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BIRDS OF HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: ENDEMISM, CONSERVATION AND THREATENED STATUS
No full textBird surveys and long-term bird monitoring in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park were conducted between 1998 and 2009 to obtain comprehensive data on the bird species in the area. Compilation of bird data from this study and other studies have recorded a total of 271 species, which is about 53.4% of all Javan birds (507 species) or 16.9% of all Indonesian birds (1605 species). As an important bird area, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is home to 43 Indonesian and Javan endemic species. Among the endemics, 32 species are restricted range species. Gaps in the protection status of the bird species are discussed. The results of this study show that Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park has the highest richness of bird species in the Java-Bali region and the conservation of its endemic and threatened species should be given main priority
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS SYPHACIA (NEMATODA: OXYURIDAE) FROM MURINE RODENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA TO AUSTRALIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO INDONESIA
No full textThe pinworms of the genus Syphacia are of special interest because they have coevolutionary relationships with their murine rodent hosts. From Southeast Asia to Australia, 21 species in four subgenera have been recorded, two species of these are endemic to Sulawesi. Their biogeographical distribution and dispersal processes are discussed herein. The species composition of Syphacia seems to be mosaic among the islands, especially in Wallacea. Based on the morphological characteristics of the cephalic ends, the species of the subgenus Syphacia are divided into three lineages with square (S), round (R) and laterallyelongated (LE) cephalic shapes. The LE type is assumed to be primitive and the S and R types are derived from the LE type as shown by a molecular phylogeny based on 28S rDNA previously. This assumption was supported by the fact that the old endemics murines in the regions studied mostly harboured Syphacia with LE type A hypothesis on the formation of the host-parasite relationships between murines and subgenus Syphacia in the areas is presented. A key to Syphacia species recorded is also provide
RECORD ON SOME CATERPILLARS OF BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA) IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
No full textThe Blue tree monitor, Varanus macraei Böhme & Jacobs, 2001 is a tree monitor species favored by reptile keepers. Successful captive breeding was reported from hobbyists and zoos in Europe shortly after its scientific description. Meanwhile, commercial farming to supply international demands has been progressing in Indonesia. However, such successful ex-situ breeding efforts have not yet been documented or published in Indonesia thus far. Therefore, in this, study we describe for the first time the mating behavior and reproduction of a V. macraei couple in an in-country outdoor facility, which is a common husbandry practice for monitor lizard breeders in Indonesia. The male started to approach the female at the beginning of the dry season, in May, with the female showing defensive behavior towards the male, both before mating and after laying eggs, pointing to a seasonal reproductive behavior. Monitor lizards were observed being active during the daytime. Eggs were laid by mid-July 2020. Two of the six eggs laid were revealed to be fertile and hatched after about 23 weeks (5.6 months). The two hatchlings were reared in an indoor enclosure, but only one survived, which showed to be a male
A NEW SPECIES OF WATER SNAKE GENUS HYPSISCOPUS (SERPENTES: HOMALOPSIDAE) FROM SULAWESI, INDONESIA
No full textWe describe a new species of water snake genus Hypsiscopus that was formerly placed in the genus Enhydris from Towuti Lake, South Sulawesi, based on six specimens collected in 2003 and a specimen collected in 2019. The new species has several significant differences from other species in the genus Hypsiscopus (H. matannensis, H. plumbea, and H. murphyi) in possessing laterally compressed tail, higher number of scale rows in mid body, higher number of ventral scales, lower number of subcaudal scales, and distinct color pattern. The new species is likely distributed only in the Towuti Lake, and has higher level endemicity compared to H. matannensis. Further studies on the population and distribution are needed to evaluate its conservation status
BAIT PREFERENCE AND BUTTERFLY DIVERSITY (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA) CAUGHT BY BAIT TRAP IN LANGSA URBAN FOREST, LANGSA, ACEH, INDONESIA
