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PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION ON NESTING ECOLOGY OF ENDANGERED BROWN-CHEEKED BULBUL (ALOPHOIXUS BRES) IN JATIMULYO AGROFORESTRY
No full textWe found an active nest of endangered Brown-cheeked Bulbul (Alophoixus bres) with two chicks in nest-adoption program at Jatimulyo village, Yogyakarta province, Indonesia on 19 December 2021. It was placed on the lateral branch of apus bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) 1.5 m high. The nest was cup-shaped, with outer diameter of ± 8 cm, inner diameter of ± 6 cm, and depth of ± 3 cm. It was made of living non-vascular plants and plant fragments. Our observation revealed that the food of the chicks was primarily comprised of insects (in the morning) and fruits (at midday). The insect preys include caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Diptera. The fruits were mangir, lempeni, and senggan
Furfural and 5-(Hydroxymethyl) furfural Tolerance Candida strains in Bioethanol Fermentation
No full textThe toxic fermentation inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysates pose significant problems for the production of second-generation biofuels and biochemicals. Among these inhibitors, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and furfural are specifically well known. This study investigated the furfural and 5-HMF tolerance in Candida strains, which could be used for the development of advanced generation bioethanol processes. The 10 isolates of Candida were selected based on the cell growth and bioethanol production on YPD medium containing several concentrations of furfural and 5-HMF by using spectrophotometer and HPLC. Candida parapsilosis Y80 could grow and produce bioethanol in the medium that contains furfural and 5-HMF with a concentration of 60 mM and 40 mM, respectively. Based on the results, C. parapsilosis Y80 has potential activity in the development of bioethanol fermentation
Molecular Detection of Resistance To Bacterial Leaf Blight on Conde Indonesian Rice Variety
No full textRice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) affected grain yield and decreasing rice production in rice growing countries. Conde, Indonesian rice variety, exhibits high resistance to most of the Indonesian races of (BLB) and has been used in Indonesia for cultivated rice. This study was aimed to conduct the molecular detection between proximal markers in chromosome 6 and relative expression of Conde rice variety compare to IRBB7 in Xa7 region. The population screening, BLB evaluation and molecular detection around the Xa7 region were conducted. The results showed from the collection of individual recombinants between resistant and susceptible parents narrow the region containing the BTBPOZ domain. The sequence alignment of Xa7LD37 in two resistant and three susceptible cultivars demonstrated a perfect association. The sequence alignment in exon region of Loc_Os06g46240 in Nipponbare, IRBB7, and IR64 identified indel/SNPs in this region leading to nucleotide substitution and frameshift resulting in amino acid change between resistant and susceptible cultivars. It was predicted that Conde revealed the similar gene action with Xa7 gene for BLB that encodes a BTB POZ domain
Effect of Culture Conditions on Phytase Production by Aspergillus ficuum in Solid-state Fermentation Using Rice Bran as Substrate
No full textPhytic acid is an antinutritional factor that forms 1–2% of most of the seeds and their co-products representing more than 60% of their total phosphorus. Monogastric and agastric animals are unable to utilize phytate phosphorus either due to lack of or insufficient amount of phytate degrading enzymes. Phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate-phosphohydrolase) are a special class of phosphatases that catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid in a stepwise manner to lower inositol phosphates, myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate. Phytases are found naturally in plants and microorganisms and a sizeable number of phytases have been purified and characterized from various fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. The present investigation involves studies on the effect of moisture content, pH value and different media ingredients such as carbon, nitrogen, and surfactants on the production of phytase by the fungus Aspergillus ficuum DSM 932 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using rice bran as substrate. The production of phytase by SSF was favored, when the fungus was grown at a moisture content of 60% and pH 7.0, resulted in a phytase activity of 5.2 units/g dry substrate. There was a 20% increase in phytase yield in the presence of sucrose in SSF medium, while glucose and fructose were not effective in enhancing the phytase activity when used individually. Yeast extract was found to be a favorable nitrogen source for phytase production by SSF, which resulted in a 20% increase in phytase activity. There was no significant effect in increasing phytase production with the use of either soy peptone or tryptic soy as nitrogen source. Approximately 30% inhibition in phytase activity was shown in the presence of the surfactant Tween-80 or Triton X-100 in the SSF. By supplementing rice bran with sucrose and yeast extract, and performing the SSF in tray bioreactors, a phytase activity of 6.76 units/g dry substrate could be obtained
The Development of A Bioassay Based on Heterologous Expression of M2 Ion-Channel Protein
No full textEmerging resistant viral strains combined with the limited availability of antivirals in a pandemic scenario highlight the need for the development of novel influenza antivirals. A bioassay based on the M2 protein of influenza virus - a potential target for antivirals - was developed to screen endophytic microbial extracts. M2 can be synthesized using PCR, thus eliminating the need for the handling of infectious specimen. Following cloning of the M2 gene into a pET backbone, the resultant plasmid was transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLyss E. coli cells. Cultures of these cells were set up at 37C following inoculation with a starter culture, to reach an OD at 600nm (OD600) of 0.4-0.6. Once at the required OD, the culture was split in two aliquots and expression of the M2 protein was induced in one of the duplicates with the addition of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Bacterial growth was monitored at 60-minute intervals. Exogenous expression of the M2 protein has been reported to decrease host cells viability, resulting in lower OD600 values. Our results suggest that the M2 protein was expressed and that overexpression of this protein resulted in consistently lower OD600 values of induced cultures compared with that of uninduced cultures. Based on this principle, extracts can be screened for their ability to block M2 function as identified by increased OD600 values. 
