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From physical to virtual space: new technologies in the experience of visiting gardens
Get PDFObjectives | According to the Florence Charter, any historic garden is designed to be seen and walked around. It is thus clear that the essence of a garden is only holistic and fully realized when the assumptions underlying the reasons for creating it – use, experience, and experiment – are fulfilled, and until now these have mostly been achieved in the physical space itself, in person. Given the specific characteristics of this type of tourist attraction, which motivates in-person visits, the physical experience of appreciating these spaces is irreplaceable (Silva & Carvalho, 2023). However, this may not be the only way. The use of new technologies in tourism has led to a revolution in the way visitors access information and acquire knowledge about, participate in, and relate to the physical spaces they visit (Andrade & Dias, 2020). Moreover, "smart" and "digital" destinations or attractions are at the forefront of sustainability and accessibility (Buhalis, 2020). Many digital possibilities have been developed for mobile devices, particularly mobile phones, which are now an integral and essential part of any daily activity, be it work or leisure. The context of COVID-19 has in some cases awakened the need to implement such technologies, and in other cases it has accelerated their use. This study seeks to find out about the digital technologies and innovations that a selected group of historic Portuguese gardens, considered major tourist attractions, make available to their visitors, how they are adopted and used and the characteristics of the experience they provide.
Methodology | This exploratory study took as its starting point the responses from the questionnaire survey applied to the owners or managers of these gardens at the end of 2021 (Silva & Carvalho, 2023). Subsequently, the technique of non-participant observation was adopted using the internet as a source of information, specifically the websites of the more-or-less 40 gardens selected.
Main results and contributions | Technology and digital tools were already part of the strategies used to approach the cultural and landscape heritage of some historic gardens before the outbreak of the pandemic. This is the case, for example, of Quinta da Regaleira, which developed an augmented reality application, Regaleira 4.0, in 2017 (Andrade & Dias, 2020). The results of the questionnaires revealed that most of them either did not have this type of strategy or they implemented it as a result of this specific context. However, in the case of the 360º virtual tours, these were reinforced, and the guided virtual tours were mainly employed due to the pandemic. With regard to augmented reality, only one garden implemented it in the wake of the health crisis. According to the research carried out on the websites of these gardens, only around 25% have solutions that allow digital visits from anywhere other than the garden. Most of them use virtual reality, including virtual tours and 360º tours with narrative videos, images and multimedia content. Fewer in number are the gardens that offer digital experiences in the space as a complement to the physical visit. Examples include applications with and without augmented reality, whether or not the mobile device\u27s camera is pointed at marks or QRCodes, which allows: i) visualizing multimedia content such as text about and images of various plants and/or collections in the garden, as well as narrative videos and audio; ii) following routes based on pre-defined routes or creating your own routes; iii) getting information about the distance to travel to find a particular species; iv) taking selfies with historical characters in augmented reality; v) accessing interactive quizzes with various challenges and questions; vi) playing virtual geocaching where visitors can search for treasures and even win prizes. Two groups of gardens can be distinguished in terms of their use of technology. One group uses virtual tools that are more basic and only allow visitors to tour the spaces and obtain some extra information about the associated botanical and cultural heritage. A second group has developed digital experiences that provide a more direct, informed, and stimulating connection between visitors, the site, and the heritage present there, involving them in the construction of their own visit experience.
Limitations | The exploratory nature of this study prevents generalizations, and the lack of updated online information may have an influence on the results.
Conclusions | Virtual space is gaining relevance as a complement to physical space, as far as tourism is concerned. In this way, virtual visits to heritage sites are increasingly used as a solution to differentiate and enrich the visiting experience, and are becoming commonplace. A physical visit to the gardens is irreplaceable, but it can even be enhanced with the use of new technologies and digital media so that visitors can get the most out of their heritage and contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and awareness of these spaces. This study makes a further contribution to our knowledge of the upgrading strategies that have been developed in Portugal\u27s historic gardens, as well as providing an insight into the use of new technologies in the context of the garden visit experience. In addition, it could be a useful starting point for future assessments of users\u27 perceptions of the use of technology, and how and to what extent it contributes to the visit experience
The possibilities of implementing sustainability reporting (ESG) by Polish Airport
Get PDFObjectives | The purpose of this paper is to present the impact of environmental, social and corporate governance criteria (implemented at EU level as ESG reporting) on airport operations. These criteria will form the basis of sustainability (otherwise known as ESG) reporting, which will complement traditional financial reporting. For 2024, companies so far covered by the NFRD (Non-Financial Reporting Directive) will report. However, in subsequent years, more entities will be required to comply ESG rules, including airports that meet 2 of the 3 adopted by EU criteria (turnover, balance sheet and employment). In addition, the Coorporate Sustainability Reporting Directive includes regulations on the supply chain responsibilities of reporting organisations. Polish airports, as an international supply chain operator, are aware of the criteria for ESG implementation, but the application process is differentiated. In addition, their role in the region is bases on their economic potential and the impact on the region’s economic activity, which consequently affects the number of collaborators worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the degree of awareness and implementation of ESG concepts at Polish airports.
Methodology | Due to the formation of formal regulations and reporting requirements, which will be included within the implementation document of the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), an analysis of foundational data was adopted as the main method. Primarily legal acts and statistical date were used, as well as information personal interviews from managers at Polish airports. The choice of Polish airports in not accidental. Polish air traffic contributed over 5% of traffic for the European Union in 2021. In addition, the perspectives for the development of air traffic for Poland until 2040, assuming a systematic increase in the number of passengers carried in Poland, the involvement of air carriers, long-term development plans for regional airports and building of CPK (Central Hubs for Poland), make the selection of the subject for study appropriate. Fifteen airports were analysed, considering their air traffic and ownership structure. Based on the analysis of the collected data, Authors were presented recommendations for the correct implementation of the ESG.