No full textButterflies are important for the ecosystem and human life. The presence of butterflies has also become an attraction for nature-based tourism. Langsa Urban Forest (LUF) is an ecotourism site in Langsa City with various biodiversity, including butterflies. For now, data on butterfly diversity in LUF is limited to the active collection using insect nets. This research aimed to complete the database of butterflies in LUF by passive collection to support conservation in LUF. Data was collected for 3 months in the early rainy season (from late August to October 2023), with 8 repetitions using the bait trap method. Results showed 13 species from 3 families with 37 individuals. There were 7 species newly recorded, making a total of 43 species in LUF. From 2 different traps used, 9 species preferred banana bait, 6 species preferred shrimp paste bait, and 2 species trapped in both baits. From 13 species collected by bait trap, 11 species are categorized as Not Evaluated and 2 species are Least Concern by the IUCN Red List
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KOMBINASI DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica) DAN DAUN MINT (Mentha arvensis) TERHADAP JUMLAH SEL TESTIS PADA MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus)
No full textStres oksidatif merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menurunkan fungsi sistem reproduksi jantan, terutama melalui kerusakan pada sel-sel germinal di testis. Upaya preventif yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi kondisi ini adalah dengan pemberian senyawa alami yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi, seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, dan tanin yang banyak terkandung dalam tanaman herbal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kombinasi daun pegagan (Centella asiatica) dan daun mint ((Mentha arvensis) terhadap jumlah sel testis dan berat testis mencit jantan (Mus musculus) yang dipapar stres. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima kelompok perlakuan: kontrol negatif (K−), kontrol positif (K+), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis ekstrak kombinasi 100 mg/kgBB (P1), 200 mg/kgBB (P2), dan 300 mg/kgBB (P3). Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kombinasi daun pegagan dan daun mint mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin, dan triterpenoid. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kombinasi daun pegagan dan daun mint diuji menggunakan metode DPPH dengan hasil nilai IC50 tergolong kuat. Parameter yang diamati meliputi berat testis serta jumlah sel spermatogonium, spermatosit, dan spermatid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kombinasi secara signifikan meningkatkan (p < 0,05) berat testis dan jumlah sel testis pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang hanya dipapar stres (K+). Kelompok P3 memberikan hasil paling optimal dalam menjaga struktur dan fungsi yang dapat dilihat dari histologi testis. Analisis data dilakukan dengan SPSS versi 22.0 menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov untuk normalitas, uji Levene untuk homogenitas, dilanjutkan dengan ANOVA satu arah dan uji lanjutan Duncan (DMRT). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kombinasi daun pegagan dan mint berpotensi sebagai agen fitoterapi dalam mengurangi dampak stres oksidatif terhadap sistem reproduksi jantan
THE ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees) EXTRACT AGAINST Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv WITH Microscopic-Observation AND Drug-Susceptibility (MODS) METHODE
No full textAndrographis paniculata, commonly known as sambiloto, is empirically used for various treatments, including its ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This study aims to evaluate the growth inhibition activity of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv using sambiloto herb extract (Andrographis paniculata). The sambiloto extract was prepared using the maceration method. M. tuberculosis was grown on MODS medium, and the toxicity of sambiloto (A. paniculata) was analyzed using pharmacokinetic prediction studies (pkCMS). The results showed that at concentrations of 0.255 mg/ml, 1.275 mg/ml, and 2.55 mg/ml of sambiloto extract, M. tuberculosis growth occurred on days 7 to 14. Further observations were made until day 28, and it was found that starting at a concentration of 6.375 mg/ml, sambiloto extract did not show M. tuberculosis growth in MODS medium. The positive control, isoniazid, did not show bacterial growth, while the negative control showed extensive bacterial growth on day 12. The determination of M. tuberculosis growth was based on microscopic observations of the bacterial colonies, focusing on cord formation. In conclusion, this study, the use of an extract with a concentration of 6.375 mg/ml in the MODS method showed no growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, indicating that the extract is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth at this concentration. The online pkCSM test conducted in this study showed that the extract used is not cytotoxic, meaning that the extract is safe for body cells and does not cause cellular damage. Therefore, it has the potential to be an adjunct therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis