International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences
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Potentiometric field-effect transistor pH sensing in a low-power wide-area network
Get PDFThis research paper explores the application of extended-gate field-effect transistors (EGFET) as a potentiometric sensing method for pH detection within an internet of things (IoT) system. The pH EGFET sensor is integrated with a long-range (LoRa) microcontroller, enabling data transmission via a low-power, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) IoT framework to a dedicated IoT application server. The framework utilizes a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) broker, employing a publish/subscribe message architecture for efficient data transmission. The study focuses on addressing the problem of determining whether EGFET technology can provide precise and dependable measurements in various settings. To achieve this, the data from the IoT framework is compared with data signals from a semiconductor parametric analyzer and a readout interfacing circuit serial data acquisition (DAQ). From the study, EGFET sensors provide a sensitivity of 61.1 mV/pH with a linearity of 0.9968 through the IoT method. Meanwhile, non-IoT methods yield slightly different sensitivities of 53.1 and 50.5 mV/pH with comparable linearity of 0.9984 and 0.9979. Overall, the research demonstrates the versatility of EGFET technology, highlighting its effective use in various sensing instruments, while ensuring reliable data transfer through the LoRaWAN framework
Kinetic study and simulation of molybdenum borides for hydrogen evolution reaction
Get PDFThis paper presented the kinetic study of molybdenum borides via the Volmer-Heyrovsky-Tafel (V-H-T) mechanistic steps for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A theoretical approach was carried out to investigate the kinetic properties of several molybdenum boride materials for HER in 0.5 M H2SO4. Our findings offer definitive proof that the simulated results show that B, Mo, Mo2B, and α-MoB, proceed through V-H mechanistic steps (slower kinetics) while β-MoB and MoB2 exhibit V-H-T mechanistic steps with higher kinetics. The kinetic parameters were determined in terms of the standard rate constant parameters for the Volmer step (kV, k-V), Heyrovsky step (kH, k-H), and rate constant for the Tafel step (kT, k-T). The simulation was able to predict the overpotential at 10 mA/cm2, η10 recorded at approximately 780, 585, 480, 350, 310, and 300 mV for B, Mo, Mo2B, α-MoB, β-MoB, and MoB2 respectively. Based on these findings, the adopted mathematical model shows good coherency to the experimental findings. The simulation work provides a good numerical estimation of the characteristics of the electrocatalyst for HER. This paper successfully elucidated the reaction mechanisms (V-H-T steps) and understood the rate-limiting steps involved in the HER process on Mo-B materials
Microcontroller-based camera with the sound source localization for automated accident detection
Get PDFThis paper is on a microcontroller-based camera controller with sound source localization (SSL). With the rising frequency of highway accidents in Malaysia, there is a pressing need for a reliable detection system. The current approach, involving fixed-angled cameras, necessitates constant human monitoring, proving inefficient. To address this, the study introduces a hybrid camera system incorporating a camera for image capture and a microphone to detect collision sounds. By integrating a pan-tilt (PT) camera controller driven by time difference of arrival (TDOA) inputs, the system can swiftly move toward accident locations. The TDOA method is employed to convert sound arrival time differences into camera angles. The accuracy of the PT camera's rotation angle was analyzed based on the original sound source angle. As a result, this project produced an automated highway monitoring camera system that uses sound SSL to detect car crash sounds on highways. Its PT feature will help cover a large highway area and eliminate blind spots to capture possible accident scenes. The average inaccuracy of the experimental test of the pan and tilt angle of the camera is 19 and 23%, respectively. The accuracy of the pan tilt angle can be increased by adding more analog acoustic sensors
A study of smart charging for electric vehicles using constant-current and constant-voltage technology
Get PDFThe role of electric vehicles (EVs) is very important in the coming years because of their environmental friendliness and ability to absorb excess electricity from renewable energy sources (RES). Charging EVs will have an immediate negative impact on the power grid. EV smart charging provides a solution to these problems. For sustainable energy management, smart charging technology offers significant advantages in terms of faster charging times and optimized grid usage. By leveraging advanced algorithms and real-time communication capabilities, smart chargers enhance the efficiency, convenience, and environmental sustainability of EV charging infrastructure. Constant-current (CC) and constant-voltage (CV) technologies are essential components of smart charging systems, contributing to improved charging efficiency, battery safety, and grid stability. By regulating the charging process and optimizing power flow, these technologies play a crucial role in advancing the adoption of EVs and promoting sustainable energy management. When advanced CC-CV technologies are added to smart charging systems, the whole paradigm changes. Charging efficiency goes up by 40%, charging time goes down by 50%, and the grid's impact is reduced by 50% through better energy distribution
Performance analysis of solar electric scooters with different charger controllers
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of solar charge controller (SCC) type on battery charging in solar-powered electric scooters (e-scooters). The research compared maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and pulse width modulation (PWM) controllers by monitoring average output power, current, and voltage every 10 minutes. Results showed that under stationary conditions, MPPT controllers delivered higher efficiency, generating 5.87 W of power compared to PWM's 5.05 W. This advantage persisted even during scooter operation, with MPPT controllers producing 4.91 W versus PWM's 4.31 W. Overall, the findings demonstrate that MPPT SCCs offer a more efficient solution for charging e-scooter batteries
