SiO2
R
ea
ct
io
n 
R
at
e 
/ m
m
ol
 m
in
-
1
 W
O
3
-g
-
1
Surface Density / x 1018 W atoms m- 2
Cumene Cracking
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6 8
W O3/TiO2
W O3/ZrO2
W O3/Al2O3
W O3/SiO2
R
ea
ct
io
n 
R
at
e
/ m
m
ol
 m
in
-
1
 W
O
3
-g
-
1
Surface Density  / x 1018 W atoms m- 2
p-Xylene
Disproportionation
Fig. 7 Surface density dependency of dispersed WO3
116
20040060080010001200
Raman Shift / cm-1
0 .51
2
3
4
6
8
WO3 / Al2 O3
WO3 (octa)
WO3 (tetra)
20040060080010001200
R
am
an
 I
nt
en
si
ty
Raman Shift / cm-1
2
4
8
1
3
6
anatase
rutile
WO3 (octa)
WO3 (tetra)
WO3 / TiO2
20040060080010001200
R
am
an
 I
nt
en
si
ty
Raman Shift / cm-1
2
4
8
3
6
1
WO3 / ZrO2
WO3 (octa)
WO3 (tetra)
20040060080010001200
Raman Shift / cm-1
0 .5
1
2
3
4
6
8
WO3 / SiO2
WO3 (octa)
WO3 (tetra)
Fig. 8 FT-Raman spectra of dispersed tungsten oxide
117
20040060080010001200
R
am
an
 I
nt
en
si
ty
Raman Shift / cm- 1
5mol%
10mol%
0mol%
20mol%
W O3 (tetra)
W O3 (octa)
WO3-TiO2 (500°C calc.)
20040060080010001200
R
am
an
 I
nt
en
si
ty
Raman Shift / cm- 1
2x101 8
4x101 8
8x101 8
W O3 (octa)
W O3 (tetra)
WO3/TiO2(190)  (500°C calc.)
Fig. 9 FT-Raman spectra of coprecipitated and well dispersed W species
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20
WO3/TiO2
WO3-TiO2
WO3/TiO2(190)
WO3(m)/TiO2(190)
Y
ie
ld
 / 
%
WO3 mol%
Octadiene Synthesis
Fig. 10 Application of well-dispersed catalyst for OCD synthesis
118
—
Table 3 The ratio of H2 to HD and amount of
hydrogen molecules (μmol/g) evolved from E2
Catalyst H2 HD
H-Y
1
(3.3)
1.5
(5)
H-ZSM-5
1
(2)
1
(2)
SiO2-Al2O3
1
(3.3)
1
(3.3)
Si+
H
Si - H
H
(HD)
H2
Si - H
H
Si+
H
(HD)
H2
(D+)
H+
Si       H
H
H
(D)
+
Si+ - H
H
H
(D)
3c-2e
5-coordinated
Activation of Si-H Bond
(D+)
H+
Scheme 2 Si-H activation
SO3 / ZrO2
1
(0.8)
3
(2)
119
Table 4 Alkylation of E2 and E2M1 by olefinic hydrocarbons on SA
olefin with E2 : yield / mol % with E2M1 : yield / mol %
1-butene n-form 81.7 n-form 44.7
n-form 50.2 n-form 12.0
cis-2-butene
iso-form 7.0 iso-form 6.3
n-form 77.5 n-form 76.7
isobutene
iso-form 7.3 iso-form 6.4
n-form 34.4 n-form 55.3
internal = 6.21,3-butadiene
disilyl 18.5 disilyl 19.1
n-form 37.4 n-form 50.2
methylacetylene
iso-form 11.9 iso-form 33.0
n-form 36.8 n-form 72.8
ethylacetylene
iso-form 16.0 iso-form 10.4
reaction temp. = 423 K, cat. wt. = 0.5 g, organosilane = 60 Torr, hydrocarbon = 120 Torr, reaction
time = 3 h
120
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(2003)
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121
[8] T. Yamaguchi, Y. Tanaka and K. Tanabe, J. Catal., 65, 442 (1980)
[9] T. Yamaguchi, S. Nakamura and K. Tanabe, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 621, (1982)
[10] T. Yamaguchi, S. Nakamura and H. Nagumo, Proc. 8th lntern. Congr. Catal., West Berlin, 1984, 579
[11] T. Nakamura, M. Yamada and T. Yamaguchi, Appl. Catal. A: General, 87, 69 (1992)
[12] T. Yamaguchi and C. Nishimichi, Catal. Today, 16, 555-562 (1993)
[13] T. Yamaguchi and N. Kasuya, Proc. Intern. Congr. Catal., Granada, 2000, CD R072
[14] H. Fujisawa, and T. Yamaguchi, Chem. Lett., 1993, 593-596.
[15] F. Bouchet, H. Fujisawa, M. Kato, and T. Yamaguchi, Stud. Surf. Sc. Catal., 84, 2029-2036 (1994)
[16] T. Yamaguchi, T. Yamada, M. Shibata, T. Tsuneki, and M.Ookawa, Stud. Surf. Sc. Catal., 108, 617-624
(1997)
122


