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Cue-Incorporated Sentences and Out-of-the-Body Viewpoint
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, in a particular genre of the Japanese novels called Raitonoberu (‘light novels,’ adverbum), the sentences containing the Japanese conjunctive particle “TO” (“when”), which I name cue-incorporated sentences, involve multiple points of view, much like free indirect speech in English, and, followed by the internal speech of a character, they have the function to draw the readers into the perspective of the characters. According to Maynard (2012), ‘light novels’ are intentionally written to bring readers closer to the characters than general novels, and therefore, there are many devices to try to make readers empathize with the feelings of the characters. It might be difficult for the readers to understand if the inner voice of a character abruptly appears in the main text, but, with the intervention of a cue-incorporated sentence, it is possible to gently shift the point of view, allowing the readers to naturally superimpose their own perspective on that of the character.
This paper also stresses the significance of doing a contrastive study of ‘light novels’ and the comic book versions, since this could provide new insights into linguistics.彦根論叢, 第440号, pp. 136-149departmental bulletin pape
Relay Essay : A Series of Essays on Teachers' Researches and Educational Practices : Interesting Dimensions of Collaborative Research
Get PDF彦根論叢, 第440号, pp. 150-152articl
Time-series Analysis of Trends of Residential Choice in Shiga
Get PDFThis study analyzes residential choices in Shiga Prefecture using previously underutilized move-out data through a time-series analysis. The analysis confirms a consistent trend for both out-migration and inmigration. Seasonal variations reveal that out-migration peaks in March, while in-migration spans from March to April, with low points in November and February. Next, we classify municipalities using Dynamic Time Warping （DTW） to examine similarities in changes. The analysis identifies four highly similar groups: Otsu City and Kusatsu City; Aisho Town, Hino Town, Maibara City, and Takashima City; Yasu City, Konan City, and Koka City; and Moriyama City, Ritto City, Omihachiman City, Higashiomi City, and Nagahama City. Additionally, Hikone City showed unique variations, shifting between different groups. A SARIMA model is then constructed to predict the number of outflows and inflows for 2024. By subtracting inflow forecasts from outflow forecasts, we visualize changes in each municipality. Overall, the prefecture experiences a net inflow until April, after which many municipalities shift to a net outflow until December. Otsu City consistently shows a net inflow, albeit with a small number of net inflows. The study suggests that Hikone City’s centripetal force may be declining, there might be an inflow from municipalities along the Kusatsu Line to Otsu City, and the unipolar concentration in Otsu City may be accelerating.滋賀大学環境総合研究センター研究年報, 第21巻,第1号, pp. 39-46departmental bulletin pape
Do the New Guinea Language Speakers Use Honorifics? : The Case of the Amele Language, Papua New Guinea
Get PDFThe island of New Guinea and its surrounding areas (Papua New Guinea, West Papua, and other Melanesia areas) are the most linguistically diverse region in the world. As many as 1,000 languages are spoken in the region, and about half (about 500) are classified as New Guinea genera (Trans-New Guinea language family).
In this study, we examined Amele, one of the New Guinea languages spoken in Papua New Guinea, to determine whether Amele has honorific forms and honorific usage. Our findings suggest that while Amele does not have a grammatical honorific system, it does show respect through lexical and other means, as well as through the use of loanwords from Tok Pisin, the official language of Papua New Guinea. In addition, sociolinguistic considerations are presented about the limited honorifics and usage of the Amele language.
Previous research on honorifics has shown that they can be classified as showing respect by using different forms of the second-person personal pronouns observed in European languages. As an illustration, the French language employs the use of “tu/vous”, whereby close acquaintances are addressed with the 2nd person singular “tu”. In contrast, superiors and
first-time acquaintances are addressed with the 2nd person plural “vous”. While non-Indo-European, Uralic Finnish has a 2nd person pronoun called “sinä/te”.
The second is the grammatical form of respect, which is observed in Asian languages such as Japanese, Korean, and Thai. In Japanese, there are honorific, humble, and polite forms, and the honorific forms are quite distinct, as in the case of the verb "miru (to see)," where the honorific is "mi-rare-ru/ go-ran-ninaru." This type of honorific form is not observed in European languages.
In this study, we conducted a field study in the Amele region of Papua New Guinea in the summer of 2023, and we would like to share the following points about the use of honorific forms in Amele.
First, the Amele 2nd person singular personal pronoun is “ina” and the 2nd person plural personal pronoun is “ege,” but it was found that there is no distinction between “ina/ege” in terms of respect, as in the French “tu/vous.”
Next, examples of imperative sentences in Amele are shown in (1) below.
(1) Amele language: a. Ho-ga. "Come (toward you: 2 sg)" b. Ho-iga. "Come (toward you: 2 pl).
According to Amele speakers, in the imperative (1), there is a difference between ordering one person (1a) and ordering several people (1b). However, there is no deference as in the Japanese "kite (come!)."
Based on the above observations, it is clear that Amele does not have a policy of using different personal pronouns, such as “tu/vous,” as in French, nor does it have a usage similar to the honorific form in Japanese. When we asked Amele speakers whether Amele does not show respect to superiors and dignitaries, we found that they use titles such as "president" or "teacher" in Tok Pisin (or English), instead of Amele, to show respect by psychologically distancing the speaker and the listener.
Based on previous anthropological studies, the present study found that Papua New Guinean society is relatively egalitarian and thus has not developed a formal language grammar and that the inner community who are close (e.g.,acquaintances, people from the same village, speakers of the same Amele language) speak Amele, in contrast, the outer community (i.e., those who are less close or speak a different language) speak Tok Pisin. They claim that they coordinate respect and familiarity by speaking Tok Pisin to the outer community (i.e., those who are not close, those who speak a different language, government officials, and foreigners).departmental bulletin pape
生きる力につながる総合的な安全教育の構築 — 子どもの自発的行動力の育成を目指した学校安全の取組 —【教育学研究科高度教職実践専攻(教職大学院) 課題解決研究要旨】
Get PDF滋賀大学大学院教育学研究科高度教職実践専攻学校経営力開発コース 令和4年度修了 課題解決研究要旨research repor