Chemical Compositions and Antibacterial Effect of Essential Oil of Key Lime Leaves (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle: Rutaceae)
No full textSteam distillation of essential oil from fresh key leaves of Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) gave 0.4% yellow essential oil with distinctive fragrance. Five out of 40 components of the essential oil were identified as the major components with content above 5%, they were geranial (103%). limonene (10.2%), neral (8.94%), caryphyllene (5.72%), and citronellal (5.41%). The essential oil was active against four bacterial test, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 14276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 14218, and Escherichia coli NBRC 14237. B. subtilis was the most sensitive bacterium with the widest inhibition area at 50% concentration of essential oil. Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) value of essential oil against B. subtilis was 0.125%
Insect Bioassay in Biosafety Containment to Select Transgenic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Harboring Cry1B Gene Resistant to Yellow Stem Borer (Scrirpophaga incertulas Walk.)
No full textDevelopment of rice varieties resistant to yellow stem borer (YSB) is very crucial. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cry1B gene under wound inducible gene promoter mpi (maize proteinase inhibitor) into a local rice variety Rojolele had been conducted. PCR analysis proved that cry1B gene had been integrated into plant genome of 3R25 and 3R5 rice lines. Segregation analysis using PCR for cry1B gene of the two putative transgenic rice lines at third (T2), fourth (T3), fifth (T4), and sixth (T5) generations of 3R25 and 3R5 lines proved that 3R25.7.27, 3R25.7.13.8.2, 3R25.7.13.8.6, 3R25.7.13.8.8, 3R5.26.2, and 3R5.26.5 are homozygous lines for cry1B gene. Insect bioassay on three randomly picked homozygous transgenic rice lines to study the efficacy of cry1B gene toward YSB was conducted in biosafety containment by infestingYSB larvae at first instar into 3R25.7.27, 3R25.7.13.8.6, and 3R5.26.5 transgenic rice lines, using non--transgenic Rojolele, IR64 and IR74 as susceptible controls. The results showed that the percentages of deadhearts symptoms of 3R25.7.27, 3R5.26.2, and 3R25.7.13.8.6 rice lines were lower than those of the susceptible control lines with scores of 0.1 and 0, respectively. While the scores of all three susceptible control plants were 9. The results proved that lines 3R25.7.27, 3R25.7.13.8.6, and 3R5.26.2 were categorized as resistant lines while the non-transgenic Rojolele, IR64, and IR74 were categorized as susceptible lines. The results also showed that the cry1B gene was expressed and produced insecticidal protein CRY1B which were active against YSB to protect rice plant toward YSB infestation. 
Enhancement of β-Glucosidase Activity in Penicillium sp. by Random Mutation with Ultraviolet and Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate
No full textThe genus Penicillium has a potential ability to produce β-glucosidase. The aim of the study was to improve the β-glucosidase activity of Penicillium sp. ID10-T065 with physical (Ultraviolet = UV), chemical (Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate = EMS), and combined mutation (UV-EMS). The spores of Penicillium sp. ID10-T065 were exposed into UV irradiation for 3 minutes with dose of 0.1 J/cm2 and 13 cm of distances. Chemical mutation was done by treated spores into 3% of EMS solution for an hour. Combined mutation of UV and EMS were also performed by UV for 3 minutes (0.1 J/cm2, 15 cm) and continued with soaking into 2-3% of EMS solution. The developed mutants were screened, selected and assayed. Comparison of enzyme activities with the wild- type (1.78 U/ml), mutant UV13 (5.53 U/ml) showed a 3.1 fold increase; mutant EM31 (4.26 U/ml) showed a 2.4 fold increase. Meanwhile, mutant UM23 obtained from the multiple exposures showed a decreased activity (1.75 U/ml). Mutant UV13 showed the best enzyme activity to be considered as a potential strain for β-glucosidase producer. This result needs to be further elaborated especially on its genetic stability studies in order for the ascertained as a stable mutant. 
Identification of a New Compound as α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Aspergillus aculeatus
No full textTerestrial fungi are of great importance as potential sources of pharmaceutical agent. Aspergillus aculeatus, a fungus isolated from soil sample collected in Indonesia, was cultured in liquid media to investigate a novel compound as inhibitor -glucosidase. The mycelium extract of A. aculeatus shows potential activity against Saccharomyces cereviseae -glucosidase and mild activity against mammalian -glucosidase with IC50 values of 9.57 μg/mL and 470.76 mg/mL, respectively. Enzyme assay-guided fractionation of this extract afforded rubrofusarin (1). Rubrofusarin, a linear naphtho--pyrone, is a natural pigment from Aspergillus sp. Interestingly, compound 1 shows potential inhibitory activity against mammalian -glucosidase (IC50 of 92.7 μg/mL), but no to S. cereviseae -glucosidase. The results suggest that A. aculeatus is a promising natural source as a lead compound in the discovery of antidiabetic drug. 