Preparation and Function of Solid Acid and Base Catalysts

荒木, 孝雄

阿川, 隆一

次田, 泰裕

Processing of Elements Separation for Recycling Technology 
in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE)
by Takao ARAKI**, Ryuichi AGAWA *** and Yasuhiro TSUGITA **** 
Abstract 
In recent years the use of electric electronic equipments (EEE) has rapidly increased due to the rapid growth of 
information and communication technology, the shortening of the product development cycle and lowering of 
product costs. However, this trend creates an equivalent rapid increase of waste electric electronic equipments 
(WEEE) at the end of the product’s life. Processing of elements separation for recycling technology in WEEE 
performs in consideration of environmental efficiency, recycling efficiency and cost efficiency. Finding the right 
balance between ecological and economical performance is crucial for a sustainable efficient WEEE recycling. The 
process of element separation is a recycling chain and a complex disintegration process which generates well useful 
output products. Many of those products use internally to manufacture new materials for industrial applications. 
This paper presents the trend of element separation process for recycling technology in WEEE to do close the chain. 
Key words: Waste electric electronic equipments WEEE , Environment efficiency, Eco-efficiency, WEEE 
recycling chain, Printed circuit boards , Elements separation, Treated efficiency, Laser ablation method
* 85 8 2005 442 446
**  790-8577 3
** Dept. of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University,  Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan  
***  141-8686 5-9-11 
*** Engineering Plant Division, Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. Kita-shinagawa 5-9-11, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 141-8686 Japan 
****  105-8716 5 11 3
**** Technology Division, Sumitomo Metal Mining Ltd. Shinbashi 5-11-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8716 Japan
89
工学ジャーナル　第６巻  
2007年3月
Annual Journal of Eng.,  
Ehime Univ., VI, Mar., 2007
平成 18 年 11 月 6 日  受付  ,  平成 19 年 1 月 31 日  受理
Environmental 
efficiency
Impact on local & global
environment
(air, water, soil, people, )
Recycling 
efficiency
Impact on resources
& on waste reduction
Cost 
efficiency
Economic impact 
relative competitiveness
Priority on reuse, if at a 
later stage EEE is fed into 
efficient recycling
Recycling cost is not a 
determinant factor by 
itself!
Technical
Processes
& company policy
Fig.1 Relation among environment efficiency, Recycling efficiency and cost efficiency for a sustainable efficient 
WEEE-recycling.
 2)
90
V
A
L
U
E
TIME
Resource
Maximize utility
of metal element
Investment
Material
Product
Materials eco-efficiency, for metals
V
A
L
U
E
TIME
Resource
Minimize 
degradation
of material 
stock
Investment
Material
Product
Product eco-efficiency, 
value objectives for plastics
Maximize value
of the product
V
A
L
U
E
V
A
L
U
E
Fig. 2  Eco-efficiency of materials for metals and product for plastics
2)
.
WEEE Collection Dis-mantling
Pre-
processing
Smelting
& Refining
Recycled
metals/
elements
Separated components & fractions
Fig.3  Sustainable optimization has to consider the entire WEEE recycling chain
2)
.
91
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
CRT 
Display
Disk
Top PC
Chassis (Plastics)
Brown Tube
Remained Parts Shred
RDF
Glass
Metal
Iron
Copper
Aluminum
Dust
Dust
Chassis
Cable
Units (HDD, Power 
Board)
PC Board
Remained Parts
Front Panel, Mouse, Key 
board
Precious Metals 
(Gold, Silver, Cobalt)
Ferrous, Aluminum
Dust
RDF
Plastics
Crushing
R
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Crushing
Fig.5  Reproduction process for PCs in Japan
4)
.
Recycling
Stations/
Recycling 
Funds
Companies
Producers/
Manufacturers
greenCollect
STANA