Main Results and Contributions | The European Commission, over the past years, has progressively introduced more regulations related to the Green Deal. One of the most recent documents is the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards establishing European standards for environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) reporting. The purpose of this extended abstract is to discuss the regulations contained in the recently adopted CSRD, which came into force in January 2023, and how it may affect airports.
ESG as a concept is relatively new. However, it is possible to find ideas that are older and similar in scope (for example TBL - the triple bottom line introduced in 1994 by J. Elkington and referring to an accounting framework with three dimensions: social, environmental and economic). Nevertheless ESG (E - environmental, S - social, G - corporate governance) assessments of companies are becoming a key element in the global drive to ensure sustainability. The reporting principles - the scope of which is defined by the letters of the acronym ESG - are set out in the ESRS standards.
In the first instance (from 2024), large companies affected by the NFRD will report. In the second instance (from 2025), companies 2 of the 3 criteria: employing more than 250 people, with annual revenues of more than EUR 40 million or a balance sheet total of more than EUR 20 million. Then, for 2026, entities employing more than 10 people and listed on the stock exchange will report.
The directive itself will also apply to companies in supply chains. As such, airports will need to consider ESG criteria, even if they themselves do not directly comply with non-financial reporting, as airlines - such as Ryanair and Wizz Air already report voluntarily. Also, the IATA document, Fly net zero, points to the need for energy savings at the airport, such as restrictions on the use of auxiliary propulsion units, single-engine taxi times. According to IATA, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is expected to constitute 65% of the total fuel demand by 2050. The European Union has set a target of 63% SAF fuel utilization by 2050, and carriers have expressed their commitment to increasing the use of SAF. An illustration of this commitment is KLM, an airline that allows passengers to purchase additional SAF fuel to reduce the CO2 emissions associated with their flights. This further emphasizes that carriers will have specific expectations from airports.
In the research, it can be inferred that Polish Airports is in the value chain of entities that are obliged to report ESG and thus, will to some extent have to share information on environmental impact, social and corporate governance factors.
The global aviation industry accounts for 2% of the world\u27s total carbon dioxide emissions. In the context of the airport, ESRSs related to pollution (including greenhouse gas emissions) and affected communities may be of particular relevance, as some nuisance from the presence of the airport - from excessive traffic to increased noise - arises for residents in the surrounding area. In accordance with the IATA document, (energy) resource management is of significance, as indicated in ESRS E5 on Resource Use and Circular Economy. Ongoing efforts are being made to adopt the new international standard ISO 53001, designed to assess the attainment of sustainability goals. Consequently, it serves as a response and tool for the CSRD.
In summary, airports are one of those places that, even if they will not be required to report non-financially under the Directive, the external considerations will have an influence on the need to obtain non-financial data and take actions in the ESG area.
The Authors see a need for future research in this area. Firstly, there is still a lack of scientific papers on ESG issues in air transport, and thus, our study fills a scientific gap. Furthermore, it is a second aspect, our research is helpful for decision makers creating regional air transport policy and airport managers.
Limitations | The analysis of foundational data is extremely important in the case of sustainability reporting, as the subject matter is new and a theoretical foundation needs to be created for it. However, it should be noted that material dedicated to airports does not exist at the moment. In addition, it is worthwhile to start conducting research and interviews in the given field, as they can be a valuable source of information exchange and support airports in developing a sustainable approach to business.
Conclusions The implementation of sustainability in air transport, including airports, is covered in various studies and guidelines, making it difficult to implement sustainable solutions. Some airports, meeting the criteria of the CSRD, will be obliged to report under the regulations. Others, in all likelihood, will be asked about ESG criteria by their contractors as an important part of the value chain. Because of this, sorting out the sustainability of airports in a formal and legal context is important. ESG reporting will significantly influence the evaluation of contractor selection. Key contractors, such as carriers, will choose airports based on the outcomes of balanced reporting. Consequently, it is crucial to develop an ESG strategy and reporting, even if not currently mandated, to enhance competitiveness.
References
Elkington, J. (1998) Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of the 21st Century. Stoney Creek: New Society Publishers.
European Commission (2023) Corporate sustainability reporting. European Commission. Available at: https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting.en (Access 19.12.2023).
Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0095(Access 20.06.2023).
European Parliament and European Council (2022). Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464 (Access 20.06.2023).
IATA (2021) Fly net zero. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/fl ynetzero/ (Access 20.06.2023).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772 of 31 July 2023 supplementing Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards sustainability reporting standards. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R2772 (Access 22.01.2024)
IATA Report “Sustainable Aviation Fuel”; Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/presentations/saf-gmd2023/ (Access 24.01.2024)
ISO 53001 - Management Systems for UN Sustainable development goals – RequirementsAvailable:https://www.iso.org/standard/86672.html (Access 24.01.2024
Creative tourism and regenerative design: The case of Recife creative tourism plan co-creation process
Get PDFObjectives| This article presents the congruences and divergences between creative tourism and regenerative design by analyzing the process of drawing up Recife\u27s creative tourism plan for 2019 - 2021. The work is a case study carried out by analyzing the content of the reports on the process of drawing up Recife\u27s 2019-2021 creative tourism plan and the experience of the researcher.
Methodology| This is a case study, as it aims to analyze regenerative tourism through the experience of drawing up the creative tourism plan for Recife 2019 - 2021. In addition to a bibliographical review of specialized literature, data was collected through documentary research and participant observation. The data was analyzed using content analysis.
Main findings and contributions| The analyses suggest that creative tourism as an activity has dynamics that drive the establishment of regenerative cultures since it can help transform the worldview of the people involved. The significant differential of creative tourism as a transformative practice is establishing learning relationships and using art/creativity as a platform for this action. It can be seen that the regenerative elements of creative tourism applied to the process of drawing up the creative tourism plan have contributed to the establishment of an integrative public policy, the results of which feed back into the system and drive it towards new actions expanded beyond the spaces directly related to creative tourism. The study shows that creative tourism has the potential to impact the tourism model that is practiced in Recife.
