International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)
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A custom reduced instruction set computer-V based architecture for real-time electrocardiogram feature extraction
Get PDFThe growing demand for energy-efficient and real-time biomedical signal processing in wearable devices has necessitated the development of application-specific and reconfigurable embedded hardware architectures. This paper presents the register transfer level (RTL) design and simulation of a custom reduced instruction set computer-V (RISC-V) based hardware architecture tailored for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction, focusing on R-peak detection and heart rate (HR) calculation. The proposed system combines ECG-specific functional blocks including a specialized ECG arithmetic logic unit and a finite state machine-based ECG control unit with a compact 16-bit RISC-V control core. Hardware optimized algorithms are used to carry out pre-processing activities such high-pass and low-pass filtering as well as feature extraction processes including moving average filtering, derivative calculation, and threshold based peak identification. Designed to reduce memory footprint and control complexity, a custom instruction set architecture supports modular reconfigurability. Functional validation is carried out by Xilinx Vivado simulating RTL components described in very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL). The present work shows successful simulation of important architectural components, complete system-level integration and custom ECG data validation. This work provides the basis for an application-specific, reconfigurable, power efficient hardware solution for embedded health-monitoring devices
Different methods of antenna reconfiguration by switches: a review
Get PDFThe rapid advancement of wireless communication technology has focused researcher's attention on reconfigurable antennas with multiple input and output (MIMO) and cognitive radio operation in high-data-rate modern wireless applications. Reconfigurable antennas perform various functions in terms of operating frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization. Electronic, mechanical, physical, and optical switches are used in reconfigurable antennas as control elements to adjust the switching mechanism and accomplish dynamic tuning. Electronic switches are the most widely used component in reconfigurable antennas because of their effectiveness, dependability, and simplicity in integrating with microwave circuitry. In this paper, a review of various kinds of efficient implementation methods for electrically controlled frequency reconfigurable antennas are proposed. More electrical switches are being used for reconfiguration such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), P-type, intrinsic, N-type (PIN), and varactor diodes. Even though PIN diodes are more frequently employed for reconfiguration due to their stability and constant variation in internal inductor and capacitor values. This study provides a deep analysis of the PIN diode usage in reconfigurable antennas and how to reduce the diodes in different microstrip reconfigurable antenna structures
Blockchain-based decentralized voting system with SHA-256 algorithm and facial recognition
Get PDFBlockchain technology has completely changed the way data is stored and transactions are verified. It provides a dependable, transparent, and safe medium for communication and transaction validation. In order to solve the drawbacks of conventional electronic voting systems, the goal of this research project is to design a decentralized voting system based on blockchain technology. The suggested method offers an immutable and safe way to record and validate votes by utilizing the security and transparency capabilities of blockchain technology. The suggested approach provides an immutable and safe way to record and validate votes by utilizing the security and transparency capabilities of blockchain technology. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive process for digital identity authentication, create a voter interface that is compatible with Ethereum wallets, and apply smart contracts on the Ethereum network to speed up voter registration, ballot preparation, voting, and result tabulation. Additionally, this paper proposes to build up a multi-factor authentication system for election managers and validators to offer them safe and approved power over the voting process. By carefully examining the existing methods, this research highlights the flaws and weaknesses of traditional electronic voting systems and stresses the need for more trustworthy and secure voting technology. The proposed blockchain-based voting system offers an innovative solution to problems with voter fraud and election manipulation because of its irreversible blockchain record, which gives a high degree of transparency and integrity
Critical success factor blockchain technology in renewable energy: systematic literature review
Get PDFIn recent years, blockchain technology has garnered considerable interest in the renewable energy sector. Nonetheless, scholars have yet to investigate the comprehensive assessment of critical success factors (CSFs) for the implementation of blockchain technology in renewable energy. Furthermore, the current research lacks a stage framework or a standardized set of CSFs for blockchain technology. This review study seeks to establish a stage framework and identify a set of common CSFs for the effective adoption of blockchain technology by examining published materials pertinent to the topic under investigation. This evaluation employs a systematic literature review and scientific mapping methodology to objectively ascertain a collection of CSFs. We examined 65 journal articles from the Scopus database and Google Scholar, concentrating on prominent journals, keywords, countries/regions, and documents within the CSF domain of blockchain technology in renewable energy. The findings indicate that nations including China, Australia, the United States, and Germany have made the most significant contributions to this field. Among the 20 CSFs, the foremost five are regulation, integration with current systems, scalability, and security. The proposal delineates four principal research gaps and prospective research trajectories: environmental effect assessment, standardization, user experience and interface design, and management control. The insights and CSF checklist for blockchain technology will facilitate successful exploration and implementation in renewable energy
Design of a real-time prayer clock using geographic coordinates