Dismantling   
CRT Plant
Plastic
Shredding
Metal Recycling
Shredding & Fluting
Hazardous
Components
Boards
Funnel
glass
Panel
glass
ABS
Plastics
PS
Plastics
Metal
-Fe
-Cu
-Al
-etc
Energy Recovery
Incineration Landfill
Fig.4  An example of recycling process for PCs in EU
3)
.
92
s
m
a
ll
b
ig
Input / 
Presorting
Mech. 
Dismantling
Screening
c
o
a
rs
e
fi
n
e
Magn. Separator
Shredder
Granulator
Manual Sorting
valuable pieces
harmful pieces
Manual Sorting
valuable pieces
harmful pieces
Shredder
Granulator
Magn. Separator
Screening
Magn. Separator
Whirler type 
separator
Copper 
separator
Mix-PlasticsIron
Dust
Al,Cu
Cu
Challenge Polymer Recycling
Energy Recovery
Polymer Recovery
Methanol Production
Recycled polymer
s
m
a
ll
b
ig
c
o
a
rs
e
fi
n
e
Fig.6  An example of recycling treatments for PCs in EU
5)
.
Table 1 Parts of PCB and Materials of Structures
6-7).
Parts Main materials 
Package Epoxy(Silicon) 
Lead frame Kovar, 42 alloy, Sn plating 
Chip Si 
Bonding wire Au 
Die frame Kovar, 42 alloy 
Die bonding Ag, Au-Si eutectic 
Solder Pb-Sn alloy 
Board 
Epoxy(Brominating), Glass fiber, Cu 
circuit 
93
Purified
off gas
Purified 
waste water
Input
Complex
recycling
materials
Output
often containing
elements with
environmental
danger when
landfilled
Zn Ir Hg FeHC
Te
Ag
SbC
Se
SiO2
Pt Ni
Plastic
Co
Cd
Cu
S
As
Rh
Bi
Pb
Sn
Al2O3
Ru
Pd
In
Au
Umicore-Processes
Caloric value
recovered as energy
(fuel substitute)
Plastic
C
HC
S
Base & Special
Metals
Cu,Ni,Co,Sn,Pb,Cd,
As,Sb,Se,Ta,In
High grade
Precioue Metals
Ag,Au,Pt,Pd,Rh,Ir,Ru
Slag for
Dyke Fortification
all elements sealed in
Stable composition
Sulfuric
Acid
Special
Depositories
Hg,Cd, (As,Se,Sb)
Fig.7 Metals refining is a complex “disintegration” process which generates well 
defined output streams2).
Table 2 Elements of PCB
6-7)
.
Materials Elements 
Concentration 
(mass %) 
Total 
(mass %)
C 18.1 
H 1.80 
N 0.32 
Org-O 6.03 
Br 5.17 
Epoxy 
resin 
Sb 0.45 
31.77 
Si,SiO2 24.7 
Al2O3 9.35 
CaO 3.36 
MgO 0.081 
BaO 0.002 
Na2O 0.090 
Glass
fiber 
SrO 0.035 
37.62 
Cu 14.6 
Circuit 
P 0.014 
Sn 5.62 
Solder 
Pb 2.96 
Fe 4.79 
Ni 1.65 
Cr 0.356 
Lead
frame 
Mo 0.016 
Ag 0.0450 
Au 0.0205 Contact 
Pd 0.0220 
30.09 
Total - 99.48 99.48 
94
Lead(Pb)                               125,000t
Copper(Cu)                          >35,000t
Selenium(Se)                              600t
Bismuth(Bi)                                400t
Antimony(Sb)                          3,000t
Nickel(Ni)                                 2,000t
Tellurum(Te)                               150t
Gold(Au)                                    >100t
Tin(Sn)                                      1,500t
Arsenic(As)                              1,000t
Platinum Group Metals(PGM)   100t
Aggregate for concrete & dyke fortification                     140,000t
Silver(Ag)                                 2,400t
lndium(In)                                      30t
Sulphuric acid                     100,000t
Fig.9 An example of total metal recovery in a company in EU
2)
.
By-products from
Smelters and
refiners
Industrial and
Consumer 
recyclable
products
Precious Metals
Base Metals
Special Metals
Chemicals
Aggregate for
concrete
250,000 tpy
Input
SULPHURIC
ACID PLANT
Process
Matte
Gas
SO2
Cu-
SMELTER Slag
Cu builion
Ni,
As
PLANT LEAD
REFINERY
Aggregate
for
Concrete
SPECIAL
METALS
REFINERY
CUPELLA
TION
PM-RE 
FINERY
Ag,Au,Pt,
Pd,Rh,Ru,Ir
CuH2SO4 In,
Se,Te
Pb,Sn,
Sb,Bi
Lead
BLAST
FURNACE
Lead
builionLEACHING &
ELECTRO-
WINNING
Precious metals residues
Output
Fig.8 An example of a smelter refinery at Hoboken/Antwerp (Belgium)
 2)
.
95
; As received size specimens 
; Crashed small size specimens
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
Fe Ni Cu Ag Sn Au Pb
10R
a
ti
o
 o
f 
m
e
ta
l 
re
c
o
v
e
ry
 ,
C
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
 r
e
s
id
u
a
ls
In
p
u
t 
P
C
B
 
(m
a
s
s
%
)
R
a
ti
o
 o
f 
m
e
ta
l 
re
c
o
v
e
ry
 ,
C
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
 r
e
s
id
u
a
ls
In
p
u
t 
P
C
B
 
(m
a
s
s
%
)
Fig.10 Comparison of metals recovery ratio between as received size and crashed small size  specimen of waste PCB after 
combustion8).
96
As 
received
size
specimens
Printed 
circuit
board 
(PCB) Crashing
processing
Re-crusting
processing
Combustion 
treatment
Treated 
efficiency 
with energy 
for crushing
Metallic 
collection rate
Residue melt 
solidification 
(Handling 
trouble)
Treated 
efficiency 
with energy 
for crushing
Treated 
efficiency 
with energy 
for crushing
Metallic 
collection 
rate
Combustion 
treatment
Crashing
processing
Metals
Refining
Treated efficiency with energy for crushing ; 
Treated efficiency for metallic collection rate ; 
Crashed 
small
size
specimens
Fig.11 Comparison of treated efficiency for as received size and crashed small size specimen of waste PCB after 
combustion
8)
.
WEEE
Demolition, 
Decomposition
Separation
Waste PCB
Gas (dust), Slag, Matte Metals
Behavior of Halogen Composites
Behavior of trace metal elements
Materials recycling (Valuable metals)
Thermal recycling
(Pyrolysis, Gasification, Combustion)
Chemical recycling
(Recovery : Chlorine, Bromine) 
Recovery and Decharacterization
Refining furnace
System with
a single 
treatment
System with 
Mixed
treatments
Halogen Elements and Valuable metals
Fig. 12 Flow of recycling treatment for WEEE9).
97
Table 4 Behavior of trace metal elements in 
copper refining
9)
.
Matt
e
(%)
Slag
(%)
[ M]/{M} Remarks 
Ag 98.5 1.0 0.5 
Au 98.5 1.0 0.5 
Depend on 
matte grade 
Ni 97.3 2.2 0.5 
Co 63.0 36.5 0.5 
Pb 56.4 13.7 29.8 
Zn 32.0 60.0 8.0 
Cd 14.9 5.0 80.1 
As 9.3 17.9 72.8 
Sb 39.9 51.9 8.1 
Bi 24.0 1.0 75.0 
Tl 39.9 43.7 16.3 
Te 70.8 18.4 10.8 
Depend on 
degree of 
oxidization 
[ M]/{M}: Concentration Ratio of matt / slag 
Table 3 Compositions of Plastics in WEEE.
mass%
9)
Kinds of WEEE Elements & 
Others 
B.G DP & 
OE
W.G P.C.B
C 79 65.8 46.4 27 
O 3.4 7.7 20 30 
H 6.8 5.9 5.6 2.3 
Br 4.4 5.3 5.1 9 
Cl 1 1.2 0 0 
Sb 1.3 1.9 0.4 0 
B 0.02 0.14 0.6 1 
Ferrous 0 0 0 0 
Non-Ferrous 1.3 4.2 14.2 30 
Glass 0.7 1.6 2.2 0 
Others 0.35 2.2 0.2 0 
Total 100 100 100 100 
B.G; Brown Goods 
DP & OE; Date Processing & Office Equipments, 
W.G; White Goods   
P.C.B; Printed Circuit Boards 
98
Electro-Optic 
Materials
Thin Film 
Products
Specialty
Oxides & 
Chemicals
Engineered
Metal 
Powders
Advanced Materials
Copper
Zinc
Smelting
Zinc
Alloys &
Chemicals
Building
Products
Padding
Industry
Copper
Precious
Metals
Manage-
ment
Zinc
Automotive 
Catalysts
Precious
Metals
Refining
Precious
Metals
Services
Precious Metals Products & Catalysis
Precious 
Metals
Chemistry
Technical
Materials
Fuel calls Jewe lery
& Electro-
Plating
WEEE
Fig.14 Many of these metals are used internally to manufacture new materials
2)
.
Flash
Furnacel
Heat Boiler
Hot ESP
Gas Scrubbing
+
Cooling Plant
Sulfuric Acid
Production
Peirce
Smith
Converter
Cooling Towers
Cyclone Coolers
Wet ESP’s
Hot ESP
Dry Process
Wet Process
Fig.13 Production process of sulfuric acid in copper  smelting9).
99
Fig.15  Appearance of thin films made from pellet of 
PCB powder by laser ablation method
6-7)
Epoxy resin Ether
Fig.16  Structural analysis of thin films by Fourier 
Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (Laser 
fluence: 0.5J/cm
2
) 6-7)
100
101