Limitations| This research is a particular case study of the Recife ecosystem; the findings may not be generalizable to other places or tourism dynamics. It would be very beneficial for the field of creative tourism studies if it could be replicated in other creative tourism ecosystems in order to understand how the characteristics of creative tourism behave.
Conclusions| Creative tourism uses art as a platform for expressing encounters and learning, making it a potent activity for integrating and transforming world views. By connecting with the place through creative activity, people connect with themselves and access dormant resources; the activity generates meaning for them in connection with the place.
The dynamics of the creative tourism development model in Recife show characteristics of regenerative design and are a starting point for thinking about a regenerative tourism development model. Issues such as looking at the place through the lens of abundance and presenting it from the point of view of its potential can influence the way travellers look at the destination and revise the power relations between the centre and the periphery, as well as the way the locals look at themselves, their knowledge and their territory, which has an impact on their belief in themselves and their confidence that other realities are possible.
Belief in oneself and the possibilities expands engagement in actions. It strengthens popular co-participation and governance and gives legitimacy to the processes and resolutions arising from this dynamic. This makes it possible to reach and influence spaces not directly related to the daily reality of creative tourism, thus influencing processes and opening up space for other ways of operating.
Learning is fundamental in creative tourism, both as a product and a process. Learning is an essential dynamic in regenerative systems because it favours an empathetic outlook when one understands the other person\u27s reality, increases the system\u27s repertoire and contributes to an adaptive and resilient ecosystem.
References|
Almeida, L.F.L. (2020) Turismo Criativo: Uma viagem por culturas, encontros e Experiências. Rio de Janeiro: Bambual Editora
Cerqueira, R.R. (2014) Governança compartilhada e desenvolvimento territorial. In: Jordan, A. (ORG) IADH Atua – Referências para uma prática em desenvolvimento local/territorial. Recife: IADH
Dredge, D. (2022). Regenerative tourism: Transforming mindsets, systems and practices. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01- 2022-0015
Duxbury, N., Bakas, F. E., de Castro, T. V., & Silva, S. (2021). Creative tourism development models towards sustainable and regenerative tourism. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010002
Duxbury, N; Richards, G. (2019) Towards a research agenda for creative tourism: developments, diversity, and dynamics. In: A research agenda for creative tourism, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, p.1–14.
Gibbons L.V. Regenerative—The New Sustainable? Sustainability, 12, 5483, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135483
Molina, S. (2011) Turismo creativo: el fin de la competitividade. Santiago, Chile: Escritores.
Reed, B. (2006). Shifting our mental model, Rethinking Sustainable Construction conference, Florida, EUA.
Remoaldo, P.; Matos, O.; Gôja, R.; Alves, J.; Duxbury, N. Management Practices in Creative Tourism: Narratives by Managers from International Institutions to a More Sustainable Form of Tourism. Geosciences, 10(2), 46, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020046
Richards, G. (2018). Panorama of Creative Tourism Around the World. Seminário Internacional de Turismo Criativo. Recife. Dezembro
Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism. The state of the art. Em Annals of Tourism Research (Vol. 38, Número 4, p. 1225–1253). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.008
Richards, G., & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative tourism. ATLAS News, 23,16–20.
Rodrigues, S.L.; Souza, M. (2015) O papel das Governanças na regionalização do turismo. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, São Paulo, v.8, n.2, mai/ago, pp.234-250.
Schianetz, K. & Kavanagh, L. & Lockington, D. (2007). Concepts and Tools for Comprehensive Sustainability Assessments for Tourism Destinations: A Comparative Review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 15. 10.2167/jost659.0.
Secretaria Adjunta de Turismo (2016). Plano de Turismo Criativo de Brasília. Brasília: SEBRAE/DF. Disponível em: http://www.turismo.df.gov.br/wp- conteudo/uploads/2017/11/Plano-de-Turismo-Criativo_.pdf acessed in 30 de agosto de 2020
Secretaria de Turismo de Porto Alegre (2013). Programa Porto Alegre Criativa. Porto Alegre.
Secretaria de Turismo, Esporte e Lazer (2018). Plano de Turismo Criativo de Recife. Cartonera Editora. Disponível em: http://turismocriativo.visit.recife.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/plano_turismo_criativo.pdf acessado em 30 de agosto de 2020
Sharma, B. & Tham, A., (2023). Regenerative Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, Vol.3(1), pp.15-23 2023 https://doi.org/10.47263/JRTM.03-01-02
Silva, L. A., Paiva Júnior, F. G. de, & Santana, R. C. B. de. (2021). O turismo criativo na agenda política e urbana: possibilidades de contribuição para os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável. Revista Turismo Em Análise, 32(2), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v32i2p323-343
Sivesan, S. (2019). Challenges of sustainable tourism in ancient cities: a case study based on Kandy, Sri Lanka. Journal of Business Studies 6 (1). http://doi.org/10.4038/jbs.v6i1.42
Tucker, H., (2016), empathy and tourism: Limits and possibilities, Annals of Tourism Research, 57, issue C, p. 31–43, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:anture:v:57:y:2016:i:c:p:31-43.
van der Duim, V. R., Lamers, M. A. J., & van Wijk, J. J. (Eds.) (2015). Institutional Arrangements for Conservation, Development and Tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Dynamic Perspective. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9529-6
Wahl, D. C. (2020) Design de Culturas regenerativas. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bambual Editora
In paradise lies… more of the same: On the touristic ordering of a Portuguese insular village
Get PDFObjectives | This proposal approaches the touristic ordering (Franklin, 2008) of Culatra and its effects over its residents’ everyday lives and the perceived destination image (Gartner, 1993) of its visitors. Focusing on the workings of photography across the touristic imaginaries (Amirou, 2007) of these social actors, we’ll explore situated embodied experiences regarding the image these social actors formed of this insular place as a touristic space to unpack the links and the splits between living and imagining as two complementary ways of being ‘in the world’. Departing from work in progress on the uses of photography in the touristic imaginary of the Portuguese Coastline[1], we will question notions of ‘paradise’ and ‘authenticity’ colloquially attributed to islands (Diegues, 1998) and how Culatra is framed as a touristic destination (Carvalho & Oliveira, 2021) vis-à-vis the recent trajectory of its village as a human settlement (Coutinho, 2008).