Enhancing energy efficiency with poncebloc and hemp wool: a Moroccan case study
Get PDFIn recent years, the building sector's energy consumption in Morocco has been steadily increasing, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable building practices. Optimizing building parameters and the development of new insulation materials have become critical areas of research due to the significant energy losses associated with traditional insulation materials. Insulation materials can be a simple and cost-effective way to improve building energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Unfortunately, not all of these materials exhibit favorable thermal characteristics such as conductivity or heat capacity. Some involve complex production processes, while others are prohibitively expensive or toxic. At this juncture, the strategy of integrating ecological materials with insulation materials to enhance thermal performance holds considerable promise. This paper investigates the impact of the integration of poncebloc and hemp wool in inside temperature and annual consumption of a building construction numerically under a transient simulation program (TRNSYS). The results show that by using these two materials along with double-glazed windows, energy savings ranging from 50-55% can be achieved
Experimental studies on bagasse ash reinforced with GF and BF-slag in direction towards sustainable development
Get PDFTo assess the appropriateness of the current by-product for application in building construction and to mitigate potential environmental risks in the context of environmental sustainability, a series of tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength properties of a material composed of glass fiber (GF) strengthened sugar cane bagasse ash (SCA). This material was made from SCA, blast furnace slag (BF-slag), and GF binding with cement. Cylinders were employed to measure the compressive strength of a mixture consisting of water and an SCA ratio of 50%. Cylindrical samples of 150 millimeters in length and 75 millimeters in diameter were utilized to evaluate the compressive strength across curing durations of 7, 14, and 28 days. The present study attempt utilizes mixture ratio percent of 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75 to perform compressive strength tests. The compressive strength of cylindrical samples ranges from 86.5-801.6 kPa. The density of a cylindrical sample containing 30% cement dropped from 900.1-865 kg/m3. The initial tangent stiffness of the sample ranges from 66-630 MPa. The findings suggest that it is possible to achieve a material with acceptable strength by using SCA ash in combination with BF-slag, strengthened with GF
Quantized consensus of finite-level multi-agent networked systems
Get PDFIn this paper, analysis of a quantized consensus finite-level multi-agent networked system is considered. Logarithmic quantizer is utilized for the transmission of the state of the networked agents. Two protocols employed in the investigation are, the consensus protocol which is determined from the outputs and states of a set of encoder-decoder pair, and the convergence rate protocol that is precisely characterized using a dynamic scaling factor. The asymptotic consensus can be reached through information exchange among neighbour agents. Validity of the protocols for the connected network system is established through careful selection of parameters of the quantizer. A four-agent networked system is used to illustrate the implementation of the protocols. Obtained result showed that information exchange in an undirected networked system is achievable through a communication channel equipped with encoder and decoder pairs. More so, the desired asymptotic convergence is achievable through careful choice of the parameters of the quantizer
Utilization of the heat from combustion of water for the heating process in water desalination
Get PDFThe volume of municipal waste has become a national problem so far, so a solution is needed to reduce the waste problem. One solution to reduce the volume of municipal waste is to burn waste. However, the combustion needs to be designed to take advantage of the heat generated by combustion. In this study, the process of burning waste with various types of waste materials was carried out. The heat of burning waste is used to evaporate 1 liter of seawater and the seawater vapor is cooled to produce distilled water. The volume of distilled water and the precipitated salt were weighed. The results of the research from the variation of 6 types of waste materials obtained that the type of clothing waste material gave the fastest time, which was 43.75 minutes, the amount of distilled water was 931 ml, and salt deposited as much as 30 grams. The test results on distilled water showed that almost all parameters met the requirements of drinking water and obtained a salt content of 84%. Further processing by adjusting the hardness is needed to process distilled water into clean water and the addition of iodine can be considered to produce iodized salt
Taxonomic attribution of the haplic gleysols of the Azerbaijan Republic in world reference base for soil resources
Get PDFThe aim of the research was to obtain new information about the genesis, status, diagnostic features, and properties of the meadow-boggy soils of the Azerbaijan Republic and to perform the taxonomic attribution of those soils in accordance with the international soil classification system in compliance with the world reference base (WRB) for soil resources. Field experiments, physical, and chemical analyses of soil samples were carried out by standard methods. The morphological properties of the meadow-boggy soils in the Greater Caucasus and Lankaran regions of Azerbaijan have been characterized. Carbonate sediments are almost always invisible in the upper layers (13.27-17.14% (No 426); 10.46-27.39% (No 5); 0.87-1.33% (No 55)). According to the humus content, they are not highly humic (1.44-1.85% (No 426); 0.90-1.58% (No 5); 3.10-3.29% (No 55) in the upper layers). The magnitude of the reaction of the soil solution varies from 8.0 to 8.5. For the first time, an attempt is made to determine the name of meadow-boggy soils in accordance with the international soil classification in compliance with the WRB 2015. The above soils are assigned to the gleysols reference soil group (RSG) with various principal and supplementary qualifiers