Processing of Elements Separation for Recycling Technology in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE)

山口, 雅子

山内, 栄子

母性看護学実習

福田, 安典

『地域文化のアクチュアリティ 愛媛からの発信』
愛媛大学地域創成研究センター監・シード書房刊・2006年3月・29ユ頁
福　田　安　典
　「地域の文化」というものを取り扱う必要が，
愛媛大学にはあり，特に愛媛大学地域創成研究セ
ンターにはある，というより年々その必要性は高
まりつつある。
　しかしながら，いざ「地域の文化」とは何なの
かと改めて問う時に，文学，美術，音楽，伝統芸
能，演劇，考古学的遺物など，その解は様々であ
って，同一人物の申でさえ，その折々の環境や感
懐によって出てくる言葉は違うだろう。その混沌
とした中にまた「取り扱い方」の多様さが加わる。
単なる紹介でいいのか，その評価を全国的に知ら
しめるべきなのか，町おこしに役立てるのか，な
どなど。
　その複雑に絡み合った現代の愛媛文化シーンの
中でも，とりあえずは「大学の仕事」としてすべ
きことを模索し，まがりなりにも一つの答えを出
したものが本書である。
　本書は3部から構成される。まず，その構成と
執筆者について以下に示す。
序　論
第一部
　序　章
第一章
第二章
住まうと芸術文化
一彷程としての帰郷，あるいは
　帰郷としての彷程一
　　　　　　寿草三（愛媛大学）
愛媛の芸能・演劇
　松山の「演劇バブル」の時
　　　　　　福田　安典（愛媛大学）
　松山東雲能について
　一現代能楽の「根っこ」一
　　　　　　福田　安典
　能楽座談会
　一大学生が垣間見る能の歴史と
　　現状一
　　　　井上　裕久（能　楽　師）
　　　　渡辺　全（愛媛能楽協会）
　　　　堀　美智子（愛媛能楽協会）
第三章
第四章
第五章
第六章
第七章
第八章
第二部
　第一章
第二章
第三章
第四章
第五章
　　　　福田　安典
　　　　木村　康彦（愛媛大学学生）
　明治期の松山演劇事情
　一新栄座の出来るまで一
　　　　　　神楽岡幼子（愛媛大学）
　芝居小屋を語り継ぐ
　一栄座の事例から一
　　　　　　中原ゆかり（愛媛大学）
　三木政一氏の自作講談
　　　　　　中原ゆかり（愛媛大学）
　芝居小屋と映画館の盛衰史
弘岡　寧彦（元テレビプロデューサー）
　愛媛の映画人　日本映画の黎明
　を告げた松山中学出身の映画人
　伊藤大輔と伊丹万作
　　　　　富田　美香（立命館大学）
　現代の演劇シーン
梶岡　　剛（㈲まつやまアーツマネジメント）
愛媛の音楽
　ジャズの魅力を伝えたい
　　．栗田　敬子（ジャズピアニスト）
　ピアニストの仕事と愛媛の
　音楽状況
大澤　宣晃（ピアニスト・松山東雲
　　　　　　　短期大学非常勤講師）
　愛媛インディーズ
　J一ポップ・J一ロックCD
　　　　　　岸啓子（愛媛大学）
　インタビュー　一伊賀氏が語る一
　ライブハウス・サロンキティと
　マッドマガジンレコーズ
伊賀　千晃（サロンギティオーナー・
　　　　　　マッドマガジンレコーズ代表）
田中　尚邦（OutAudjoAddiせ㎝sメンバー）
岸　　啓子
　愛媛大学プロムナード・
一201一
福田安典 『地域文化のアクチュアリティ 愛媛からの発信．
　　　　　コンサート2005
　　　　　バッハ音律で聴くバッハの
　　　　　『プレリュードとフーガ」
　　　　岸　　啓子
　　　　宮武誠」（杣人バロックアンサンブル）
　第六章　座談会　愛媛の音楽情況
　　　　大澤　宣晃・栗田　敬子・
　　　　寿　　卓三・三上　　徹（愛媛大学）
第三部　愛媛の美術
　第一章　地域における美術館
　　　　　一愛媛県美術館における
　　　　　　美術品収集の話
　　　　　　　梶岡　秀一（愛媛県立美術館）
　第二章　地域アートNPOの役割と可能性
　　　　　一カコアの試み　カコア
　第三章　地域におけるモダンデザイン
　　　　　　　　　　高安　啓介（愛媛大学）
　第四章　日土小学校から学ぶこと
　　　　　　　　　　高安　啓介
　第五章　松山市のギャラリー状況と今後
　　　　　　　　　　千代田憲子（愛媛大学）
　あとがき一「愛媛の文化は，いま」一
　　　　　　　　　　福田　安典
資料　松山アートスペース・松山アート
　　　マップ・松山ミュージックマップ
　煩填ながら，執筆陣の肩書きを記したが，まず
この豊富さを紹介したい。従来の大学の刊行物は
どうしてもいわゆる「学者の世界」の閉じられた
空間でなされることが多い。それに対して本書
は，学生はいうに及ばず，NPoや県立美術館，能
楽協会など愛媛文化シーンを牽引している人や団
体，個人的にずっと愛媛の文化について研究して
いる市井研究者をまきこんで構成した所に特徴が
ある。さらには，立命館大学や東雲短期大学なξ
の他大学との連携にも成功している。
　扱う内容も，伝統芸たる能楽からJ一ポップ，
近代建築から現代アートまで広範であって，その
点描から紡ぎ出される愛媛文化のありようを「読
む」ことができる。
一202一