Context | The Ria Formosa Natural Park is a nature reserve with almost 18.000 hectares located in the Algarve – the southernmost region of mainland Portugal – and in it lies Culatra, an island inhabited by roughly one thousand people (Culatra 2030 / Clean Energy for EU Islands Secretariat, 2019), most of whom reside in the seaside village of Culatra. One can reach Culatra by boarding the ferry which departs year-round from the city of Olhão and during the summer from the city of Faro as well, but also by hiring a water taxi, by enrolling in one of the maritime tours that stop on the island – usually for lunch – or by using a private boat.
The seasonal presence of visitors in Culatra dates back to the early 20th century (Silveira, 2021), being tourism a part of its residents’ private lives – renting visitors a spare room at home helps residents in balancing the household economy. It’s also an increasingly greater part of their public lives – figuring out the adequate time to go out for a meal or to board the ferry is a necessary skill to hone so as to avoid the hordes of visitors – and of the overall social life on the island – the schedule of the ferries is extended in the summer to accommodate the seasonal demand for sun, sand and sea. Furthermore, on the village we find signs written in both English and Portuguese, indicating for instance the name and price of meals, the phone number of water taxis drivers and the correct way to the beach.
As for the touristic imaginary of Culatra, Região de Turismo do Algarve – the Algarve regional tourism board – speaks of the islands of Ria Formosa as a paradise (2018a) with wide, fine sand beaches surrounded by clear waters that allow vacationers to have a relaxed experience. Concurrently, the photographs commissioned by this organization (Id., 2018b) portray it as featuring (mostly) empty beaches bathed by a turquoise Atlantic Ocean, thus reinforcing idyllic discourses about these insular territories. In parallel, the “reputation” (Franklin, op. cit., p. 36) of the village of Culatra echoed by visitors and residents alike is one of authenticity due to its everyday socio-spatial dynamics of occupation of use – visitors spread between the village and the beach while most residents stick to the former for work and/or leisure. Grocery stores, cafés and restaurants located on the village uphold fixed working hours and days-off even in the summer, and the historical relationship of its residents with seafaring activities is made visible in the photographs displayed in commercial establishments, personified by those who live off the sea and materialized on the maritime memorabilia found on the streets of Culatra.
Methodology | Over the course of two years (2022/2023) ethnography was conducted intermittently in Culatra from a constructivist grounded theory standpoint, mobilizing participant observation met with photography, archival research and semi-structured interviews. We sought to understand regimes of mobility (global fluxes of visitors and of touristic discourses) and visuality (what images – namely photographs – were made on and about it as a place of tourism and why), and its articulation with the ongoing place-making process of this insular village (the multiscalar development of its landscapes vis-à-vis emergent touristic motivations of occupation and use) in light of its recent (re)discovery as a touristic space.
Main Results and Contributions | As this proposal is part of a research in progress we still haven’t determined any definitive results, thus instead, we’ll share provisional results. On the one hand, using photography as a way to collect data during the fieldwork proved fruitful to access key informant and new venues of research, namely to understand the evolution of the milieu as a touristic space on a longitudinal scale. On the other hand, by having focused on photography as a dimension of our object of study we were able to delve further on its hidden dimensions (Hall, 1986) of how and why we perceive vis-à-vis how we experience places as touristic spaces. As such, we hope to contribute to the “revalorization of visuality” (Sampaio, 2013, p. 181) in tourism studies, inviting researchers to use photography to study tourism but also to consider it a central dimension of the touristic experience as a whole and thus, to be approached and discussed as such.
Limitations | No trips were made to Culatra during the Autumn/Winter months, so the view from the field outlined in this proposal is a seasonally situated one as well as the product of an individual perspective – the researcher’s – regarding our social reality, mainly focused on the symbolic and interactional dimensions of tourism as a social phenomenon.
Conclusions | We can better understand how social actors occupy and think about places as touristic spaces by looking further into how photography is used to frame them as such and also into the photographs themselves to pinpoint their socio-historical context. Thus, this proposal contributes to produce clearer pictures of the impacts of tourism across our social reality, both regarding its concrete as well as its imagined dimensions.
References
Amirou, Rachid. Imaginário Turístico e Sociabilidades de Viagem. Vila Nova de Gaia: Estratégias Criativas, 2007.
Coutinho, Valdemar. Culatra: Uma comunidade de pescadores e mariscadores. Culatra: Associação de Moradores da Ilha da Culatra, 2008.
Culatra 2030 / Clean Energy for EU Islands Secretariat. CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION AGENDA | Version November 2019 | Culatra Island, Portugal. Brussels: CLEAN ENERGY FOR EU ISLANDS, 2019.
Dias de Carvalho, Adalberto, and Cristiana Oliveira. "Portuguese Continental Islands as Coastal and Maritime Tourist Destinations. Ria Formosa: An Exploration of Its Media Impact Through Marketing." International Journal of Islands Research 2, no. 1 (2021): 70-80.
Diegues, Antonio Carlos. ILHAS E MARES: simbolismo e imaginário. São Paulo: hucitec, 1998.
Franklin, Adrian. "The tourism ordering: Taking tourism more seriously as a globalising ordering." Civilisations, vol. 57(1-2), 2008: 25-39.
Gartner, William C. "Image Formation Process." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2, no. 2/3 (1993): 191-215.
