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Harmful Effects of Import Restrictions and Non-Market Measures
Get PDFapplication/pdfTechnical ReportThe administration of U.S. President Donald Trump imposed import tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 on the grounds that steel and aluminum imports are impairing national security by weakening the domestic industries and released a plan to slap a 25% tariff on Chinese products worth $50 billion under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 for what it sees as intellectual property infringement by China. The United States’ unilateral actions are unacceptable under WTO rules, even though the existing WTO rules are deemed insufficient as rules governing multilateral trade activities including those involving China in terms of correcting distortions in the global market and protecting intellectual property rights. Trying to solve a bilateral trade conflict by power with no judge to referee is a recipe for an economic tailspin, prompting retaliation from the other party, causing a contraction in trade not only between the two conflicting parties but also across the world, resulting in a loss in global economic welfare. All trading countries, including the United States and China, should work to improve the functioning of the market mechanism by eliminating non-market measures and enhancing intellectual property protection under a set of multilateral trade rules, in order to prevent the United States from taking unilateral import restrictions and its trade partners, such as China, from taking retaliatory measures.technical repor
(Anti-)Labeling and Extraction Domains
Get PDFapplication/pdfThis paper explores an extension of Bošković’s (2016) hypothesis on the deduction of Condition on Extraction Domain (CED). I argue that Bošković’s proposal of Anti-locality, a labeling-based derivational constraint, and Saito’s (2016) proposal of the opacity of suffixal Case in labeling, both built on the system of labeling advocated in Chomsky (2013, 2015), collaborate to deal with the absence of Subject Condition effects and the presence of Adjunct Condition effects observed in cleft constructions in Japanese. Specifically, timing difference in labeling, via Minimal Search or else, yields an asymmetry between English and Japanese with respect to subject-affiliated labeling, i.e., labeling of the constituent formed by the merging of the subject and a projection headed by T takes place either in the interfaces or in syntax. This analysis can account for full CED paradigms in English and Japanese in conformity with the argument posited, for example, by Kishimoto (2001) that subjects are overtly raised to [Spec, T] in Japanese. This analysis also explains some peculiar properties of scrambling; scrambled phrases are transparent for extraction and are immune from island constraints.journal articl
A Study on the Constitution of Online Korean Language & Culture Diagnostic Evaluation
Get PDFapplication/pdfRecently, people living in Korea and abroad have been increasingly interested in Korea and Korean culture. Some of them are learners of Korean, and????some of them are curious about Korea and Korean culture. All of these people want to know Korea and Korean culture without regard to time, space, cost and Korean proficiency. This is one of the ways in which these people can go on through the online diagnosis evaluation of Korea and Korean culture. In this paper, I will show what procedures and methods are used for online diagnostic evaluation, how to construct items for online diagnostic evaluation, how to take online diagnostic evaluation according to the purpose of visiting online sites, and online diagnostic evaluation cases.journal articl
Report on the Site of an Epidemic Prevention Crew from the Kanto Army in Beiyinhe
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A Survey of Cyber-Attacks in Japan
Get PDFapplication/pdf近年，サイバー攻撃はますます激しさを増し，企業や官公庁のような組織に対してだけではなく，標的型攻撃に代表されるように個人に対する攻撃も増加しつつある．また，新たな展開として，すべてのものがインターネットに接続するIoT時代を迎え，コンピュータだけではなく，情報家電やネットワーク通信機器などのIoT機器への攻撃も増えつつある．更に，電気やガス，交通システムといった社会インフラを担うシステムへの攻撃も行われ，社会生活に大きな影響を及ぼそうとしている．しかし，どのような攻撃がどのように行われ，どのような影響が出たかといった攻撃に関する詳細な知識を得る機会は少なく，これにともなって対策もあまり講じられないことも少なくない．そこで本稿では，実際に行われた直近の事例について紹介し，事例が示されているサイトについても言及する．このようにすることによって，読者のサイバー攻撃に対する認識が高まることを目指す．Recently, we are suffering very serious cyber-attacks. Targets are not only companies and public agencies, but also individuals. Now, we are seeing IoT(Internet Of Things) in which many kinds of devices access the Internet. So, as a new trend, IoT devices are suffering cyber-attacks. Moreover, attacks to our elements of our infrastructure such as electricity, gas and traffic systems are predicted, which could seriously affect our lives. However we do not know enough information about these attacks. Thus, we cannot deal with them adequately. In this paper we describe the latest incidents and we mention sites in which we can get information about cyber-attacks. Consequently, we hope readers will be better informed about this issue.journal articl
A Mediator Who Is not Neutral but Impartial : Henry Kissinger’s Mediation in the First Disengagement Agreement between Israel and Egypt