『地域文化のアクチュアリティ 愛媛からの発信』

斎藤, 司

刑訴法三一六条の一五にいう、いわゆる類型証拠の開示をめぐる裁定事例 : (1)大阪高裁平成一八年六月二六日決定(判時一九四〇号一六五頁)(2)最高裁平成一八年一一月一四日決定(判時一九四七号一六七頁、判夕一二二二号一〇二頁) (藤川研策教授退職記念号)

井藤, 正信

ドイツベンチャー企業の発展動向と資金調達問題

栗田, 英幸

波多江, 秀枝

サンロケダム影響調査報告書(2)

GHONEIM, Adel

－ 11 －
愛媛大学農学部農場報告
（Bull. Exp. Farm Fac. Agr., Ehime Univ.）29：11－16（2007）
Effect of Nitrogen Supplied from Poultry Manure and Sewage
 Sludge on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Rice
Adel Ghoneim1)*
Summary
　Use of poultry manure and sewage sludge in agriculture is being considered as one 
of the methods for recycling of these wastes in an environmental beneficial manner.  
An investigation was undertaken to see the influence of added poultry manure and 
sewage sludge application on rice growth, yield and N uptake studied with pot experi-
ment.  There were four treatments consisting of control, chemical fertilizer, sewage 
sludge and poultry manure.  The results showed that application of poultry manure 
and sewage sludge increased grain yield 34.8 and 38.3%, respectively over control.  
The nitrogen uptake was positively influenced by different treatments and the highest 
N uptake was obtained with chemical fertilizer.  At maturity, N uptake of poultry ma-
nure was significantly higher than sewage sludge.  The relative efficiency was varied 
with organic materials.  
Introduction
　Continuous use of chemical fertilizers for long time may accelerate the depletion of organic 
matter.  It has been shown that crop N recovery from organic inputs such as poultry manure(PM) 
and sewage sludge(SS) or manures is often less than 20%7）.  However, has been widely accepted 
that organic inputs play a significant role in the long-term build up of soil organic matter and 
associated soil stabilization.  The use of poultry manure and domestic sewage sludge in agriculture 
is being considered as one of the methods for recycling of these wastes in an environmental 
beneficial manner.  For soil management, it’s well known that organic matter application plays 
important role in supplying nutrients8）, stabilizing pH, EC and CEC, controlling the soil moisture 
and enhancing microbial activity and circulation of nutrients4, 5）.  These processes are necessary for 
sustainable agriculture systems.  Among the organic matter that can be used, poultry manure and 
sewage sludge are the most abundant organic materials in farming systems6）.  Thus, evolution of 
１）Agricultural Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Rice Research & Training Center, Agronomy 
Department,  33717 Sakha-Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
＊　Author for correspondence （e-mail : adel. ghoneim@yahoo. com）
　　Present address : Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University Farm, Hattanji Ko 498, Matsuyama, Ehime 799-2424, Japan.
－ 12 －
poultry manure and sewage sludge from viewpoint of nitrogen is very important for integrated soil 
management for sustainable food production and conservation agricultural land1）.  Information 
regarding the effect of poultry manure and domestic sewage sludge on yield and N uptake is still 
needed.  The objective of this study was to investigate the fate of N in poultry manure and sewage 
sludge on rice growth, yield and N uptake.  
Materials and Methods
　The experiment was carried during 2006-2007 at the Experimental Farm, Ehime University, 
Matsuyama City, Japan, （33°57’N, 132°47’E） with the elevation of 20m above sea level.  The soil 
belongs to low fertility, Fluvisol with the chemical characteristics: CEC, 9.80 cmol(+)kg‒1; pH, 6.5 
（H2O); EC, 0.32 dS m‒1; total-carbon (C), 1.50%; total-N, 0.17%; available P, 1.89 g kg‒1; 
exchangeable K, 0.63 g kg‒1; exchangeable Ca, 1.45 g kg‒1; exchangeable Mg, sand, 58.1, silt, 28.1 %, 
and clay, 13.4%.  The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design with four 
replications and the following treatments: control without fertilization or amendment, chemical fer-
