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Interaction between triblock copolymer surfactant and low-κ dielectric surfaces relevant to CMP
No full textWe examine the effects of the nonionic triblock copolymer surfactant Pluronic P103 on three surfaces of different wettability relevant to chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). Two of the surfaces are low-k organosilicate glass (OSG) films, Coral and Black Diamond; the third is a silica surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force curves were used to probe the forces over each surface in solutions of P103. Each surface was also examined in potassium sulfate solutions to investigate the effect of ionic strengths. The AFM force curves show that both P103 and potassium sulfate eliminate adhesive forces at sufficiently high concentrations. DLVO theory was used to fit the AFM approach curves in order to calculate estimated surface potentials. Interestingly, the force curves suggest that molecular orientation of the P103 is different on surfaces of different wettability. The P103 was found to adopt a flat conformation on the hydrophilic silica surface while more extended structures formed on the more hydrophobic Coral and Black Diamond surfaces. These results provide a molecular-level understanding to aid the development of CMP formulations that will provide greater control on dielectric removal rate and reduce the overall non-uniformity in film thickness across the wafer
Internet Infidelity: A Threat to Emotional Intimacy (Chapter 11 from Recovering Intimacy in Love Relationships A Clinician\u27s Guide)
No full textThis chapter will explore Internet infidelity as a threat to emotional intimacy in romantic relationships. Guidelines for recognizing Internet infidelity, specific treatment strategies, and implications for training will be reviewed. Internet infidelity is a new area of study within the psychological literature. Although in its infancy, it is critical that couples therapists incorporate an assessment of Internet use within a couple\u27s relationship into their work with couples. Individuals who engage in secretive cybersex or Internet affairs create a breach of emotional intimacy in their primary romantic relationships, which is not easily healed. Therapists working with couples need to thoroughly assess how technology, including the Internet, text messaging, and cell phones, enhance or detract from their couples\u27 relationships. These new technologies can be easily misused and represent an entirely new area in which physical and emotional boundary violations can occur. Additionally, these technologies provide romantic partners with a specific documented record of emotional breaches, which are often brought into the therapy session as proof of an emotional breach. Couples therapists need to consider how they will deal with this proof in sessions and share this with their clients before beginning therapy. This is a new but essential area of assessment for couples therapists. Finally, therapists need to examine their own biases and values regarding Internet infidelity and cybersex behaviors. Clearly, these attitudes impact therapists\u27 evaluations, interventions, and relationships with their clients.https://digitalcommons.lewisu.edu/psychology_fac-books/1026/thumbnail.jp
Individuals and Families of African Descent (Chapter 9 from Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach)
No full textThis text is an innovative, evidence-based approach to facilitating students’ journey to becoming multiculturally competent counselors. Comprehensive, thoughtful, and in-depth, Developing Multicultural Competence goes beyond general discussions of race and ethnicity to include discourse on a broader, more complex view of multiculturalism in clients’ and trainees’ lives.
Both scholarly and highly interactive, this new text strives to present trainees with empirically-based information about multicultural counseling and social advocacy paired with engaging self-reflective activities, discussion questions, case inserts, and study aids, creating opportunities for experiential learning related to cultural diversity considerations and social advocacy issues within clients’ social systems. Addressing CACREP (2001/2009) Standards related to the Social and Cultural Diversity core area, the book is broken into four parts: Part One covers key concepts and terms regarding multicultural constructs and cross-cultural communication; Part Two defines social advocacy and identifies the major forms of oppression; Part Three discusses the major cultural and diversity groups; and Part Four develops trainee skills for working with diverse clients, including infusing multiculturalism in how they conceptualize, evaluate, and treat these clients.https://digitalcommons.lewisu.edu/psychology_fac-books/1025/thumbnail.jp
Creating a safe learning space for the discussion of multicultural issues in the classroom
No full textThis paper reviews best pedagogic practices for creating a safe environment in which to hold courses on race, racism, and multicultural issues. Inherent in these courses are student feelings of angst, vulnerability, guilt, trepidation, and sometimes anger and hostility. The sensitive educator must manage and acknowledge these feelings so that learning can occur without diminishing the power and impact issues of race have on our collective and individual psyches and experiences. Strategies for managing and incorporating students\u27 strong emotions into the dialogue on multiculturalism will be reviewed
Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection induces oxidative stress and the release of bioactive lipid peroxidation by-products in mouse P19N neural cell cultures
No full textTo determine whether herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection causes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in cultured neural cells, mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells were differentiated into cells with neural phenotypes (P19N cells) by retinoic acid and were then infected with HSV-1. Cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of lipid peroxidation by-products into the tissue culture medium were then measured by the generation of fluorescent markers hydroxyphenyl fluorescein and a stable chromophore produced by lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyalkenals (4-HAEs; predominantly 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [HNE]), respectively. HSV-1 infection increased ROS levels in neural cells as early as 1 h post infection (p.i.) and ROS levels remained elevated at 24 h p.i. This viral effect required viral entry and replication as heat- and ultraviolet light-inactivated HSV-1 were ineffective. HSV-1 infection also was associated with increased levels of MDA/HAE in the culture medium at 2 and 4 h p.i., but MDA/HAE levels were not different from those detected in mock infected control cultures at 1, 6, and 24 h p.i. HSV-1 replication in P19N cells was inhibited by the antioxidant compound ebselen and high concentrations of HNE added to the cultures, but was increased by low concentrations of HNE. These findings indicate that HSV-1 infection of neural cells causes oxidative stress that is required for efficient viral replication. Furthermore, these observations raise the possibility that soluble, bioactive lipid peroxidation by-products generated in infected neural cells may be important regulators of HSV-1 pathogenesis in the nervous system