Get PDFapplication/pdfRecent years have witnessed a reinvigoration of research on mediation and bias. Counterintuitively, some of these studies assert the effectiveness of biased mediators in armed conflicts. These previous studies have identified two types of bias: 1 ）bias stemming from a particular relationship between a mediator and a conflicting party, and 2 ）bias associated with a mediator’s preference over the conflict resolution outcome. However, few researches have examined the latter type of bias in a qualitative manner. Focusing on the mediator who has a preference for a compromising solution located between the initial preferred solutions of the two conflicting parties, I argue that this type of biased mediation is effective in providing information to the conflicting parties and preventing future exploitation of a negotiated settlement. Here, this type of mediator is called a mediator who is not neutral but impartial. In order to demonstrate the above argumentation, I employ a case study of Henry Kissinger, mediating the first disengagement agreement between Egypt and Israel in 1974. By doing so, I believe this paper contributes to elucidating a nuanced picture of the problems of mediation and bias.journal articl
Relationship between family support and nutrient intake status in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Get PDFapplication/pdfJournal Article【目的】通院中の2型糖尿病外来患者を対象に、情動的サポート、行動的サポート、また情報的サポートに着目し、家族による支援の有無別に栄養素等摂取状況の検討を行った。【方法】2016年3月～8月、新潟市Ｂ病院の2型糖尿病外来患者42名（年齢中央値68.0歳、男性比率66.7％）を対象に実施した、自記式質問紙調査及び食物摂取頻度調査データを用いた（有効回答率70.0％）。質問紙調査より得た、家族による支援の有無によって対象者を2群に区分した。食物摂取頻度調査より得たデータを用いて、2群のエネルギー及び栄養素等摂取量、食品群別摂取量（密度法によって調整）についてMann-Whitney のU
検定を用いて検討した。【結果】「食事療法を守っていることをほめる」の問いでは、支援あり7名（16.7％）、支援なし35名（83.3％）であった。2群の1000kcal あたりの栄養素等・食品群別摂取量で差がみられた項目はなかった。「同じ時間に食事をする」の問いでは、支援あり32名（76.2％）、支援なし10名（23.8％）であった。支援ありの者で相対的に、たんぱく質（p＝0.045）、豆類（p＝0.022）摂取量が多く、菓子類（p＝0.020）、油脂類（p＝0.039）の摂取量が少なかった。「家族の糖尿病の知識の有無」では、知識ありの者で油脂類のみ摂取量が相対的に多かった（p＝0.013）。また、「家族の食事療法の知識の有無」では、知識ありの者で嗜好飲料のみ摂取量が相対的に多かった（p＝0.028）。【結論】2 型糖尿病外来患者が受ける家族による支援として、「ほめる」という情動的サポートや疾患や食事療法の知識という情報的サポートに比べ、「同じ時間に食事をする」という家族の存在、家族の行動的サポートが栄養素等摂取状況に関連することが示唆された。Objective: To investigate the relationship between family support, specifically emotional, practical, and informational support, and nutrient intake status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) outpatients.
Methods: We distributed a self-report questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire to 42 outpatients with type 2 DM (median age: 68.0 years; men: 66.7%) from a community hospital-based registry in Niigata City between March to August 2016. From the self-report questionnaire, the patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received family support or not. Energy and nutrient intake and intake by food groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test between the two groups.Results: Regarding the item “Praise for complying with medical nutritional therapy,” 7 patients (16.7%) were praised and 35 patients (83.3%) were not. There was no significant difference in nutrient intake or intake by food group between these two groups. For the item “family eating at the same time,” 32 patients (76.2%) responded that they had family meals together versus 10 patients (23.8%) who did not. Regarding energy and nutrient intake and intake by food group, families who ate together had meals with significantly higher protein (p= 0.045) and beans (p= 0.022) content with less confectionary (p= 0.010) and oil and fat (p= 0.039) content compared with families who did not eat together. Fat and oil intake was significantly higher among families with knowledge of DM and intake of beverage was higher among families with knowledge of dietary treatment than among families without such knowledge. Conclusion: For family support, our findings suggested that practical support such as eating at same time was more strongly related to nutrient intake among type 2 DM patients in comparison with emotional support such as praising patients.journal articl
Stutdy of the learning support strategy for "intensive quantity" focused on "the arithmetic mean" operationⅡ
Get PDFapplication/pdfJournal Article算数（数学）教育において、『外延量』と『内包量』について、その性質の理解が重要となる。両者とも、実際的な量であるが、両者はその性質を異にする。その一例が「加法性」である。内包量は、言わば「割合」であり、「加法性」を満たさない。内包量は非加法性のため、「相加」平均できないはずである。しかし、大学生において内包量が「非加法量」とわかっていても相加平均はするという結果が見られる（斎藤2015 2016）。今回は、その改善を図る一連の研究である。具体的な目標は前回の研究（2016）を発展させたもので、Ⅰ調査；比較する量の大小で、或は比較する量が「土台量、全体量」で判断に差異が生ずるか、を調べ、Ⅱ教授方略の探求；内包量の意味（求め方と性質）を「速さ」「密度」を例に説明し（事例の拡大）、Ⅲ調査課題及びテキストにおいて示される図を明確化、を行い、内包量で求める「平均」は「相加」ではないやり方という教示の有効性確認、となっている。結果、(1) 種別；『平均』が問われているにも関わらず、「濃度」「密度」では“加法”誤答が散見される。また、“相加平均”誤答は、すべての種類で約50％を占める。種別は異なっても、「平均とは“相加平均”だ」と多くの学生が誤認識している。(2) 比較量の「差異」及び「質」；比較する量・質とも、3 種類においてその回答傾向に明確な差は見られない（完答を見ると、どの種類も“全体量”がやや低い）。「量・質」に関係なく、「平均とは“相加平均”だ」という意識が勝っている。(3) 教授－学習の効果：両群とも、事前から事後へ正答率が上昇している。「完答」も増加傾向ではあるが、不十分。どの種類も“全体量”提示問題がやや低い。「計算」が難しいことが反映しているのだろう。「内包量」を求める場合、「計算力」が求められることが明白となった。journal articl
A Memorandum about Community Support Following a Nuclear Accident Part 3
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