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Synergistic Effect of Pad “Macroporous-Reactors” on Passivation Mechanisms to Modulate Cu Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Performance
Get PDFDecoupling the key interfacial mechanisms (chemical and mechanical) present during Cu CMP is critical to the development of slurry/pad consumable sets to reduce defectivity at advanced technology nodes. Understanding the Prestonian relationship, or lack thereof, can give rise to correlations between film density as a result of passivation film kinetics and thermodynamics as they relate to Cu oxidation/electrochemistry under dynamic conditions. The efficiency of film removability is strongly correlated to the molecular structure of the passivating agent and its synergistic relationship with the macroporous-reactor sites presented in this work. Results indicate that passivation film activation energy (Ea) is altered by the transport of fresh and waste slurry chemistry to the Cu interface via pad asperity contact. Furthermore, this work employs inhibitors with varying structural attributes to probe how the density of film formation is impacted by the efficiency of complexation and non-covalent interactions at the Cu surface. When comparing the best-in-class benzotriazole (BTA) with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA), the triazole film formation is driven by a traditional complexation/π-stacking mechanism, while the hydroxamic acid film is the result of a colloidal supramolecular complex and soft surface-adsorption requiring reduced downforce for Cu removal
The Domestic Violence Couple (Chapter from The Disordered Couple)
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.lewisu.edu/psychology_fac-books/1009/thumbnail.jp
The Narcissistic Couple (Chapter from The Disordered Couple)
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.lewisu.edu/psychology_fac-books/1006/thumbnail.jp
Suicide Squad: Boko Haram\u27s Use of the Female Suicide Bomber
Get PDFBoko Haram first began using the tactic of suicide bombings in 2011 and in 2014 started using female suicide bombers. This research focuses on gender differences in the use of suicide bombers. The data were collected using open sources from June 16, 2011 to June 15, 2018. Using this longitudinal data, trends are described over that 7-year period, focusing on the use of females. A majority of the suicide bombings target civilians in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. More than half of the bombers were women and girls, some as young as 7 years old, whereas there were more than 60 incidents where the bomber was below the age of 15. More female bombers were used to targets civilians, whereas men were used more often to target government, police, and military targets. Female suicide bombers were used in Cameroon, whereas males were used in Nigeria more often. Additionally, females used suicide belts or vests more often, whereas men comprised the overwhelming majority of vehicle-borne suicide bombings. There were coercive aspects in many cases in the use of the women as bombers. The unprecedented use of female suicide bombers, particularly young girls, needs to be a focal point of any policy moving forwar
Unraveling Slurry Chemistry/Nanoparticle/Polymeric Membrane Adsorption Relevant to Cu Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Filtration Applications
Get PDFDue to the emergence of sub-10 nm technologies, next generation slurries have continued to increase in complexity to meet stringent device performance demands. Prior to the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process, point-of-use filtration (POU) is implemented in order to limit particle aggregates and ultimately decrease surface defects. This study probes the non-covalent interactions at the interface of a fundamental Cu slurry and a polyamide and polypropylene-based membranes. Results indicate that independent of the membrane used, material removal rate (MRR) showed a subtle decrease as a result of filtration (time and P), demonstrating that the synergistic balance between the nanoparticle and slurry additives is disrupted during the filtration process. Corrosion current measurements (Icorr) decreased by at least 85% post-filtration, indicating a rapid adsorption of glycine to the filter membrane. Regardless of the filter membrane, glycine adsorption was further validated using a modified electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) technique. Since Cu-glycine complexes are integral in controlling MRR, a widely reported method of tracking ∗OH production was employed. Results show a decrease in the concentration of ∗OH, which in turn can be correlated to a decrease in the Cu-glycine complexes, altering the overall Cu MRR
Racial Animosity, Homophobia, and Nativism in Predicting Trump\u27s Support Among College Students in the 2016 Primaries
No full textWe explore the relationship between college students’ attitudes toward minority groups and a preference for atypical Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump prior to the 2016 presidential primary campaigns. We utilize survey data representing a nationally administered sample of college students in the fall of 2015 which assess attitudes toward African-Americans, gays and lesbians, and illegal immigrants. Ultimately, we find that students conveying less supportive attitudes toward African-Americans and illegal immigrants expressed a preference for Trump. The same cannot be said for students expressing more homophobic attitudes as they were more likely to express preference for Republican candidates other than Trump
Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Special Education Due Process in the United States.
No full textThis manuscript presents findings from a study of the contributing factors and details of special education due process hearings in the United States that involved students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The study examined 101 due process hearings conducted over a three-year period in a five-state sample: California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Washington. Findings indicated that students with emotional and behavioral disorders are frequently involved in due process hearings. These students often have multilayered, complex support needs and a history of suspension/expulsion. The most common issues addressed in the due process hearings related to the development/implementation of individualized education programs, evaluation and assessment practices, procedural safeguards, and program placement decisions. The implications of these findings for teachers, administrators, and parents of students with emotional and behavioral disorders are discussed
Issues and Treatment Considerations in Couple Therapy Today (Chapter from The Disordered Couple)
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.lewisu.edu/psychology_fac-books/1004/thumbnail.jp
Teachers, Twitter, and Global Citizenship Education
No full textContemporary discourse about global education exists in the context of migratory flows of people and ideas, facilitated by technology. In this chapter, we present findings from an analysis of ways teachers and teacher educators publicly discussed global citizenship education through the medium of Twitter. Results of our research suggest that Twitter provides a space for globally-focused educators to create community and improve their practice with affirmations and personalized learning. However, these conversations are nationally-bound, as only U.S.-based educators participated in the focus chats. Educators in this study tended to focus on cultivating global perspectives among students, rather than educating students about human or civil rights as a basis for citizenship practices. Diversity and environmental concerns were the most common global issues discussed