Get PDFPrayer times and calendar clock are a valuable system that relies on programs that we developed in Mikroc that allow to mathematically calculate these prayer times, which differ from one place (city) to another and from one day to another using geographical coordinates. The more precise these coordinates (latitude and longitude), the more precise the prayer times are. The research that we conducted was carried out using a 16F876A microcontroller that uses the 74HC595 circuit, an 8-bit serial input and parallel output shift register for storage. Outputs can be added to the microcontroller thanks to this. It is possible to manage this integrated circuit from three pins of our microcontroller
IoT-based smart agriculture system using fuzzy logic: case study in Vietnam
Get PDFThis paper presents an internet of things (IoT)-based smart agriculture system using fuzzy logic. This system automatically supervise and regulate pivotal parameters like temperature, humidity, pH, nutrients (NPK), and electrical conductivity (Ec) for vegetables. Data from the cultivation environment is gathered by sensors system and processed by fuzzy logic algorithms to make appropriate control decisions, ensuring optimal crop growth conditions. Additionally, a web application was developed to monitor temperature, humidity, Ec, pH, and NPK content. Moreover, when any of the NPK, Ec, pH, temperature or humidity indices fall outside allowed ranges, the system send warning notifications through the web application. Furthermore, an IP camera was installed to take images of the garden and send them to users via this web app. Experimental results demonstrate the system's reliability with a pH root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 and temperature RMSE of 0.93, corresponding to low errors of 0.034% and 0.056% respectively. Concurrently, this system optimizes resource utilization including water and electricity to assist in reducing production costs
Design and evaluation of clock-gating-based approximate multiplier for error-tolerant applications
Get PDFThe multiplier is an essential component in real-time applications. Even though approximation arithmetic affects output accuracy in multipliers, it offers a realistic avenue to constructing power area and speed-efficient digital circuits. The approximation computing technique is commonly used in error-tolerant applications such as signal, image, and video processing. In this paper, approximate multipliers (AMs) are designed using both conventional and approximate half adders (A-HA) and full adders (A-FA), which are strategically placed to add partial products at the most significant bit (MSB) positions, and OR gates are used to add partial products at the lower significant bit (LSB). In addition, this research article demonstrates unsigned and signed multipliers using the ripple carry adder (RCA), carry save adder (CSA), conditional sum adder (COSA), carry select adder (CSLA), and clock gating technique. The proposed multipliers are implemented in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and simulated on the Xilinx VIVADO 2021.2 design tool with target platform Artix-7 AC701 FPGA. The simulation results found that unsigned and signed approximate multiplier power consumption was reduced by 13% and 18.18% respectively and enhanced accuracy
Design of medium grain integrated clock gater for low power clock network
Get PDFThe very large scale integration (VLSI) applications were mainly dependent on area, reliability, and cost rather than power. The power-increasing demand was mainly due to the latest growth of electronic products such as portable mobile phones, laptops, and other devices that needs high speed and low power consumption. The power analysis provides insights on the switching activity of various sequential logic and thus would help early power optimization approaches to be incorporated in the design flow. The medium grain integrated clock gater insertion will help with synthesis flows for other low-power techniques to be applied. The power analysis is performed with a physically driven synthesis network for both leakage and dynamic. The power analysis revealed that medium grain clock gaters help with finer granularity of the clock gating principle thus improving gating efficiency. The medium grain clock gating techniques help the tool understand the activities of various sinks thus helping in the insertion of fine gaters as well. For a single medium grain clock gater, the power savings obtained were 41.37% and 79.35% without and with fine gater insertion respectively while cloning of the medium gaters resulted in 45.1% and 67.4% power savings without and with fine gater insertion respectively. The fine-grain integrated clock gating insertion incurred a maximum of 14.7% increased gate count
Design of mobile application for communication and user interface of ESP32 potentiostat system
Get PDFThe potentiostat utilizing the ESP32 has a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), meaning the maximum value for ADC voltage readings on the ESP32 is 4095. These ADC readings are then converted into actual voltage units, ensuring more accurate measurements on the potentiostat. To facilitate the use of the ESP32 potentiostat, a mobile application must be designed as a user interface for data communication. The application will be developed on a mobile platform using a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication channel for easier access. The development process will utilize visual studio code as the code editor and programming languages like Dart and Flutter. The resulting application will feature a user-friendly dashboard, display data in a cyclic voltammetry graph, and store data in comma-separated values (CSV) files or images in the phone’s memory. This stored data will simplify observing results obtained from the ESP32 potentiostat
Smart irrigation system with internet of things for rose cultivation in a basic greenhouse in Canchis, Cusco, 2025
Get PDFA large percentage of the world’s freshwater is allocated to agriculture, which presents a significant challenge for the future in light of a growing global population and climate change. In this context, it is essential to implement technologies that enable more efficient water resource management. Consequently, a smart irrigation system with internet of things (IoT) was developed for rose cultivation in a basic greenhouse located in Canchis, in the Cusco region, in 2025. This project integrated sensors for data acquisition, ESP32 modules for control, and solenoid valves as actuators. Additionally, the ThingSpeak platform was used for monitoring. The implementation of the system in the basic greenhouse demonstrated reliable communication between the different nodes and the virtual platform, as well as full automation through the solenoid valve’s response to a defined threshold. Finally, it showed an average water consumption savings per irrigation of up to 46.26% compared to the previous system