Hall, Edward T. A Dimensão Oculta. Lisboa: Relógio d\u27Água, 1986.
Região de Turismo do Algarve. "Faro Municipality." Visit Algarve. 2018a. https://www.visitalgarve.pt/upload_files/client_id_1/website_id_1/%C2%B4Brochuras%20EN/Faro.pdf (accessed March 6, 2024).
—. Islands. 2018b. https://www.visitalgarve.pt/en/3263/ilhas.aspx (accessed March 6, 2024).
Sampaio, Sofia. "Estudar o turismo hoje: para uma revisão crítica dos estudos de turismo." Etnográfica, vol. 17(1), 2013: 167-182.
Silveira, Mariela Felisbino da. “Nós somos Ilhéus, juntos somos mais fortes”: Fluxos da construção de identidade e comunidade na Ilha da Culatra – Faro, Portugal [tese de doutoramento]. Lisboa: ISCTE, 2021.
[1] This work is funded by the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through a PhD Research Grant (ref: 2020.04757.BD), and is part of the ongoing doctoral research project Ode: Photography and Tourist Imagery of the Portuguese Coastline after the 25th of April
Os museus enquanto elemento ancora dos destinos turísticos
Get PDFObjectives | Museums are spaces for tourist enjoyment, and as such, tourists seek experiences that go far beyond the cultural and educational functions, such as co-creation activities, and interactive multisensorial experiences (Carvalho & Duarte, 2021). In this context, in many destinations, museum visits are not the main reason for tourist travel. On the other hand, there are destinations like Bilbao that have created a destination tourism marketing strategy centred around a museum (Kotler, 2015). In this sense, the present study aims to analyze whether museums can be anchor elements of destinations, with the visit to the museum being the main motivation for tourist travel and leading to destination development.
Methodology | To achieve this, the present work focused on analyzing comments on the TripAdvisor platform by visitors, totalling the analysis of 7821 comments (1780 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, 343 La Cité du Vin, and 5698 Madame Tussauds London). However, to address the objective and considering the diversity of museums, we also intend to contribute to the discussion of this topic by applying the "Business Model Canvas" model (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010) to the following museums: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, La Cité du Vin (Bordeaux), and Madame Tussauds London, based on the analyzed comments.
Key Results and Contributions | After analyzing the comments, it was found that both the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and La Cité du Vin visitors mainly highlight the architecture. Considering the origin of the comments, the majority of customers are European, but internal demand is also significant. However, the appreciation of the experience is common to these museums. Visitors consider them immersive, praising the quality of wax sculptures and the history of London at Madame Tussauds London, the design and sculptures of dogs and flowers (tulips) at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, and the sensory experience of the world of wine at La Cité du Vin. Despite the differences between museums in functionality, theme, and architecture, the "value proposition" for visitors is the strategic foundation, creating differentiated and immersive experiences as attraction factors. This allows destination managers to understand that museums can be anchors of tourist destinations and drivers of territorial development, provided the business model prioritizes the quality of the experience, design, and an engaging theme. The museums\u27 sales and communication channels are similar, including presence on social networks, official websites, and ticket sales through partners such as travel agencies. Regarding "customer relations," interaction mainly occurs during ticket acquisition, but some museums, like La Cité du Vin and Madame Tussauds London, adopt registration strategies on platforms to share photos and updates. Revenues come from ticket and souvenir sales in all museums, but Madame Tussauds London also generates revenue from a bar, 3D cinema access, and photos with wax figures of the royal family. La Cité du Vin generates extra revenue with specialized wine tastings, wine sales, training, and space rentals, while Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and La Cité du Vin have restaurants. Key resources include knowledge and technology in thematic areas to enhance attraction in museum spaces. Key activities vary among museums, but the immersive experience is the common point, highlighting activities such as observing dogs and flowers at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, the sense of smell and wine tastings at La Cité du Vin, and visits and photos with wax figures at Madame Tussauds London. Key partners include artists at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, wine producers at La Cité du Vin, and wax figure sculptors at Madame Tussauds London, with municipalities and tourist agents being key partners in all of them. Costs involve maintenance, security, human resources, promotion/advertising, service payments, and the acquisition of new attractions, among others. Finally, it is worth mentioning that La Cité du Vin and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao are the most visited places in their destinations, indicating that they function as anchor resources for the destinations. However, despite being among the most visited places according to reviews on the platform, Madame Tussauds London is not the first or only highlighted tourist attraction in London, so it cannot be stated that it is an anchor product for the destination.
Limitations | The main limitation is the inability to conduct surveys of visitors, analyzing in more detail the factors of tourist attractiveness for each visitor segment. On the other hand, it would be interesting to verify from museum managers the strategies they consider to be followed by museums and whether they see them as anchor factors for destinations.
Conclusions | Museums can be anchor elements of tourist destinations; however, not all museums can achieve this. To do so, their strategy must have attractiveness as its main foundation. In this sense, factors such as theme, architecture, and experiences play a fundamental role. In this context, any destination can include a museum anchor in its tourism development strategy.Objetivos | Os museus são espaços de fruição turista, como tal os turistas procuram nos mesmos experiências que vão muito além da função da função cultural e educacional, ou seja, atividades de cocriação, de interação de experiências multissensoriais (Carvalho & Duarte, 2021). Nesse contexto, em vários destinos os museus recebem visitas turísticas não são o principal motivo da deslocação turística. Por ouro lado, existem destinos como Bilbau que criara uma estratégia de marketing turístico do destino assente num museu (Kotler, 2015). Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar se os museus podem ser um elemento ancora dos destinos, sendo a visitação ao mesmo a principal motivação da deslocação turística e levando ao desenvolvimento do destino.