tilizer, sewage sludge and poultry manure.  Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rate of 8.0 g m－2 （14N） 
applied three splits at different rice growth stages.  The application rate of SS and PM was 160 and 
200g FW m－2, respectively, added at full just before transplanting.  The application rates were 
based on the fresh weight since these materials are applied on a fresh weight basis in practical 
farming.  Comparison of the N fate of organic materials, which were added at the likely weight, 
could provide significant information.  Phosphorus from P2O5 and K from KCl were applied as basal 
dose to all pots at the rate of 80 kg N ha－1.  Wagner pots （0.025 m2） were filled with 3.50 kg air-
dried soil mixed with equivalent volume of amendments.  Three 25-day-old seedlings of rice cultivar 
Sakha 103 were transplanted to the center of each pot with four replicates on June 22.  The pots 
were maintained under flooding conditions until harvesting and drained thereafter.
Plant sampling 
　Plant height, number of tillers and leaf chlorophyll content were measured at different growth 
stages.  Chlorophyll content was measured with a chlorophyll meter （SPAD-502; Minolta Co. Ltd., 
Japan).  The rice plants were harvested at maturity and the relevant data were recorded from 
randomly selected plants and also from the pots.  The plants were then separated into straw and 
grains and oven-dried to constant weight at 70℃.  The dried samples were weighed and ground 
into a fine powder using a vibrating mill and total N was measured.
Statistical analysis 
　The significance of differences between the amendments was determined by a multiple 
comparison test using the Tukey-Kramer test （P<0.05） with the software KyPlot （KyensLab Inc., 
Tokyo, Japan).
－ 13 －
Results and Discussion
Rice growth
　The changes that occurred over time in plant height, number of tillers, and chlorophyll content 
are shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3.  The sewage sludge recorded the higher plant height; however, there 
was no significant difference in the mean plant height between the treatments （Fig. 1).  There was 
a significant difference in the number of tillers between the amendments （Fig. 2).  The number of 
tillers in sewage sludge was significantly higher than that of poultry manure and chemical fertilizer. 
The highest mean chlorophyll value was recorded at 18 DAT and was followed by a rapid decline 
in the chlorophyll content with no significant difference （Fig. 3). 
Fig. 1.　Effect of organic amendments and chemical fertilizer application on plant 
height.  Bars represent SE （n=5).  
Fig. 2.　Changes in tillers as affected by organic amendments and chemical   fertilizer 
application.  Bars represent SE （n=5). 
－ 14 －
Grain yield
　A significant positive effect on the grain yield of Sakha 103 was observed from the application of 
poultry manure and sewage sludge （Table 1).  Application of poultry manure and sewage sludge 
increased grain yield 34.8 and 38.3%, respectively over control.  This might be due to the quick 
release of a number of nutrients like N and P from organic inputs.  Asagi et al.1） also observed that 
the increase in rice growth and rice yield with sewage sludge application on sandy soil. 
Table 1.  Effect of organic amendments and chemical fertilizer application on yield contributing of Sakha 103 
rice cultivar.
Treatment Grain yield % increase No. of panicle pot－1
（g pot－1）  over control
Control 14.1c ― 11.3a
Chemical fertilizer 17.3b 22.7 12.1a
Poultry manure 19.0a 34.8 12.3a
Sewage sludge 19.5a 38.3 15.1b
Figures in a column having common letters do not differ significantly at 5% （Tukey-Kramer test).
Table 2.  Dry matter and total nitrogen uptake by rice grown in soil amended with either chemical fertilizer, 
sewage sludge or poultry manure.
Treatment Dry weight Total N uptake 
