Open Journal System Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
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Development of a Learning Media Package on Orthographic Drawing Through the Metaverse
No full textOrthographic drawing is fundamental in vocational education, yet conventional instruction often fails to engage students effectively. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Metaverse-based learning media package to enhance vocational students’ achievement. The package, consisting of six topics with interactive videos, peer communication, and exercises, was designed to increase engagement and comprehension. Its quality was reviewed by three experts and rated at a “very good” level (mean score 4.70, standard deviation 0.49). Effectiveness was tested using a post-test only design and by comparing learning outcomes between an experimental group and a control group. The results showed that the media met the efficiency criteria (E1/E2) at 82.31/80.13, and students who used the Metaverse media achieved significantly higher post-test scores than those in the control group (t = 3.67, p = 0.001). These findings indicate that Metaverse-based learning media is effective in improving vocational students’ learning achievement and can serve as a practical model for developing innovative educational tools in technical and related fields
The Development of Community-Based Ecotourism Destinations at Gua Musang, Kelantan
No full textEcotourism is one of the tourist attractions at Gua Musang. Gua Musang is a hotspot for tourists seeking to experience tropical flora and fauna. The purpose of the research is to explore the development of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) destinations at Gua Musang, Kelantan. The goal of the study is to identify the potential of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) products or destinations at Gua Musang that can be developed as an ecotourism attraction and examine the strategic approach that was taken by the local government to promote Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) products or destinations at Gua Musang. The primary and secondary data for the study will be collected by using interviews and case studies. The respondents for the interview are the Gua Musang State Officer, the KESEDAR Officer, the Gua Musang Chief Village, and the locals. For the duration of an interview, the researcher will take 30 minutes or one hour for a section interview. The data will be recorded in audio and text. The research conducted can be used in the future by the government or as a research reference
Exploring the Consumer Behavior of Organic Food Consumption: A Qualitative Study in Macao
No full textIn recent years, worldwide demand for health and nutritious foods grew remarkably with the increase of health-conscious consumers. Harmful effects caused by the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture further motivate consumers to shift their focus towards organic foods. In the present study, we aimed to explore the consumption behaviour of Macao consumers towards organic foods. A qualitative explorative design was employed using face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interview among 43 customers (25 females and 18 males) of a local health-oriented café in Macao. Price, credibility, health concern, and accessibility were the most important considerations when purchasing organic foods. Despite the belief that healthy eating is essential, older consumers were reluctant to invest in organic foods. In contrast, younger consumers were interested in consuming organic foods to fulfil their curiosities, while being a parent was the primary motive to purchase. However, work preoccupation was the main barrier restricting their healthy eating habits. More importantly, although Macao consumers were highly attracted to food delivery apps to reduce time and physical effort, its usage indeed hamper the consumption of organic foods due to the limited availability. This original study offers practical implications to existing organic food businesses by investigating the consumption behaviour of Macao consumers towards organic foods. Findings also facilitate organic food manufacturers to achieve wider market penetration and to better meet the needs and demands of health-conscious consumers in Macao
Comparative Analysis on Carbon Stock of Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) based on Different Allometric Equation Models
No full textRubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations represent both an economic resource and a potential carbon sink, yet reliable estimation of their carbon storage capacity remains challenging due to variability among allometric models. This study evaluated aboveground biomass and carbon stock in a rubber plantation at Kampung Pasir Dusun, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia, using four established allometric equations (Schroth et al., 2002; Castillo et al., 2016; Saragih et al., 2016; Omar et al., 2013). Diameter at breast heigh (DBH) was measured for 1,588 trees within a 9.2 ha plot, and biomass was converted to carbon stock using a standard conversion factor (0.47). Estimated carbon stocks varied widely, ranging from 21.72 MgC/ha (Saragih et al., 2016) to 41.05 MgC/ha (Schroth et al., 2002). One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences among models (p < 0.05), while Tukey\u27s HSD post-hoc test identified Schroth et al. (2002) and Omar et al. (2013) as consistently producing higher estimates compared to Castillo et al. (2016) and Saragih et al. (2016). These discrepancies reflect differences in model calibration, ecological context, and stand conditions. This findings highlight that model selection substantially influences carbon stock estimation, and emphasise the important of employing site-and-species-appropriate equations to minimise systematic error. Accurate carbon accounting in rubber plantations is therefore essential for understanding their contribution to climate change mitigation and for guiding sustainable forest management practices
Ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants from watermelon rind using green solvent for food and cosmetic applications
No full textWatermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind often discarded as agricultural waste, contains valuable bioactive compounds such as citrulline, phenolics and flavonoids. This study investigates the impact of solvent polarity on the efficiency and phytochemical profile of watermelon rind extracts using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Extractions were performed with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane under fixed conditions (30°C, 70 minutes, 1:10 solid-to-liquid ratio). Extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Ethanol yielded the highest TPC (4.47 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (IC50: 4.56 μg/mL), while ethyl acetate exhibited the highest TFC (1.292 ± 0.02 mg QE/g) with comparable antioxidant potential. The results demonstrate that solvent polarity significantly affects the recovery of bioactive compounds, with ethanol and ethyl acetate efficiently extracting hydrophilic and moderately lipophilic constituents. By demonstrating that watermelon rind may deliver high antioxidant recovery utilizing UAE, this study demonstrates its potential as a value-added source rather than a waste product. When combined with UAE, ethanol excels out as a safe and practical green solvent, presenting a scalable and environmentally responsible approach to develop watermelon rind into useful ingredients for food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications
A study on the collaborative governance constructs towards sustainable farming in Kelantan, Malaysia
No full textSustainable farming has become imperative to harmonize economic growth, environmental conservation, and social equity. Kelantan farming sector faces critical challenges, including land degradation, water scarcity, climate vulnerabilities, and technological gaps. While collaborative governance (CG) is touted as a transformative approach to multi-stakeholder alignment, empirical evidence on its drivers and operational constructs in developing agrarian economies remains limited. This study bridges this gap by identifying the critical CG constructs and their drivers for sustainable farming in Kelantan. Through stratified sampling of 117 farmers across ten districts, the results show joint action (3.65) as the most vital CG component, followed by shared motivation (3.55) and principled engagement (3.53). Consequential incentives (3.73) and leadership (3.69) emerged as primary drivers, outperforming interdependence (3.46) and uncertainty (3.37). These findings demonstrate how incentives participation and strong leadership can enhance agricultural resilience against climate threats and provide a governance framework to improve stakeholder engagement in sustainable practices. The study offers policy-relevant insights for strengthening Kelantan\u27s agricultural productivity and its contribution to Malaysia\u27s food security
Therapeutic potential of topical black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) against naturally occurring Notoedres cati infestation in cats
No full textMange or scabies in cats, caused by Notoedres cati and Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious parasitic skin disease. Research efforts have been intensified in both developed and developing countries to evaluate the use of clinical and scientifically validated herbal drugs on humans and also animals. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) paste against mange in stray cats naturally infested with N. cati. Twelve cats exhibiting clinical signs of mange were captured in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and housed in isolation. Infestation was confirmed via deep skin scrapings, and lesion severity scores were recorded before treatment. Cats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n=3 per group). Results indicated that a higher concentration of black ginger paste (0.7 g/ml) demonstrated superior efficacy compared to a lower concentration (0.5 g/ml). However, no significant differences (P-value = 0.105) were observed among the four treatment groups (extra virgin coconut oil, 0.5 and 0.7 g/ml black ginger pastes, and ivermectin). No viable mites were revealed from cats treated with the paste and with a concentration of 0.7 g/ml. Black ginger paste in this concentration was able to achieve an efficacy percentage of almost 30% of Notoedres-induced skin lesion score reduction. These preliminary findings suggest that K. parviflora may offer a promising plant-based alternative for managing notoedric mange in cats, pending further confirmatory studies with larger sample sizes
Spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall and water levels in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, from 2009 to 2020: interpolation, trend assessment and flood risk mapping
No full textKelantan experiences annual flood events, many of which are triggered by rainfall exceeding historical norms. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall and water levels in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia, using data collected from 2009 to 2020 by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Missing data were addressed through arithmetic mean interpolation, and trend analyses were conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. The total rainfall ranged from 28,698.3 mm to 30,610.4 mm across Dabong, Ldg. Kuala Gris, Kg. Laloh, Ldg. Lepan Kabu, Ldg. Kuala Nal, and JPS Kuala Krai, reflecting spatial variability in precipitation within the district. Among these stations, Dabong recorded the highest average monthly rainfall at 212.572 mm, followed closely by Ldg. Kuala Nal at 210.868 mm. The comparison between interpolated and missing rainfall datasets was minimal at Dabong station (average 0.286 mm; total 41.4 mm), indicating that the observed data were largely complete and reliable. By contrast, Kg Laloh station recorded the highest difference (average 7.287 mm; total 1049.3 mm), suggesting substantial gaps in the original dataset and a heavy reliance on interpolation to reconstruct rainfall values. According to the map created in the present study, the high-risk flood-prone area is concentrated in the central part of Kuala Krai, where almost 70% of the district was inundated during major flood events. The findings emphasise the significance of precise rainfall monitoring and underscore the wider effects of extreme weather on hydrological systems and community readiness
The bioconcentration of metals in Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasius sp. from a commercial fishpond
No full textThe accumulation of metals in aquatic organisms is a growing environmental and public health concern, often linked to contamination from industrial and agricultural sources. This study investigated the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasius sp., collected from a commercial fishpond in Marang, Terengganu. Metal concentrations in fish tissues were determined using acid digestion followed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Results showed that Pangasius sp., a bottom-dwelling species, accumulated significantly higher levels of Fe (271 mg/kg), Zn (50.6 mg/kg), and Cu (16.2 mg/kg) as compared to O. niloticus, a column feeder. These differences are likely due to species-specific habitat preferences and feeding behaviours, with Pangasius sp. being more exposed to sediment-associated metals. To evaluate potential human health risks, Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) were calculated, indicating possible non-carcinogenic effects. Importantly, the concentrations of all metals exceeded the permissible limits set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Malaysian Food Act. These findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of aquaculture environments and the implementation of effective management strategies to minimise metal contamination and ensure food safety.
Trends and Patterns in the Use of the Contingent Valuation Method for Conservation: A Bibliometric Analysis
No full textThe Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) remains one of the most widely applied stated preference techniques for assessing the economic value of non-market environmental goods and services, particularly in conservation research. However, a systematic understanding of how this field has evolved regarding research productivity, intellectual structure, and thematic direction remains limited. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of CVM-related publications in conservation between 2000 and 2024, using data retrieved from the Scopus database. VOSviewer and Scopus Analyzer were employed to examine leading authors, publication trends, document types, influential journals, keyword co-occurrence, and citation networks by source type. The results reveal a steady increase in publication output, with notable growth after 2016 and a peak in 2020, reflecting CVM\u27s growing methodological maturity and policy relevance. China, the United States, and Malaysia emerged as major contributors, alongside expanding participation from developing regions. Highly cited works by Loomis, Carson, Hanley, and Hanemann continue to shape the theoretical foundation of CVM, whilst emerging themes highlight applications in ecosystem service valuation, climate change, marine conservation, and sustainable tourism. Ecological Economics was identified as the most influential journal, with growing contributions from interdisciplinary outlets such as Sustainability and the Journal of Environmental Management. Despite these advances, Western dominance and limited synthesis studies indicate a need for greater geographic and conceptual inclusivity. Overall, CVM has evolved into an integrative framework linking ecological, social, and economic dimensions of conservation, with future research encouraged to enhance methodological innovation and cross-regional collaboration