Metodologia | Para tal, o presente trabalho acorou-se na análise dos comentários na plataforma TripAdvisor por parte dos visitantes, totalizando a analise de 7821 comentários (1780 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, 343 La Cité du Vin e 5698 Madame Tussauds London). No entanto, de forma a responder ao objetivo e tendo em consideração a diversidade dos museus, pretende-se ainda contribuir para discussão deste tema através da aplicação do modelo “Business Model Canvas” (Osterwalder e Pigneur, 2010) aos seguintes museus: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, La Cité du Vin (Bordeus) e ao Madame Tussauds London, tendo por base os comentários analisados.
Principais resultados e contributos | Após análise dos comentários, constatou-se que tanto no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao quanto no museu La Cité du Vin, os visitantes destacam principalmente a arquitetura. Considerando a origem dos comentários, a maioria dos clientes é europeia, mas a procura interna também é significativa. No entanto, a valorização da experiência é comum a esses museus. Os visitantes consideram-nos imersivos, elogiando a qualidade das esculturas em cera e a história de Londres no Madame Tussauds London, o design e as esculturas de cães e flores (tulipas) no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, e a experiência sensorial do mundo do vinho na La Cité du Vin.
Apesar das diferenças entre os museus em funcionalidade, tema e arquitetura, a "proposta de valor" para os visitantes é a base estratégica, criando experiências diferenciadas e imersivas como fatores de atração. Isso permite que os gestores dos destinos compreendam que os museus podem ser âncoras dos destinos turísticos e impulsionadores do desenvolvimento territorial, desde que o modelo de negócio priorize a qualidade da experiência, design e uma temática envolvente.
Os canais de venda e comunicação dos museus são semelhantes, incluindo presença em redes sociais, sites próprios e venda de bilhetes por meio de parceiros, como agências de viagens. Em relação à "relação com os clientes", a interação ocorre principalmente na aquisição de bilhetes, mas alguns museus, como La Cité du Vin e Madame Tussauds London, adotam estratégias de registo em plataformas para compartilhar fotografias e novidades.
As receitas provêm da venda de bilhetes e de souvenires em todos os museus, mas o Madame Tussauds London também obtém receitas com bar, acesso ao cinema 3D e fotografias com figuras de cera da família real. A La Cité du Vin gera receitas extras com provas de vinhos especializadas, vendas de vinhos, formações e aluguer de espaços, enquanto o Guggenheim Museum Bilbao e o La Cité du Vin têm restaurantes.
Os recursos-chave incluem conhecimento e tecnologia nas áreas temáticas para melhorar a atração nos espaços museológicos. As atividades-chave variam entre os museus, mas a experiência imersiva é o ponto comum, destacando-se atividades como a observação do cão e flores no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, o sentido do olfato e provas de vinhos na La Cité du Vin e visitas e fotografias com figuras de cera no Madame Tussauds London.
Os parceiros-chave incluem artistas no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, produtores de vinho na La Cité du Vin e escultores de bonecos de cera no Madame Tussauds London, com os municípios e agentes turísticos sendo parceiros-chave em todos eles. Os custos envolvem manutenção, segurança, recursos humanos, promoção/divulgação, pagamento de serviços e aquisição de novas atrações, entre outros.
Por último, importa referir que os museus La Cité du Vin e o Guggenheim Museum Bilbao são os locais mais visitados nos seus destinos pelo que se depreende que funcionam como recursos ancora dos destinos. No entanto, o Madame Tussauds London, apesar de ser dos locais mais visitados segundo as avaliações na plataforma, não é o primeiro nem o único recurso turístico com destaque em Londres, pelo que não se pode afirmar que o mesmo seja um produto ancora do destino.
Limitações | A principal limitação prende-se cm a impossibilidade de aplicação de inquéritos aos visitantes, analisando mais detalhadamente os fatores de atratividade turística por cada segmento de visitantes. Por outro lado, seria interessante verificar por parte dos gestores dos museus qual a estratégia que os mesmos consideram ser seguida pelos museus e se os entende com fatores ancora dos destinos.
Conclusões | Os museus podem ser elementos ancora dos destinos turísticos, no entanto, nem todos os museus conseguem tal feito, para tal é necessário que a estratégia dos mesmos tenha como alicece principal a atratividade dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, fatores como a temática, a arquitetura e as experiências assumem um papel fundamental. Nesse contexto, qualquer destino pode englobar na sua estratégia de desenvolvimento turístico um museu ancora.
 
Portuguese nautical tourism sustainability practices
Get PDFObjectives | The general objective of the research is to evaluate the importance of nautical tourism in sustainable practices. The Portuguese network of nautical stations will be used as a case study. Specific objective 1: Analysis of the relationship between the location of the marine resort and the dimensions of sustainability. Hypotheses: H1: There is a relationship between the geographical location of the Nautical Station and the social sustainability indicators; H2: The location of the Nautical Station influences the degree of compliance with the environmental sustainability indicators. Specific objective 2: Assess the relationship between social and environmental sustainability: H3: There is a relationship between environmental and social sustainability indicators. Each of these objectives and the corresponding hypotheses will be statistically analyzed based on the literature review.
Methodology | The methodology of this research included an exploratory interview with the coordinator of the Portuguese Network of Nautical Stations and the application of a questionnaire survey addressed to all the National Coordinating Entities of Nautical Stations. The analysis of the quantitative data was carried out by establishing the relationship/association between a set of variables (descriptive statistics), using SPSS.
Results and contributions | This research is a starting point for other studies based on Portugal\u27s nautical stations and the areas of sustainability, the relationship between which has not yet been published in tourism studies. This study, both with the National Coordinator of the Portuguese Nautical Stations Network and with the questionnaire replies from 30 of the 32 Nautical Stations, provides a working basis rich in information and data collection. In future studies, it will be useful to analyze each region individually. This is because the number of stations per region can vary considerably. We propose to study nautical tourism and sustainable practices in the following regions: Oporto and the North, Central Portugal, Lisbon, Alentejo and Ribatejo, and the Algarve, individually. In addition to a questionnaire survey, it would be interesting to use interviews as a data collection method. This would be based on the coordinators of each of the nautical stations. The answers obtained would be open-ended, allowing those interviewed to develop the themes.