g pot－1 mg pot－1
Control 33.0c  98.1d
Chemical fertilizer 44.7b 252.5a
Poultry manure 45.1b 196.7b
Sewage sludge 51.2a 173.6c
Different letters in each column refer significant differences within treatments （Tukey-Kramer test, P<0.05, 
n=6).
Fig. 3.　Leaf chlorophyll at different growth stages in rice plants grown in soil 
amended chemical fertilizer and organic amendments.  Bars represent SE 
（n=5). 
－ 15 －
Dry weight and N uptake
　Table 2 shows the dry weight of the rice plants and the total uptake of N derived from the 
organic fertilizers at harvesting.  Poultry manure accounted for the highest dry weight.  N uptake 
varied between the treatments, with the highest N uptake obtained from chemical fertilizer 
application.  As compared to control treatment, N uptake was significantly higher （P<0.05） with 
chemical fertilizer.  The higher N use efficiency in soil amended with chemical fertilizers was 
reported as compared to organic amendments which have low mineralization potential4).  The 
relationship between fertilizer N uptake and total N uptake during the rice cultivation depends on 
the time at which the fertilizer N is applied3） and the amount of available N2).
Acknowledgments
　The author would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and 
Technology, Japan for providing the financial assistance.
Literature Cited
⑴　Asagi, N., H. Ueno and A. Ebid.  2007. Effects of sewage sludge application on rice growth, soil 
properties and N fate in low fertile soil.  Int. J. Soil Sci. 2 : 171-181.
⑵　Chantigny, M. H., D. A. Angers, C. Pomar and T. Morvan. 2004.  The use of 15N-enriched feed 
to label pig excreta for N cycling studies. Can.  J.  Soil Sci. 84 : 43-48.
⑶　Ebid, A., H. Ueno, A. Ghoneim and N. Asagi. 2008.  Uptake of carbon and nitrogen derived from 
carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 dual-labeled maize residue compost applied to radish, komatsuna, 
and chingensai for three consecutive croppings.  Plant Soil 304 : 241-248. 
⑷　Ghoneim, A., H. Ueno, A. Ebid, N. Asagi and I. Abou Eldarag. 2008.  Analysis of nitrogen 
dynamics and fertilizer use efficiency in rice using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution method 
following the application of biogas slurry or chemical fertilizer.  Int. J. Soil Sci. 3 : 11-19.
⑸　Ghoneim, A., H. Ueno and A. Ebid. 2006. Nutrients dynamics in komatsuna （Brassica campestris 
L.） growing soil fertilized with biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer using 15N isotope dilution 
method.  Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 9 : 2426-2431.
⑹　Mubarak, A. R., A. B. Rosenani, A. R. Anuar, D. Zauyah and D. Siti. 2003.  Effect of incorporation 
of crop residues on a maize-groundnut sequence in the humid tropics. I. Yield and nutrient 
uptake.  J. Plant Nutr. 26 : 1841-1858.
⑺　Nishida, M., K. Tsuchiya and S. Yamamuro. 2004.  Fate of N and relative efficiency of 
15N-labeled organic materials applied to transplanted rice in northern Kyushu region of Japan. 
Soil Sci.  Plant Nutr. 50 : 225-232. 
⑻　Zaman, M., M. Matsushima, S. X. Chang, K. Inubushi, L. Nguyen, S. Goto, F. Kaneko and T. 
Yoneyama.  2004.  Nitrogen mineralization, N2O production and soil microbiological properties 
as affected by long-term applications of sewage sludge composts.  Biol. Fertil. Soils 40 : 101-109.
－ 16 －
鶏糞堆肥および下水汚泥窒素が水稲の生育、収量
およびＮ吸収に与える影響
アデル　ゴーネイム*
摘　　　　要
　環境にとって有益な素材として鶏糞堆肥と下水汚泥の農業利用は廃棄物再利用技術の１つとして認
識されつつある。鶏糞堆肥と下水汚泥の施用が水稲の生育、収量および窒素吸収に与える影響を調べ
るためにポット実験を行った。処理区として、無施肥区、化学肥料区、鶏糞堆肥区および下水汚泥区
を設けた。鶏糞堆肥および下水汚泥区の水稲収量は、それぞれ無施肥区より34.8％および38.3％高かっ
た。水稲窒素吸収量は、処理区により異なり、化学肥料区で最も高かった。登熟期において鶏糞堆肥
区が下水汚泥区より有意に高かった。窒素の利用効率は有機物の種類によって違っていた。
＊　農業研究センター・作物研究所・水稲研究指導センター　エジプト　サカ－カフル　エル－シェイク　33717


Effect of Nitrogen Supplied from Poultry Manure and Sewage Sludge on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Rice

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