Limitations | There is still no consensus on the concept of nautical tourism. There are other similar concepts as well: Yachting tourism, Maritime tourism, Cruise tourism, among others. As far as nautical tourism in Portugal is concerned, there are data published by INE. However, the diversity of indicators is low. Nautical stations in Portugal are still a new concept and there is little literature on the subject, the main sources being the Regulations for the Certification of Nautical Stations, the Nautical Portugal portal and information provided by Turismo de Portugal. Representatives from 30 of the 32 existing nautical stations were included in the survey. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of nautical stations is not homogeneous, due to the size of the territory itself. For example, there are only two nautical stations in the Lisbon region. This compares with eleven in Oporto and the North. At national level, they are unevenly distributed according to region.
Conclusions | Environmental sustainability indicators include the fact that nautical stations provide a network of transport services, invest in local public safety, preserve structures, monuments and historical sites, have a social carrying capacity, increase the well-being of host communities and provide access for people with physical disabilities (Wall & Mathieson, 2006; Zhuang et al., 2019; Martins, 2020; Blancas et al., 2016; Fórum Oceano, n.d.; Turismo de Portugal, 2023; Responsible Tourism Partnership, 2018). The regulation for the certification of nautical stations is also fundamental. It adds criteria related to social sustainability. One of these criteria is accessibility, since, according to Fórum Oceano (2023), the nautical station will offer a variety of services, infrastructure, and equipment for the practice of sports, adapted to receive visitors with special needs. It will also promote training initiatives related to accessible tourism, with the aim of increasing the supply of quality products and services combined with accessibility.
At the same time, in terms of environmental sustainability, all regions gave the highest level of agreement to the statement \u27The nautical station aims to protect valuable natural resources\u27; also in terms of the lowest level of agreement, the statement highlighted by all nautical stations was \u27The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local cultures\u27.
According to Kaswan et al. (2019), environmental sustainability seeks to meet the needs of the population without compromising the quality of the environment, and ecosystems must be maintained for the well-being of future generations. Morelli (2013) adds that environmental sustainability is a state of balance and resilience that allows the population to meet its needs without exceeding the capacity of the supporting ecosystems. Vallance et al. (2011) add to these pillars the need to achieve sufficient quality of life to allow environmental change and the need to preserve socio-cultural characteristics as well as the environment. In fact, statistically significant relationships were observed at both p<0.05 and p<0.01. At p<0.05, the relationship between "The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local culture" and "The nautical station has a social carrying capacity" and "The nautical station provides access for people with physical disabilities"; and between "The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local culture" and "The nautical station provides a network of transport services". There were also statistically significant positive relationships, with p<0. 01, between "The nautical station increases the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about energy consumption"; "The nautical station increases the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about water consumption"; "The nautical station provides access for people with physical disabilities" and "The nautical station has concerns about water consumption"; "The nautical station enhances the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about the amount of waste generated"; "The nautical station preserves historic structures, monuments and sites" and "The nautical station has concerns about pollution (noise, air and environmental pollution)".
In conclusion, this research has made it possible to identify sustainable nautical activities on the network that can serve as a case of good practice for other businesses
Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination
Get PDFObjectives | Tourism has a special value for LGBT+ people. It is an opportunity to alleviate the stress caused by discrimination and sexual prejudice in the regions from which they come. LGBT+ tourists consider several aspects when choosing a holiday destination. The LGBT+ segment is a fast-growing segment with high spending power, loyalty, and potential. Portugal has one of the most progressive laws in the world when it comes to homosexuality. However, there is still a large gap between legislation and LGBT+ tourists\u27 perceptions of the LGBT+ friendliness of destinations. According to Jordan (2018), even in more socially liberal countries, LGBT+ people may not identify as such for fear of discrimination and may be unwilling to participate in interviews or surveys. This significantly affects the number and, more importantly, the quality of research. It is very difficult to obtain significant samples from the entire LGBT+ community. In this regard, Jordan (2018) adds that there is a lack of platforms that allow researchers to easily reach LGBT+ people, which makes it difficult for researchers to develop specific relevant studies. Most research on LGBT+ communities emerged in the 1990s and early 2000s, mainly discussing their economic power, but also sexuality, destination choice, and LGBT+ leisure space configuration (Monaco, 2022). Early research on gay consumers suggested that a gay travel market did not exist or was not viable. It concluded that sexual orientation should not constitute a market segment (Vorobjovas-Pinta & Hardy, 2016). Other studies have focused on the relationship between homosexuality, consumption, and hospitality (Avena & Rossetti, 2006), gay men\u27s holiday travel consumption (Clift & Forrest, 1999; Hughes, 2002; Hughes & Deutsch, 2010; Pritchard et al., 2000), understanding destination choice behavior (Hoffmann et al., 2018; Neves & Brambatti, 2019) and the benefits of LGBT-inclusive destinations (Ram et al., 2019; Hahn et al., 2021). The overall objective of this study is to understand how LGBT+ visitors perceive Porto as a LGBT+ friendly destination. The study also aims to determine whether gender identity and sexual orientation influence the motivation of LGBT tourists to travel to Porto, whether LGBT tourists are valued by the destination and DMOs, and whether the perceived safety of LGBT tourists influences their intention to recommend and return to the destination.
Methodology | In the present research, we chose to use a mixed methodology, so the chosen tools to collect data were the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview. A hotel located in the Porto Gay Circuit and an LGBT+ trade and tourism organization were used for the interviews. The questionnaire was given to 246 LGBT+ tourists, both domestic and foreign, first-time, or previous visitors to Porto. The data obtained were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29, which allowed the pre-established hypotheses of the research to be tested.
Results and contributions | The results show that LGBT+ tourists\u27 motivations to travel to Porto are only influenced by sexual orientation and not gender identity, that tourists who feel that the LGBT+ segment is valued by the destination\u27s DMOs and tourism sector are tourists who feel safe in Porto, and that tourists who feel better and safer in Porto have higher intentions to recommend and revisit the destination in the future. It was also found that tourists in general do not have a perception of Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination. However, there is a high level of intention among LGBT+ tourists to revisit the destination and to recommend it.
Limitations | The data collection was limited, especially regarding the interviewing, as not all participants could be interviewed. Regarding the use of questionnaires, the aim was to obtain a greater heterogeneity of participants and to distribute questionnaires to a greater number of participants. This was not possible due to the coincidence of two of the largest LGBT+ events in Porto on the same weekend. The survey could have been written in neutral language to be more inclusive, given the target audience.
Conclusions | This research shows how LGBT+ tourists perceive Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination. Studies should be developed that, in addition to the perspective of LGBT+ tourists, consider the perspective of LGBT+ businesses in the tourism sector, destination DMOs, LGBT+ social associations, the resident LGBT+ community, and the perspective of the non-LGBT+ resident community, to obtain the effective LGBT+ inclusiveness of the destination. In addition, strategy proposals should be studied, developed, and presented in a strategic approach to raise awareness of the DMO, considering the potential of Porto to stand out in the market as an LGBT+ friendly destination and the lack of a tourism strategy aimed at this segment.
Few studies exist that analyze how LGBT+ tourists perceive destinations as being LGBT+ friendly. Destinations often describe themselves as LGBT+ friendly. However, LGBT+ tourists\u27 perceptions may not be identical. If destinations want to be perceived as LGBT+ friendly by LGBT+ tourists, there are several aspects of LGBT+ friendliness that they need to ensure. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies analyzing LGBT+ tourism nationally and regionally in the city of Porto. Therefore, there is a need to explore LGBT+ tourists\u27 perceptions of Porto\u27s LGBT+ friendliness and identify the facilitators and barriers to the growth of this segment in the destination
Examining Students’ Perceptions of Process-Based Learning in the Context of Tourism Higher Education
Get PDFObjectives | In recent decades, the landscape of Higher Education has undergone significant changes, profoundly influenced by the rapid expansion of knowledge on learning (Biggs et al., 2022). This shift provides a unique opportunity to shape more effective educational practices (Darling-hammond et al., 2020). Within the realm of education, the Process-based Learning approach integrates theory and practice, aiming to facilitate the learning process (Connell & Seville, 2009). Process-based Learning adopts a holistic perspective, where professors foster students\u27 autonomy in learning and problem-solving through a structured framework, resulting in positive learning outcomes (Ashman & Conway, 1993). The emphasis on/of this approach is on the interactive process propelling/prompting the task forward, with students actively participating in their own learning. The professor, in turn, assumes a facilitator role, valuing students\u27 experiences and knowledge as valuable resources for learning.To generate innovative thinking, students are encouraged to engage in meaningful learning, recognizing that mere memorization of facts and procedures is insufficient for acquiring essential skills (Biggs et al., 2022). Process-Based Learning pedagogy actively promotes the development of critical thinking (Connell & Seville, 2009), a pivotal soft skill crucial in the Tourism industry, where soft skills significantly impact business performance and competitiveness. While acknowledging the recognized benefits of Process-Based Learning for students\u27 learning, this approach also presents challenges, particularly for those accustomed to traditional pedagogical models. Given the above, along with the scarce studies of Process-based Learning in Higher Education in Tourism, this exploratory paper aims to analyse students\u27 perceptions and critical reflections at three stages: before, during, and after their PBL learning experience in a tourism-related undergraduate course.
Methodology | Data is being (was) collected collected through onsite focus group sessions involving 40 Portuguese students currently enrolled in the final year of a tourism undergraduate program at a Polytechnic Institute in northern Portugal. The focus group sessions were conducted at two distinct moments in time, capturing participants\u27 insights at the commencement and conclusion of the learning experience. Students were directly approached in the classroom and asked about their willingness to participate in the study. Prior to data collection, all participants were briefed about the research objectives and procedures. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.
Main Results and Contributions | This research emphasises the pivotal role of Process-based Learning in the concluding year of the tourism undergraduate program, exploring its potential to develop skills required by future professionals. The study is currently being conducted, and the perceptions of students on how they perceive and engage with the Process-based Learning approach to learning will be identified and analysed. By identifying their perspectives, the study seeks to provide insights into the effectiveness, challenges, and potential improvements associated with the innovative learning methodology and for designing and implementing learning processes in the context of tourism-related undergraduate programs, in particular to the final year of tourism education, and to inform quantitative studies.
Limitations | The limitations result from sample selection and location specificity. Participants were approached directly in the classroom, and their willingness to participate may introduce self-selection bias. The research is limited to a Polytechnic Institute in northern Portugal. The findings may not apply to other educational institutions or regions, limiting the transferability of the study findings.
Conclusions | This paper advocates for integrating process learning in the final year of tourism education, positioning it as a catalyst for fostering innovation and learning of technical and personal-related skills, preparing students to become skillful professionals in the dynamic and challenging tourism industry.
Referências bibliográficas
Ashman, A. F., & Conway, R. N. F. (1993). Teaching students to use process-based learning and problem solving strategies in mainstream classes. Learning and Instruction, 3(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(93)90009-O
Biggs, J., Tang, C., & Kennedy, G. (2022). Teaching for Quality Learning at University (5th, Ebook ed.). McGraw-hill education (UK).
Connell, J., & Seville, P. (2009). Process-based Learning : A Model of Collaboration. Teaching Showcase Proceedings.
Darling-hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., Barron, B., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., Darling-hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., & Barron, B. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.153779
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No full textProceedings of The INVTUR 2024 - “Tourism in unprecedented times: Looking for new directions